The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems a...The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.展开更多
Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefor...Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.展开更多
Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil p...Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil properties and microbial communities.The faba bean(Vicia faba)rotation increased soil water content,total carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and organic carbon content by 29.1%,40.9%,55.9%,18.9%,and 61.6%,respectively,compared to other rotations.The faba bean rotation also exhibited increased soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates.The effect sizes of the faba bean rotation on soil properties were larger than those of other rotations.The richness and diversity of the microbial community were significantly higher in the faba bean rotation than in other rotations.Desulfobacterota and Planctomycetota had a positive correlation with soil multifunctionality.The faba bean rotation was potentially beneficial to soil fertility and water-use efficiency,creating a favorable niche for microbial growth.With increased microbial activity and potential for nutrient mineralization,legume-microbe interactions had been improved through crop rotation.This resulted in enhancing nutrient cycling efficiency in the faba bean rotation,potentially improving soil properties.展开更多
Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunc...Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunctionality remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated bacteria composition and functional gene traits with and without earthworm addition in low-nutrient soil.Our results show that earthworm addition enhanced soil multifunctionality,including organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus mineralization.Compared to other groups,abundant taxa in earthworm-treated soil exhibited higher 16S rRNA operon copy numbers,copiotroph/oligotroph ratios,niche width,and network efficiency,suggesting a greater competitive capacity for resource acquisition.We identified a core set of persistent abundant taxa genera(11 genera)in earthworm-treated soil,which persisted throughout the incubation period,and were notably dominant among abundant taxa in the earthworm gut(67.1%−79.2%).Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that gut-associated abundant taxa strongly influenced the composition of soil abundant taxa and persistent core abundant taxa genera,which in turn increased soil r-strategists and enhanced multifunctionality.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the ecological strategies of different soil taxa in response to earthworm addition and highlight the role of earthworm gut microbiome in adapting to nutrient-poor environments.展开更多
As the most abundant living entities in the environment,viruses have been well recognized as crucial members in sustaining biogeochemical cycling.However,the significance of viruses in soil ecosystem multifunctionalit...As the most abundant living entities in the environment,viruses have been well recognized as crucial members in sustaining biogeochemical cycling.However,the significance of viruses in soil ecosystem multifunctionality remains under-explored.In this study,we used metagenomics and meta-viromics analysis to investigate the role of soil viruses in soil ecosystem functions under heavy,light,and no organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)contamination.In the three types of soil samples collected,lightcontaminated soils supported the highest level of multifunctionality,followed by heavy-contaminated soils and clean soils.Additionally,our results revealed a positive correlation between bacterial community evenness and multifunctionality index(p<0.05).Dominant bacterial species with biodegradation and stress resistance advantages exhibited higher abundance in OCPaffected soils,potentially playing a core functional supporting role.Furthermore,our results indicated that the species richness and diversity of bacteriophages were positively correlated with multifunctionality(p<0.05)in OCP-affected soils.Bacteriophages in OCP-affected soils regulate host metabolism and enhance soil ecosystem multifunctionality by infecting functional bacterial hosts and encoding AMGs related to soil element cycling.Our findings emphasize the potential effect of phages on ecosystem multifunctionality in contaminated soil,suggesting that phages may serve as contributors to soil ecology beyond bacteria and other microorganisms.Therefore,in polluted or constrained soils,further research could potentially translate phage communities and related ecological processes into artificial methods for application in soil pollution remediation or ecological restoration.展开更多
The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little i...The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little is known about the role of the soil microbial consortium in mediating soil multifunctionality under different cover crop amendments in dryland Ultisols.Here,we assessed the multifunctionality of soils subjected to four cover crop amendments(control,non-amended treatment;RD,radish monoculture;HV,hairy vetch monoculture;and RDHV,radish-hairy vetch mixture),and we investigated the contributions of soil microbial richness,network complexity,and ecological clusters to soil multifunctionality.Our results demonstrated that cover crops whose chemical composition differed from that of the main plant crop promoted higher multifunctionality,and the radish-hairy vetch mixture rendered the highest enhancement.We obtained evidence that changes in soil microbial richness and network complexity triggered by the cover crops were associated with higher soil multifunctionality.Specifically,specialized microbes in a key ecological cluster(ecological cluster 2)of the soil microbial network were particularly important for maintaining soil multifunctionality.Our results highlight the importance of cover crop-induced variations in functionally important taxa for promoting the soil multifunctionality of dryland Ultisols.展开更多
Fertilizers are widely used to produce more food, inevitably altering the diversity and composition of soil organisms. The role of soil biodiversity in controlling multiple ecosystem services remains unclear, especial...Fertilizers are widely used to produce more food, inevitably altering the diversity and composition of soil organisms. The role of soil biodiversity in controlling multiple ecosystem services remains unclear, especially after decades of fertilization. Here, we assess the contribution of the soil functionalities of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P) cycling to crop production and explore how soil organisms control these functionalities in a 33-year field fertilization experiment. The long-term application of green manure or cow manure produced wheat yields equivalent to those obtained with chemical N, with the former providing higher soil functions and allowing the functionality of N cycling(especially soil N mineralization and biological N fixation) to control wheat production. The keystone phylotypes within the global network rather than the overall microbial community dominated the soil multifunctionality and functionality of C,N, and P cycling across the soil profile(0–100 cm). We further confirmed that these keystone phylotypes consisted of many metabolic pathways of nutrient cycling and essential microbes involved in organic C mineralization, N_(2)O release, and biological N fixation. The chemical N, green manure, and cow manure resulted in the highest abundances of amoB, nifH, and GH48 genes and Nitrosomonadaceae,Azospirillaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae within the keystone phylotypes, and these microbes were significantly and positively correlated with N_(2)O release, N fixation, and organic C mineralization, respectively. Moreover, our results demonstrated that organic fertilization increased the effects of the network size and keystone phylotypes on the subsoil functions by facilitating the migration of soil microorganisms across the soil profiles and green manure with the highest migration rates. This study highlights the importance of the functionality of N cycling in controlling crop production and keystone phylotypes in regulating soil functions, and provides selectable fertilization strategies for maintaining crop production and soil functions across soil profiles in agricultural ecosystems.展开更多
基金supported by the Tianshan Talent Training Plan of Xinjiang,China(2022TSYCLJ0058,2022TSYCCX0001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(2022D01D83,42377358).
文摘The drylands of China cover approximately 6.6×10^(6)km^(2)and are home to approximately 5.8×10^(8)people,providing important ecosystem services for human survival and development.However,dryland ecosystems are extremely fragile and sensitive to external environmental changes.Land use and land cover(LULC)changes significantly impact soil structure and function,thus affecting the soil multifunctionality(SMF).However,the effect of LULC changes on the SMF in the drylands of China has rarely been reported.In this study,we investigated the characteristics of the SMF changes based on soil data in the 1980s from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center.We explored the drivers of the SMF changes under different LULC types(including forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert)and used structural equation modeling to explore the main driver of the SMF changes.The results showed that the SMF under the four LULC types decreased in the following descending order:forest,grassland,shrubland,and desert.The main driver of the SMF changes under different LULC types was mean annual temperature(MAT).In addition to MAT,pH in forest,soil moisture(SM)and soil biodiversity index in grassland,SM in shrubland,and aridity index in desert are crucial factors for the SMF changes.Therefore,the SMF in the drylands of China is regulated mainly by MAT and pH,and comprehensive assessments of the SMF in drylands need to be performed regarding LULC changes.The results are beneficial for evaluating the SMF among different LULC types and predicting the SMF under global climate change.
基金supported by the Xinjiang Outstanding Youth fund(2021D01E03)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2003214 and 41977099).
文摘Drylands are highly vulnerable to climate change and human activities.The drylands of China account for approximately 10.8%of global drylands,and China is the country most severely affected by aridity in Asia.Therefore,studying the spatial variation characteristics in soil multifunctionality(SMF)and investigating the driving factors are critical for elucidating and managing the functions of dryland ecosystems in China.Based on the environmental factors(mean annual precipitation(MAP),mean annual temperature(MAT),solar radiation(Srad),soil acidity(pH),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and cation exchange capacity(CEC))and aridity from the“dataset of soil properties for land surface modeling over China”,we used non-linear regression,ordinary least square(OLS)regression,structural equation model(SEM),and other analytical methods to investigate the relationships of SMF with environmental factors across different aridity levels in China.SMF in different dryland regions varied significantly and showed a patchy distribution,with SMF index values ranging from–1.21 to 2.42.Regions with SMF index values from–0.20 to 0.51 accounting for 63.0%of dryland area in China.OLS regression results revealed that environmental factors like MAP,MAT,Srad,pH,EVI,and CEC were significantly related to SMF(P<0.05).MAP and MAT were correlated to SMF at the whole aridity level(P<0.05).SEM results showed that the driving factors of SMF differed depending on the aridity level.Soil pH was the strongest driving factor of SMF when the aridity was less than 0.80(P<0.001).Both soil CEC and EVI had a positive effect on SMF when aridity was greater than 0.80(P<0.01),with soil CEC being the strongest driving factor.The importance ranking revealed that the relative importance contribution of soil pH to SMF was greatest when aridity was less than 0.80(66.9%).When aridity was set to greater than 0.80,the relative importance contributions of CEC and EVI to SMF increased(45.1%and 31.9%,respectively).Our findings indicated that SMF had high spatial heterogeneity in drylands of China.The aridity threshold controlled the impact of environmental factors on SMF.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFD1900902)the Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LLSSZ24C030001)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System-Food Legumes(CARS-08-G-09)sponsored by the K.C.Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University。
文摘Crop rotation is a beneficial and sustainable agricultural practice that facilitates increased opportunities for smallholders.This study investigated the impact of eight commonly used crop rotations in China on soil properties and microbial communities.The faba bean(Vicia faba)rotation increased soil water content,total carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and organic carbon content by 29.1%,40.9%,55.9%,18.9%,and 61.6%,respectively,compared to other rotations.The faba bean rotation also exhibited increased soil microbial biomass and soil respiration rates.The effect sizes of the faba bean rotation on soil properties were larger than those of other rotations.The richness and diversity of the microbial community were significantly higher in the faba bean rotation than in other rotations.Desulfobacterota and Planctomycetota had a positive correlation with soil multifunctionality.The faba bean rotation was potentially beneficial to soil fertility and water-use efficiency,creating a favorable niche for microbial growth.With increased microbial activity and potential for nutrient mineralization,legume-microbe interactions had been improved through crop rotation.This resulted in enhancing nutrient cycling efficiency in the faba bean rotation,potentially improving soil properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077088,42407447)Zhejiang Province“Agriculture,Rural Areas,Rural People and Nine Institutions”Science and Technology Collaboration Program,China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Certificate Number:2023M743418)the Key Project of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningbo City(Grant No.2022Z169).
文摘Earthworm gut microbiome can significantly influence soil microbial community and functions.However,how earthworms affect the abundant,intermediate,and rare soil bacterial taxa and subsequently regulate soil multifunctionality remains poorly understood.In this study,we investigated bacteria composition and functional gene traits with and without earthworm addition in low-nutrient soil.Our results show that earthworm addition enhanced soil multifunctionality,including organic carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus mineralization.Compared to other groups,abundant taxa in earthworm-treated soil exhibited higher 16S rRNA operon copy numbers,copiotroph/oligotroph ratios,niche width,and network efficiency,suggesting a greater competitive capacity for resource acquisition.We identified a core set of persistent abundant taxa genera(11 genera)in earthworm-treated soil,which persisted throughout the incubation period,and were notably dominant among abundant taxa in the earthworm gut(67.1%−79.2%).Furthermore,structural equation modeling revealed that gut-associated abundant taxa strongly influenced the composition of soil abundant taxa and persistent core abundant taxa genera,which in turn increased soil r-strategists and enhanced multifunctionality.Overall,our findings provide new insights into the ecological strategies of different soil taxa in response to earthworm addition and highlight the role of earthworm gut microbiome in adapting to nutrient-poor environments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42077106,42277115,and 42177113)the Key R&D Project of Jiangsu Province(Modern Agriculture,Grant No.BE2022322)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.YDZX2023023).
文摘As the most abundant living entities in the environment,viruses have been well recognized as crucial members in sustaining biogeochemical cycling.However,the significance of viruses in soil ecosystem multifunctionality remains under-explored.In this study,we used metagenomics and meta-viromics analysis to investigate the role of soil viruses in soil ecosystem functions under heavy,light,and no organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)contamination.In the three types of soil samples collected,lightcontaminated soils supported the highest level of multifunctionality,followed by heavy-contaminated soils and clean soils.Additionally,our results revealed a positive correlation between bacterial community evenness and multifunctionality index(p<0.05).Dominant bacterial species with biodegradation and stress resistance advantages exhibited higher abundance in OCPaffected soils,potentially playing a core functional supporting role.Furthermore,our results indicated that the species richness and diversity of bacteriophages were positively correlated with multifunctionality(p<0.05)in OCP-affected soils.Bacteriophages in OCP-affected soils regulate host metabolism and enhance soil ecosystem multifunctionality by infecting functional bacterial hosts and encoding AMGs related to soil element cycling.Our findings emphasize the potential effect of phages on ecosystem multifunctionality in contaminated soil,suggesting that phages may serve as contributors to soil ecology beyond bacteria and other microorganisms.Therefore,in polluted or constrained soils,further research could potentially translate phage communities and related ecological processes into artificial methods for application in soil pollution remediation or ecological restoration.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1901201-05)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22)+1 种基金the Special Program for Basic Research and Talent Training of Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(JXSNKYJCRC202301 and JXSNKYJCRC202325)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160766).
文摘The use of cover crops is a promising strategy for influencing the soil microbial consortium,which is essential for the delivery of multiple soil functions(i.e.,soil multifunctionality).Nonetheless,relatively little is known about the role of the soil microbial consortium in mediating soil multifunctionality under different cover crop amendments in dryland Ultisols.Here,we assessed the multifunctionality of soils subjected to four cover crop amendments(control,non-amended treatment;RD,radish monoculture;HV,hairy vetch monoculture;and RDHV,radish-hairy vetch mixture),and we investigated the contributions of soil microbial richness,network complexity,and ecological clusters to soil multifunctionality.Our results demonstrated that cover crops whose chemical composition differed from that of the main plant crop promoted higher multifunctionality,and the radish-hairy vetch mixture rendered the highest enhancement.We obtained evidence that changes in soil microbial richness and network complexity triggered by the cover crops were associated with higher soil multifunctionality.Specifically,specialized microbes in a key ecological cluster(ecological cluster 2)of the soil microbial network were particularly important for maintaining soil multifunctionality.Our results highlight the importance of cover crop-induced variations in functionally important taxa for promoting the soil multifunctionality of dryland Ultisols.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700200)the earmarked fund for CARS-Green manure(CARS-22)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS。
文摘Fertilizers are widely used to produce more food, inevitably altering the diversity and composition of soil organisms. The role of soil biodiversity in controlling multiple ecosystem services remains unclear, especially after decades of fertilization. Here, we assess the contribution of the soil functionalities of carbon(C), nitrogen(N), and phosphorus(P) cycling to crop production and explore how soil organisms control these functionalities in a 33-year field fertilization experiment. The long-term application of green manure or cow manure produced wheat yields equivalent to those obtained with chemical N, with the former providing higher soil functions and allowing the functionality of N cycling(especially soil N mineralization and biological N fixation) to control wheat production. The keystone phylotypes within the global network rather than the overall microbial community dominated the soil multifunctionality and functionality of C,N, and P cycling across the soil profile(0–100 cm). We further confirmed that these keystone phylotypes consisted of many metabolic pathways of nutrient cycling and essential microbes involved in organic C mineralization, N_(2)O release, and biological N fixation. The chemical N, green manure, and cow manure resulted in the highest abundances of amoB, nifH, and GH48 genes and Nitrosomonadaceae,Azospirillaceae, and Sphingomonadaceae within the keystone phylotypes, and these microbes were significantly and positively correlated with N_(2)O release, N fixation, and organic C mineralization, respectively. Moreover, our results demonstrated that organic fertilization increased the effects of the network size and keystone phylotypes on the subsoil functions by facilitating the migration of soil microorganisms across the soil profiles and green manure with the highest migration rates. This study highlights the importance of the functionality of N cycling in controlling crop production and keystone phylotypes in regulating soil functions, and provides selectable fertilization strategies for maintaining crop production and soil functions across soil profiles in agricultural ecosystems.
