Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 （SDC） electrolyte was prepared by a modified solid state method at relatively low sintering temperatures without any sintering promoters. The phase composition and microstructure of the electrolytes w...Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 （SDC） electrolyte was prepared by a modified solid state method at relatively low sintering temperatures without any sintering promoters. The phase composition and microstructure of the electrolytes were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） technologies. A relative density of SDC electrolyte sintered at 1300 ℃ reached 97.3%and the mean SDC grain size was about 770 nm. Their ionic conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient were also measured by electrochemical workstation and dilatometer. The electrolyte attained a high conductivity of 5×10^-2 S/cm at 800 ℃ with an activation energy of 1.03 eV and a proper thermal expansion coefficient of 12.6×10^-6 K^-1.展开更多
Oily cold rolling mill （CRM） sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants. Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits. In this study,...Oily cold rolling mill （CRM） sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants. Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits. In this study, using oily CRM sludge as sources of iron oxide, the strontium ferrite powders were synthesized in multiple steps including vacuum distillation, magnetic separation, oxidizing roasting, and solidstate reaction. The optimal technological conditions of vacuum distillation and oxidizing roasting were studied carefully. To consider the effects of Fe203/ SrCO3 tool ratio, calcination temperature, milling time and calcination time on magnetic properties of prepared strontium ferrite powders, the orthogonal experimental method was adopted. The maximum saturation magneti- zation （62.6 mA-m2.g-1） of the synthesized strontium ferrite powders was achieved at the Fe203/SrCO3 mol ratio of 6, 5 h milling time, 1250 ~C calcination temperature, and 1 h calcination time. Strontium ferrite powders syn- thesis method not only provides a cheap, high quality raw material for the production of strontium ferrite powders, but also effectively prevents the environmental pollution.展开更多
Employing Li2CO3, NiO, Co3O4, and MnCO3 powders as starting materials, Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Various grinding aids were applied during milling in order to optimize the s...Employing Li2CO3, NiO, Co3O4, and MnCO3 powders as starting materials, Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Various grinding aids were applied during milling in order to optimize the synthesis process. After successive heat treatments at 650 and 950 ℃, the prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The powders prepared by adding salt (NaCl) as grinding aid exhibit a clear R3m layer structure. The powders by other grinding aids like heptane show some impurity peaks in the XRD pattern. The former powders show a uniform particle size distribution of less than 1 μm average size while the latter shows a wide distribution ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysiss show that the ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn content in the powder is approximately 1/3, 1/3, and 1/3, respecively. The EDX data indicate no incorporation of sodium or chlorine into the powders. Charge-discharge tests gave an initial discharge capacity of 160 mAh·g-1 for the powders with NaCl addition while 70 mAh·g-1 for the powders with heptane.展开更多
Several efficient analytical methods have been developed to solve the solid-state diffusion problem, for constant diffusion coefficient problems. However, these methods cannot be applied for concentration-dependent di...Several efficient analytical methods have been developed to solve the solid-state diffusion problem, for constant diffusion coefficient problems. However, these methods cannot be applied for concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient problems and numerical methods are used instead. Herein, grid-based numerical methods derived from the control volume discretization are presented to resolve the characteristic nonlinear system of partial differential equations. A novel hybrid backward Euler control volume (HBECV) method is presented which requires only one iteration to reach an implicit solution. The HBECV results are shown to be stable and accurate for a moderate number of grid points. The computational speed and accuracy of the HBECV, justify its use in battery simulations, in which the solid-state diffusion coefficient is a strong function of the concentration.展开更多
Discrete element method （DEM） is used in the present paper to simulate the microstructural evolution of a planar layer of copper particles during sintering. Formation of agglomerates and the effect of their rearrang...Discrete element method （DEM） is used in the present paper to simulate the microstructural evolution of a planar layer of copper particles during sintering. Formation of agglomerates and the effect of their rearrangement on densification are mainly focused on. Comparing to the existing experimental observations, we find that agglomerate can form spontaneously in sintering and its rearrangement could accelerate the densification of compacts. Snapshots of numerical simulations agree qualitatively well with experimental observations. The method could be readily extended to investigate the effect of agglomerate on sintering in a three- dimensional model, which should be very useful for understanding the evolution of microstructure of sintering systems.展开更多
A novel, high-temperature, mechano-chemical（HTMC） method was developed to synthesise singlephase Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）phosphor. Phosphors were characterised by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy...A novel, high-temperature, mechano-chemical（HTMC） method was developed to synthesise singlephase Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）phosphor. Phosphors were characterised by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and luminescence spectra. Compared with phosphors prepared by the traditional hightemperature solid state method and citric acid gel method, single-phase Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）powders by using the HTMC method, with small average particle sizes of about 5 μm, a narrow size distribution range and uniform dispersion, were prepared at 800 ℃, and reached their maximum luminescent intensity at 900 ℃.Under ultraviolet excitation at 298 nm, the sample showed good luminescence with the strongest red light of 616 nm. However, Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）was prepared at the higher temperature of 1100 ℃ by solid state method and citric acid gel method. The particle size was too large and uneven with phosphor agglomeration by high-temperature solid state method. The luminescent intensity reached a maximum for Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）phosphor at a synthesis temperature of 1100 ℃ by using the high-temperature solid state method, and at 1200 ℃ by both citric acid gel and chemical precipitation methods. Furthermore, the advantages of the Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）powder prepared by HTMC method were discussed compared with that prepared using traditional high-temperature solid state and citric acid gel methods.展开更多
AMnO3 （A=Sr, Sm and Nd） manganites with perovskite structure, prepared by combustion method were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infra-red spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area analyz...AMnO3 （A=Sr, Sm and Nd） manganites with perovskite structure, prepared by combustion method were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infra-red spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area analyzer and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The solid state and spectroscopic studies such as electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, electron spin resonance （ESR） and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were carried out and attempted to correlate with the catalytic activities of the compounds. To evaluate the catalytic activity, a model reaction of CO oxidation over these compounds was undertaken. An attempt was made to understand the effect of A-site change by different metal cations in the manganite perovskites on solid state and catalytic properties.展开更多
Nanocrystals of Ce1-xMnxO2-δ（x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20） were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction route.The solid solutions crystallized in a cubic fluorite structure with a particle size in the range of 11...Nanocrystals of Ce1-xMnxO2-δ（x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20） were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction route.The solid solutions crystallized in a cubic fluorite structure with a particle size in the range of 11～15 nm.The incorporation of Mn ions in CeO2 resulted in a lattice volume reduction.Mn ions showed a mixed valence state of ＋2,＋3 and ＋4 in CeO2 lattice.An obvious red-shift of the absorption threshold edge was observed from the UV-visible spectrum.Compared with the bulk CeO2,Ce1-xMnxO2-δ nanocrystals exhibited a lower releasing oxygen temperature as indicated by TPR technique.展开更多
A precursor of BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0. 1O3-α electrolytes was synthesized by the sol-gel method and sintered at temperature which were 150 - 250 ℃ lower than by solid state reaction. The AC impedance spectrums of electrolyt...A precursor of BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0. 1O3-α electrolytes was synthesized by the sol-gel method and sintered at temperature which were 150 - 250 ℃ lower than by solid state reaction. The AC impedance spectrums of electrolytes were measured by AUTOLAB PGSTA30 electrochemical measuring device at different temperatures. The conductivities of the electrolytes are 1.62×10^-4 - 6.43×10^-3, 2.52×10^-5 - 3.73×10^-3S·cm^-1 in the temperature range of 350-800℃. The activity energies are 0.54 and 0.84 eV. At the same time BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α was prepared by direct solid state reaction. The conductivity of BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α is 1 × 10^-4- 4×10^-3 S·cm^-1 and the activation energy is 0.50 eV at the same condition. The results show that conduction of electrolyte prepared by sol-gel method is higher than the one by solid state reaction. As far as BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α concerned, its conductivity of the Zr-substituted specimens is decreased.展开更多
The weakly forced vibration of an axially moving viscoelastic beam is inves- tigated. The viscoelastic material of the beam is constituted by the standard linear solid model with the material time derivative involved....The weakly forced vibration of an axially moving viscoelastic beam is inves- tigated. The viscoelastic material of the beam is constituted by the standard linear solid model with the material time derivative involved. The nonlinear equations governing the transverse vibration are derived from the dynamical, constitutive, and geometrical relations. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the steady-state response. The modulation equation is derived from the solvability condition of eliminating secular terms. Closed-form expressions of the amplitude and existence condition of nontrivial steady-state response are derived from the modulation equation. The stability of non- trivial steady-state response is examined via the Routh-Hurwitz criterion.展开更多
基金supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(PCSIRT)(IRT1146)the Program of Research Innovation for University Graduate Students of Jiangsu Province(CXLX13_408)the Priority Academic Development Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,P.R.China
文摘Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 （SDC） electrolyte was prepared by a modified solid state method at relatively low sintering temperatures without any sintering promoters. The phase composition and microstructure of the electrolytes were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM） technologies. A relative density of SDC electrolyte sintered at 1300 ℃ reached 97.3%and the mean SDC grain size was about 770 nm. Their ionic conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient were also measured by electrochemical workstation and dilatometer. The electrolyte attained a high conductivity of 5×10^-2 S/cm at 800 ℃ with an activation energy of 1.03 eV and a proper thermal expansion coefficient of 12.6×10^-6 K^-1.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program (Nos. 2012BAC02B01, 2012BAC12B05, 2011BAE13B07, and 2011BAC10B02)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA063202)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51174247 and 51004011)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2010A030200003)the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 2010000612003)
文摘Oily cold rolling mill （CRM） sludge is one of the pollutants emitted by iron and steel plants. Recycling oily CRM sludge can not only reduce pollution but also bring social and environmental benefits. In this study, using oily CRM sludge as sources of iron oxide, the strontium ferrite powders were synthesized in multiple steps including vacuum distillation, magnetic separation, oxidizing roasting, and solidstate reaction. The optimal technological conditions of vacuum distillation and oxidizing roasting were studied carefully. To consider the effects of Fe203/ SrCO3 tool ratio, calcination temperature, milling time and calcination time on magnetic properties of prepared strontium ferrite powders, the orthogonal experimental method was adopted. The maximum saturation magneti- zation （62.6 mA-m2.g-1） of the synthesized strontium ferrite powders was achieved at the Fe203/SrCO3 mol ratio of 6, 5 h milling time, 1250 ~C calcination temperature, and 1 h calcination time. Strontium ferrite powders syn- thesis method not only provides a cheap, high quality raw material for the production of strontium ferrite powders, but also effectively prevents the environmental pollution.
基金This research was supportedby a grant under‘Development of Key Materials and Fundamental Tech-nology for Secondary Battery’Program of the Ministry of Commerce,Industry and Energy,Korea.
文摘Employing Li2CO3, NiO, Co3O4, and MnCO3 powders as starting materials, Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. Various grinding aids were applied during milling in order to optimize the synthesis process. After successive heat treatments at 650 and 950 ℃, the prepared powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The powders prepared by adding salt (NaCl) as grinding aid exhibit a clear R3m layer structure. The powders by other grinding aids like heptane show some impurity peaks in the XRD pattern. The former powders show a uniform particle size distribution of less than 1 μm average size while the latter shows a wide distribution ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysiss show that the ratio of Ni, Co, and Mn content in the powder is approximately 1/3, 1/3, and 1/3, respecively. The EDX data indicate no incorporation of sodium or chlorine into the powders. Charge-discharge tests gave an initial discharge capacity of 160 mAh·g-1 for the powders with NaCl addition while 70 mAh·g-1 for the powders with heptane.
文摘Several efficient analytical methods have been developed to solve the solid-state diffusion problem, for constant diffusion coefficient problems. However, these methods cannot be applied for concentration-dependent diffusion coefficient problems and numerical methods are used instead. Herein, grid-based numerical methods derived from the control volume discretization are presented to resolve the characteristic nonlinear system of partial differential equations. A novel hybrid backward Euler control volume (HBECV) method is presented which requires only one iteration to reach an implicit solution. The HBECV results are shown to be stable and accurate for a moderate number of grid points. The computational speed and accuracy of the HBECV, justify its use in battery simulations, in which the solid-state diffusion coefficient is a strong function of the concentration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10972220, 11125211 and 11021262)973 Project(2012CB937500)
文摘Discrete element method （DEM） is used in the present paper to simulate the microstructural evolution of a planar layer of copper particles during sintering. Formation of agglomerates and the effect of their rearrangement on densification are mainly focused on. Comparing to the existing experimental observations, we find that agglomerate can form spontaneously in sintering and its rearrangement could accelerate the densification of compacts. Snapshots of numerical simulations agree qualitatively well with experimental observations. The method could be readily extended to investigate the effect of agglomerate on sintering in a three- dimensional model, which should be very useful for understanding the evolution of microstructure of sintering systems.
文摘A novel, high-temperature, mechano-chemical（HTMC） method was developed to synthesise singlephase Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）phosphor. Phosphors were characterised by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and luminescence spectra. Compared with phosphors prepared by the traditional hightemperature solid state method and citric acid gel method, single-phase Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）powders by using the HTMC method, with small average particle sizes of about 5 μm, a narrow size distribution range and uniform dispersion, were prepared at 800 ℃, and reached their maximum luminescent intensity at 900 ℃.Under ultraviolet excitation at 298 nm, the sample showed good luminescence with the strongest red light of 616 nm. However, Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）was prepared at the higher temperature of 1100 ℃ by solid state method and citric acid gel method. The particle size was too large and uneven with phosphor agglomeration by high-temperature solid state method. The luminescent intensity reached a maximum for Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）phosphor at a synthesis temperature of 1100 ℃ by using the high-temperature solid state method, and at 1200 ℃ by both citric acid gel and chemical precipitation methods. Furthermore, the advantages of the Sr_2CeO_4：Eu^（3＋）powder prepared by HTMC method were discussed compared with that prepared using traditional high-temperature solid state and citric acid gel methods.
基金supported by UGC,New Delhi,under UGC-SAP program
文摘AMnO3 （A=Sr, Sm and Nd） manganites with perovskite structure, prepared by combustion method were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infra-red spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） surface area analyzer and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The solid state and spectroscopic studies such as electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, electron spin resonance （ESR） and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were carried out and attempted to correlate with the catalytic activities of the compounds. To evaluate the catalytic activity, a model reaction of CO oxidation over these compounds was undertaken. An attempt was made to understand the effect of A-site change by different metal cations in the manganite perovskites on solid state and catalytic properties.
基金Supported by NNSFC (Nos 20671092, 20773132, 20771101)National Basic Research Program of China (No 2007BAE08B01, 2009 CB613306)
文摘Nanocrystals of Ce1-xMnxO2-δ（x=0.00,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20） were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction route.The solid solutions crystallized in a cubic fluorite structure with a particle size in the range of 11～15 nm.The incorporation of Mn ions in CeO2 resulted in a lattice volume reduction.Mn ions showed a mixed valence state of ＋2,＋3 and ＋4 in CeO2 lattice.An obvious red-shift of the absorption threshold edge was observed from the UV-visible spectrum.Compared with the bulk CeO2,Ce1-xMnxO2-δ nanocrystals exhibited a lower releasing oxygen temperature as indicated by TPR technique.
文摘A precursor of BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0. 1O3-α electrolytes was synthesized by the sol-gel method and sintered at temperature which were 150 - 250 ℃ lower than by solid state reaction. The AC impedance spectrums of electrolytes were measured by AUTOLAB PGSTA30 electrochemical measuring device at different temperatures. The conductivities of the electrolytes are 1.62×10^-4 - 6.43×10^-3, 2.52×10^-5 - 3.73×10^-3S·cm^-1 in the temperature range of 350-800℃. The activity energies are 0.54 and 0.84 eV. At the same time BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α was prepared by direct solid state reaction. The conductivity of BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α is 1 × 10^-4- 4×10^-3 S·cm^-1 and the activation energy is 0.50 eV at the same condition. The results show that conduction of electrolyte prepared by sol-gel method is higher than the one by solid state reaction. As far as BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α concerned, its conductivity of the Zr-substituted specimens is decreased.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10972143)the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No.YYY11040)+2 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (No.J51501)the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Institute of Technology(No.1020Q121001)the Start Foundation for Introducing Talents of Shanghai Institute of Technology (No.YJ2011-26)
文摘The weakly forced vibration of an axially moving viscoelastic beam is inves- tigated. The viscoelastic material of the beam is constituted by the standard linear solid model with the material time derivative involved. The nonlinear equations governing the transverse vibration are derived from the dynamical, constitutive, and geometrical relations. The method of multiple scales is used to determine the steady-state response. The modulation equation is derived from the solvability condition of eliminating secular terms. Closed-form expressions of the amplitude and existence condition of nontrivial steady-state response are derived from the modulation equation. The stability of non- trivial steady-state response is examined via the Routh-Hurwitz criterion.
