Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007-2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The re...Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007-2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）. Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dime. Results of the Hill＇s index （di- versity ordering） shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation dis- tribution was soil water content 〉 pH 〉 total K 〉 organic matter 〉 available N 〉 total N 〉 available K 〉 total P 〉 saline content 〉 available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.展开更多
The paper summarized the effects of soil on the quality of Chinese medicinal materials from the aspects of physical,chemical and biological properties of soil,in order to provide a reference for further research on th...The paper summarized the effects of soil on the quality of Chinese medicinal materials from the aspects of physical,chemical and biological properties of soil,in order to provide a reference for further research on the internal relationship between soil factors and the quality of Chinese medicinal materials,and to provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and quality improvement of Chinese medicinal materials.展开更多
Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its i...Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its influencing factors at different scales.Here we described the spatial dis-tribution of aboveground carbon storage(ACS)in a 20-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to evalu-ate and quantify the relative effects of biotic factors(species diversity and structural diversity)and abiotic factors(soil and topographic factors)on ACS at different scales.Scale effects of the spatial distribution of ACS were significant,with higher variability at smaller scales,but less at larger scales.The distribution was also spatially heterogeneous,with more carbon storage on north-and east-facing slopes than on south-and west-facing slopes.At a smaller scale,species diversity and structural diversity each had a direct positive impact on ACS,but soil factors had no significant direct impact.At increasing scales,topographic and soil fac-tors gradually had a greater direct influence,whereas the influence of species diversity gradually decreased.Structural diversity had the greatest impact,followed by topographic factors and soil factors,while species diversity had a rela-tively smaller impact.These findings suggest studies on ACS in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in southern China should consider scale effects,specifically on the heterogene-ity of ACS distribution at small scales.Studies and conser-vation efforts need to focus on smaller habitat types with particular emphasis on habitat factors such as aspect and soil conditions,which have significant influences on community species diversity,structural diversity,and ACS distribution.展开更多
Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root tr...Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root traits to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to saline-alkaline-stressed soil environments.In this study,the root biomass,root morphological parameters and root mineral nutrient content of two alfalfa cultivars with different sensitivities to alkaline stress were analyzed with black soil as the control group and the mixed saline-alkaline soil with a ratio of 7:3 between black soil and saline-alkaline soil as the saline-alkaline treatment group.At the same time,the correlation analysis of soil salinity indexes,soil nutrient indexes and the activities of key enzymes involved in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycles was carried out.The results showed that compared with the control group,the pH,EC,and urease(URE)of the soil surrounding the roots of two alfalfa cultivars were significantly increased,while soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),organic carbon(SOC),andα-glucosidase activity(AGC)were significantly decreased under saline-alkaline stress.There was no significant difference in root biomass and root morphological parameters of saline-alkaline tolerant cultivar GN under saline-alkaline stress.The number of root tips(RT),root surface area(RS)and root volume(RV)of AG were reduced by 61.16%,44.54%,and 45.31%,respectively,compared with control group.The ratios of K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)of GN were significantly higher than those of AG(p<0.05).The root fresh weight(RFW)and dry weight(RDW),root length(RL),RV and RT of alfalfa were positively regulated by soil SOC and TN,but negatively regulated by soil pH,EC,and URE(p<0.01).Root Ca^(2+)/Na+ratio was significantly positively correlated with soil TN,TP and SOC(p<0.01).The absorption of Mg and Ca ions in roots is significantly negatively regulated by soilβ-glucosidase activity(BGC)and acid phosphatase activity(APC)(p<0.05).This study improved knowledge of the relationship between root traits and soil environmental factors and offered a theoretical framework for elucidating how plant roots adapt to saline-alkaline stressed soil environments.展开更多
The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of L...The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.展开更多
Exclusion has been applied as a main measure for re-vegetation all over the world.This paper,by comparing the results of year-round exclusion,seasonal exclusion,and non-exclusion,quantified the vegetation variations u...Exclusion has been applied as a main measure for re-vegetation all over the world.This paper,by comparing the results of year-round exclusion,seasonal exclusion,and non-exclusion,quantified the vegetation variations under three different exclusion measures and their correlation to soil factors.The analysis results for community species component and plant diversity using multi-response permutation procedures(MRPPs)showed that exclusion did change the species com ponent and increase plant diversity remarkably,while the period of exclusion had no significant influence on these two community features.The indicator species analysis and calculation of similarity indices indicated that community for year-round exclusion were becoming xerophytization and unpalatability,and showed highly spatial heterogeneity of plant species distribution,whereas community for seasonal exclusion was under stable non-equilibrium condition.Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA)and detrend canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA)results of relationship between plant species and soil variables demonstrated that soil moisture was a controlling factor for plant species component,microbiotic soil crust cover,soil organic matter,and soil bulk density had significant effects on soil moisture,among which microbiotic soil crust was a leading factor owing to its limitation to rainfall infiltration on the one hand,and its constraints to entrance of herbaceous seeds into soil or to germination of soil seeds on the other hand.As a result of long-term removal of animal grazing,crust kept intact in year-round exclusion community,which was a main reason of community xerophytization.It was also obvious from ordination results that some important environmental factors,such as tempo-spatial change of rainfall and corresponding tempo-spatial change of soil moisture,were neglected during direct gradient analysis.In addition,biodiversity was close related to soil nutrients as well as to soil moisture condition(soil water content and crust cover),and it had positive relation to available N,and negative relation to available P.Higher soil N had advantage to non-leguminous plants growth on nutrition-poor sand land definitely.The impact of P to community component was unclear and should be studied from plant physiology.Further researches on nonequilibrium theory in semi-arid rangeland will provide a sci-entific and flexible animal development paradigm for being implementing livestock fen-raising and grazing-forbidden policies in China.展开更多
Introduction:Plant communities and soil factors might interact with each other in different temporal and spatial scales,which can influence the patterns and processes of the wetland ecosystem.To get a better understan...Introduction:Plant communities and soil factors might interact with each other in different temporal and spatial scales,which can influence the patterns and processes of the wetland ecosystem.To get a better understanding of the distribution of plants in wetlands and analyze their associations with environmental soil factors,the structure and types of plant communities in the eastern shore area of Lake Taihu were analyzed by two-way indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)ordination.The spatial distribution patterns of vegetation and the main factors affecting the distributions were investigated.Outcomes:Sixty-six sampling sites were selected to obtain vegetation species and soil environmental factor data.Results showed that 22 species from the 66 sites could be divided into seven communities:I:Arundo donax;II:A.donax+Phragmites australis;III:Zizania latifolia+Typha orientalis;IV:P.australis+Alternanthera philoxeroides+Polygonum hydropiper;V:P.australis;VI:P.australis+Humulus scandens;and VII:Erigeron acer+Ipomoea batatas+Rumex acetosa.Plant species and soil factors in the CCA analysis showed that I.batatas,E.acer,Chenopodium album,Polygonum lapathifolium,and Acalypha australis were mainly affected by pH,whereas Echinochloa crus-galli,Setaria viridis,and H.scandens were mainly affected by soil total phosphorus.Mentha canadensis and A.donax were mainly affected by soil conductivity,A.philoxeroides was mainly affected by soil organic matter and,Z.latifolia,Metaplexis japonica and P.hydropiper were mainly affected by available phosphorus.Conclusion:These results indicated that different plants adapted to different soil environmental factors and provided basic information on the diversity of Lake Taihu wetland vegetation.展开更多
In this paper, through the data treatment of correlation coefficients and the clustering technique of pattern recognition, both the matrix of correlation coefficients and the pedigree of factor clusters show that some...In this paper, through the data treatment of correlation coefficients and the clustering technique of pattern recognition, both the matrix of correlation coefficients and the pedigree of factor clusters show that some factors affecting soil corrosivity are interrelated closely, and some independent relatively. The data analytical method used in this paper has certain assistance to the selection of major soil factors during the prediction and evaluation of soil corrosivity.展开更多
By selecting a typical peak-cluster depression area of karst region in Southwest China, we evaluated the effect of land use types and topographic factors on soil nutrients. Grid and line sampling methods were used to ...By selecting a typical peak-cluster depression area of karst region in Southwest China, we evaluated the effect of land use types and topographic factors on soil nutrients. Grid and line sampling methods were used to sample soil in depression and slope lands respectively, and classical statistical tools were applied to analyze the spatial variability character of soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, total potassium （TK）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, pH, and C/N. It was found that land use type was the dominant factor that effected the spatial heterogeneity of SOC, TN, TP, TK, AN, and AP. The content of SOC, TN, and AN decreased with the increase of land use intensity. Due to high fertilizer input, TP and AP in tillage fields were higher than those in the other land use types. TK had no obvious change trend among various land use types. Topographic factors had a significant effect on SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, AK, and pH. Habitat factor was the dominant factor that effected AK. Altitude factor was the dominant factor for pH. However, all of these factors had no significant effect on C/N. Tillage practice had important effect on soil nutrients loss and soil degradation in the fragile karst ecosystem, and the input of organic manure should be increased in this region.展开更多
Due to the impoundment of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam in China fosters high land-use dynamics. Soil erosion is expected to increase dramatically. One of the key factors in soil erosion control is the veget...Due to the impoundment of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam in China fosters high land-use dynamics. Soil erosion is expected to increase dramatically. One of the key factors in soil erosion control is the vegetation cover and crop type. However, determining these factors adequately for the use in soil erosion modeling is very time-consuming especially for large mountainous areas, such as the Xiangxi （香溪） catchment in the Three Gorges area. In our study, the crop and management factor C was calculated using the fractional vegetation cover （CFvc） based on Landsat-TM images from 2005, 2006, and 2007 and on literature studies （CLIT）. In 2007, the values of CFvc range between 0.001 and 0.98 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean CFVC value is 0.05. CLIT values are distinctly higher, ranging from 0.08 to 0.46 with a mean value of 0.32 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean potential soil loss amounts to 120.62 t/ha/a in the Xiangxi catchment when using CLIT for modeling. Based on CFVC, the predicted mean soil loss in the Xiangxi catchment is 11.50 t/ha/a. Therefore, CLIT appears to bemore reliable than the C factor based on the fractional vegetation cover.展开更多
Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on c...Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses,the effects of seven soil factors on organic carbon and their sensitivities to change were studied using path and sensitivity analyses.The results revealed differences in the interconnections and intensities of soil factors on organic carbon.Soil porosity,field capacity,and ammonium nitrogen levels were the main factors affecting organic carbon in the ecosystem.Soil porosity had a strong direct effect on organic carbon content and a strong indirect effect through field capacity.Field capacity and ammonium nitrogen levels mainly affected organic carbon directly.Field capacity,soil porosity,and ammonium nitrogen content,as well as bulk density,b-glucosidase activity,and invertase activity,were sensitive factors.Polyphenol oxidase activity was insensitive.Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of soil factors on organic carbon,which can be utilised to improve P.edulis forest management strategies and promote carbon sequestration capacities.展开更多
Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of veg...Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.展开更多
Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of ...Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.展开更多
For the scientific management of farmland, it is significant to understand the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter and to study the influences of related factors. Using geostatistical theory, GIS spatia...For the scientific management of farmland, it is significant to understand the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter and to study the influences of related factors. Using geostatistical theory, GIS spatial analysis, trend analysis and a Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） model, this study analyzed the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors in central Heilongjiang Province during the past 25 years. Second soil survey data of China for 1979-1985, 2005 field sampling data, climate observations and socio-economic data for 1980-2005 were analyzed. First, soil organic matter in 2005 was spatially interpolated using the Co-Kriging method along with auxiliary data sets of soil type and pH. The spatio-temporal variability was then studied by comparison with the 1980s second soil census data. Next, the temporal trends in climate and socio-economic factors over the past 25 years were investigated. Finally, we examined the variation of the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors using the GWR model spatially and temporally. The model showed that 53.82% area of the organic matter content remained constant and 29.39% has decreased during the past 25 years. The impact of precipitation on organic matter content is mainly negative, with increasing absolute values of the regression coefficient. The absolute value of regression coefficient of annual average temperature has decreased, and more areas are now under its negative effects. In addition, the areas of positive regression coefficient of annual sunshine hours have northward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of positive coefficient and decreasing absolute value of negative coefficient. The areas of positive regression coefficient of mechanized farming as a socio-economic factor have westward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of negative coefficient and decreasing absolute value of positive coefficient. The area of regions with the positive regression coefficient of irrigation has expanded. The regions with positive regression coefficient of fertilizer use have shrinked. The positive regression coefficient of mulch film consumption has significantly increased. The regression coefficient of pesticide consumption was mainly positive in the west of the study area, while it was negative to the east. Generally, GWR model is capable to investigate the influence of both climatic and socio-economic factors, avoided the insufficiency of other research based on the single perspective of climatic or socio-economic factors. Therefore, we can conclude that GWR model could provide methodological support for global change research and serve as basic reference for cultivated land quality improvement and agricultural decision making.展开更多
Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we ev...Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm^(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm^(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.展开更多
Objective: In this study, the influence and response relationship between the seasonal freezing-thawing process of soil and the spatial factor changes in the management and utilization of water resource processes were...Objective: In this study, the influence and response relationship between the seasonal freezing-thawing process of soil and the spatial factor changes in the management and utilization of water resource processes were explored. Methods: The monitoring equipment in this study was arranged at different altitudes, gradients, and slope directions, such as the typical forest sample area in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains. The spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil were analyzed, and a regression model was established. Results: 1) The results of this study determined that the rate of the soil’s freezing increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. However, the rate of the thawing of the frozen soil was found to have an opposite trend. The variation degree of the freezing-thawing process increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. The end time of the approximate soil freezing with altitude increased in a volatility trend ahead of schedule. However, the opposite was observed in the thawing rate of the frozen soil;2) The rate of the soil’s freezing under the mosses of the spruce forest at an altitude of 3028 m was found to be the lowest. However, in the sub-alpine scrub forest at an altitude of 3300 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.9 cm·d-1. The thawing rate of the frozen soil in scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3300 m was found to be minimal. However, in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.5 cm·d-1. In the spatial ordering of the variation degree of the process of freezing-thawing with an average of 1.2, the scrub-grassland at an altitude of 2518 m was found to be the lowest, and the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3195 m was also low;3) The soil freezing began on approximately October 20th, and the rate of soil freezing gradually became reduced. The arrival time of the frozen soil of up to 150 cm in depth in sub-alpine scrub forest was first observed at an altitude of 3028 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m did not become frozen until approximately January 12th on average. Then, the thawing rate of the frozen soil increased gradually. The end time of the thawing was earliest observed in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m was found to be the last to thaw, and averaged approximately July 27th. The average durations of the freezing and thawing of the soil were 77 and 121 days, respectively, and the average duration of the entire process of freezing-thawing was 199 days;4) This study’s established regression models of the duration time of frozen soil’s thaw, and the rate of frozen soil’s thaw, all passed the R test of goodness of fit, F test of variance, and t test. Conclusions: The characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil with the spatial changes were seasonal. However, the characteristics under the different spatial factor influences were not the same.展开更多
Soil respiration is CO 2 evolution process from soil to atmosphere, mainly produced by soil micro organism and plant roots. It is affected not only by biological factors (vegetation, micro organism, etc.) and envir...Soil respiration is CO 2 evolution process from soil to atmosphere, mainly produced by soil micro organism and plant roots. It is affected not only by biological factors (vegetation, micro organism, etc.) and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, etc.), but also more and more strongly by man made factors. Based on literature survey, main factors affecting soil respiration were reviewed. The relationships of soil respiration to latitude and to mean annual temperature were analyzed by using the data measured from forest vegetation in the world. As a result, soil respiration rate decreased exponentially with an increase of latitude, and increased with increasing temperature. Following the relationship between soil respiration and temperature, Q 10 value (law of Van Hoff) was obtained as 1.57 in the global scale.展开更多
Improving our knowledge of the effects of environmental factors （e.g. soil conditions, precipitation and temperature） on belowground biomass in an alpine grassland is essential for understanding the consequences of ...Improving our knowledge of the effects of environmental factors （e.g. soil conditions, precipitation and temperature） on belowground biomass in an alpine grassland is essential for understanding the consequences of carbon storage in this biome. The object of this study is to investigate the relative importance of soil nutrients and climate factors on belowground biomass in an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, Tibetan Plateau. Soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） contents and belowground biomass were measured at 22 sampling sites across an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. We analyzed the data by using the redundancy analysis to determine the main environmental factors affecting the belowground biomass and the contribution of each factor. The results showed that SOC, TN and TP were the main factors that influenced belowground biomass, and the contribution of SOC, TN and TP on biomass was in the range of 47.87%-72.06% at soil depths of 0-30 cm. Moreover, the combined contribution of annual mean temperature （AMT） and mean annual precipitation （MAP） on belowground biomass ranged from 0.92% to 4.10%. A potential mechanism for the differences in belowground biomass was caused by the variations in soil nitrogen and phosphorous, which were coupled with SOC. A significant correlation was observed between MAP and soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） at the soil depth of 0-10 cm （P〈0.05）. We concluded that precipitation is an important driving force in regulating ecosystem functioning as reflected in variations of soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） and dynamics of belowground biomass in alpine grassland ecosystems.展开更多
Soil characterization and heavy metals in different layers (0 - 15 cm;15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm depth) of automobile mechanic waste dumps were studied. The soils showed remarkably high levels of all the metals above b...Soil characterization and heavy metals in different layers (0 - 15 cm;15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm depth) of automobile mechanic waste dumps were studied. The soils showed remarkably high levels of all the metals above background concentrations with most (Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr and Cd) decreasing with soil depth. The distribution pattern were in the following order Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd. Across all the sampling locations and profiles, Fe and Cd showed the highest (476.4 μg·g-1) and least (37.5 μg·g-1) mean concentrations respectively. Pollution load index (PLI) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed overall high and moderate contamination respectively but the enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb Ni and Cd are severe. The inter-element relationship revealed the identical source of elements in the soils of the studied area. The accuracy of the results has been cheeked using the standard reference material;SRM (PACS-2). The mechanic waste dumps represent potential sources of heavy metal pollution to environment. The elevated levels of heavy metals in these soil profiles constitute a serious threat to both surface and groundwater.展开更多
The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet ...The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study.The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree(CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slopepermafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (91025026 and 31070359)
文摘Vegetation and soil surveys were conducted under different site conditions in 2007-2011 to study species diversity using richness, evenness and diversity indices, in the middle portion of the Heihe River Basin. The relationship between species distribution and soil environmental factors was also studied by Canonical Correspondence Analysis （CCA）. Results show that vegetation coverage and species diversity were the highest in the interdune lowland, and the lowest in the mobile dime. Results of the Hill＇s index （di- versity ordering） shows that species diversity is reduced along decreasing soil water content, and the order of species diversity was interdune lowland, flat slope, fixed dune, semifixed dune and mobile dune. The influence degree of soil factors on vegetation dis- tribution was soil water content 〉 pH 〉 total K 〉 organic matter 〉 available N 〉 total N 〉 available K 〉 total P 〉 saline content 〉 available P. Soil water content and pH were important factors significantly affecting spatial distribution difference of vegetation, the environmental explanation was 98%.
基金Science and Technology Project for the Construction of Chengde National Sustainable Development Agenda Innovation Demonstration Zone(202007F004)Science and Technology Business Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(V1623138472760)。
文摘The paper summarized the effects of soil on the quality of Chinese medicinal materials from the aspects of physical,chemical and biological properties of soil,in order to provide a reference for further research on the internal relationship between soil factors and the quality of Chinese medicinal materials,and to provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and quality improvement of Chinese medicinal materials.
基金supported by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation Program(2022GXNSFAA035583,2021GXNSFBA196052)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060305,32460270).
文摘Most research on carbon storage in forests has focused on qualitative studies of carbon storage and influ-encing factors rather than on quantifying the effect of the spatial distribution of carbon storage and of its influencing factors at different scales.Here we described the spatial dis-tribution of aboveground carbon storage(ACS)in a 20-ha plot in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to evalu-ate and quantify the relative effects of biotic factors(species diversity and structural diversity)and abiotic factors(soil and topographic factors)on ACS at different scales.Scale effects of the spatial distribution of ACS were significant,with higher variability at smaller scales,but less at larger scales.The distribution was also spatially heterogeneous,with more carbon storage on north-and east-facing slopes than on south-and west-facing slopes.At a smaller scale,species diversity and structural diversity each had a direct positive impact on ACS,but soil factors had no significant direct impact.At increasing scales,topographic and soil fac-tors gradually had a greater direct influence,whereas the influence of species diversity gradually decreased.Structural diversity had the greatest impact,followed by topographic factors and soil factors,while species diversity had a rela-tively smaller impact.These findings suggest studies on ACS in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests in southern China should consider scale effects,specifically on the heterogene-ity of ACS distribution at small scales.Studies and conser-vation efforts need to focus on smaller habitat types with particular emphasis on habitat factors such as aspect and soil conditions,which have significant influences on community species diversity,structural diversity,and ACS distribution.
基金the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province(Postdoctoral Fund Project)(CXGC2021RCB007)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province(Introduction of Doctor and High-Level Talents Project)(CXGC2022RCG008)+1 种基金Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project(20200403014SF)Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Jilin Province(CXGC2021ZY036).
文摘Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root traits to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to saline-alkaline-stressed soil environments.In this study,the root biomass,root morphological parameters and root mineral nutrient content of two alfalfa cultivars with different sensitivities to alkaline stress were analyzed with black soil as the control group and the mixed saline-alkaline soil with a ratio of 7:3 between black soil and saline-alkaline soil as the saline-alkaline treatment group.At the same time,the correlation analysis of soil salinity indexes,soil nutrient indexes and the activities of key enzymes involved in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycles was carried out.The results showed that compared with the control group,the pH,EC,and urease(URE)of the soil surrounding the roots of two alfalfa cultivars were significantly increased,while soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),organic carbon(SOC),andα-glucosidase activity(AGC)were significantly decreased under saline-alkaline stress.There was no significant difference in root biomass and root morphological parameters of saline-alkaline tolerant cultivar GN under saline-alkaline stress.The number of root tips(RT),root surface area(RS)and root volume(RV)of AG were reduced by 61.16%,44.54%,and 45.31%,respectively,compared with control group.The ratios of K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)of GN were significantly higher than those of AG(p<0.05).The root fresh weight(RFW)and dry weight(RDW),root length(RL),RV and RT of alfalfa were positively regulated by soil SOC and TN,but negatively regulated by soil pH,EC,and URE(p<0.01).Root Ca^(2+)/Na+ratio was significantly positively correlated with soil TN,TP and SOC(p<0.01).The absorption of Mg and Ca ions in roots is significantly negatively regulated by soilβ-glucosidase activity(BGC)and acid phosphatase activity(APC)(p<0.05).This study improved knowledge of the relationship between root traits and soil environmental factors and offered a theoretical framework for elucidating how plant roots adapt to saline-alkaline stressed soil environments.
文摘The selection and use of low-Cd-accumulating cultivar （LCAC） has been proposed as one of the promising approaches in minimizing the entry of Cd in the human food chain. This study suggests a screening criterion of LCACs focusing on food safety. Pot culture and plot experiments were conducted to screen out LCACs from 35 pakchoi cultivars and to identify the crucial soil factors that affect Cd accumulation in LCACs. Results of the pot culture experiment showed that shoot Cd concentrations under the three Cd treatments significantly varied across cultivars. Two cultivars, Hualv 2 and Huajun 2, were identified as LCACs because their shoot Cd concentrations were lower than 0.2 mg. kg-1 under low Cd treatment and high Cd exposure did not affect the biomass of their shoots. The plot experiment further confirmed the consistency and genotypic stability of the low-Cd- accumulating traits of the two LCACs under various soil conditions. Results also showed that soil phosphorus availability was the most important soil factor in the Cd accumulation of pakchoi, which related negatively not only to Cd uptake by root but also to Cd translocation from root to shoot. The total Cd accumulation and translocation rates were lower in the LCACs than in the high-Cd cultivar, suggesting that Cd accumulation in different cultivars is associated with the Cd uptake by root as well as translocation from root to shoot. This study proves the feasibility of the application of the LCAC strategy in pakchoi cultivation to cope with Cd contamination in agricultural soils.
基金This research was funded in part by the National Tenth-five-year-plan Science&Technology Project(No.2005BA517A04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30571529,30671722).
文摘Exclusion has been applied as a main measure for re-vegetation all over the world.This paper,by comparing the results of year-round exclusion,seasonal exclusion,and non-exclusion,quantified the vegetation variations under three different exclusion measures and their correlation to soil factors.The analysis results for community species component and plant diversity using multi-response permutation procedures(MRPPs)showed that exclusion did change the species com ponent and increase plant diversity remarkably,while the period of exclusion had no significant influence on these two community features.The indicator species analysis and calculation of similarity indices indicated that community for year-round exclusion were becoming xerophytization and unpalatability,and showed highly spatial heterogeneity of plant species distribution,whereas community for seasonal exclusion was under stable non-equilibrium condition.Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA)and detrend canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA)results of relationship between plant species and soil variables demonstrated that soil moisture was a controlling factor for plant species component,microbiotic soil crust cover,soil organic matter,and soil bulk density had significant effects on soil moisture,among which microbiotic soil crust was a leading factor owing to its limitation to rainfall infiltration on the one hand,and its constraints to entrance of herbaceous seeds into soil or to germination of soil seeds on the other hand.As a result of long-term removal of animal grazing,crust kept intact in year-round exclusion community,which was a main reason of community xerophytization.It was also obvious from ordination results that some important environmental factors,such as tempo-spatial change of rainfall and corresponding tempo-spatial change of soil moisture,were neglected during direct gradient analysis.In addition,biodiversity was close related to soil nutrients as well as to soil moisture condition(soil water content and crust cover),and it had positive relation to available N,and negative relation to available P.Higher soil N had advantage to non-leguminous plants growth on nutrition-poor sand land definitely.The impact of P to community component was unclear and should be studied from plant physiology.Further researches on nonequilibrium theory in semi-arid rangeland will provide a sci-entific and flexible animal development paradigm for being implementing livestock fen-raising and grazing-forbidden policies in China.
基金The research in this article was funded by the Special Forestry Project of Public Interests[201404305,200904001].
文摘Introduction:Plant communities and soil factors might interact with each other in different temporal and spatial scales,which can influence the patterns and processes of the wetland ecosystem.To get a better understanding of the distribution of plants in wetlands and analyze their associations with environmental soil factors,the structure and types of plant communities in the eastern shore area of Lake Taihu were analyzed by two-way indicator species analysis and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)ordination.The spatial distribution patterns of vegetation and the main factors affecting the distributions were investigated.Outcomes:Sixty-six sampling sites were selected to obtain vegetation species and soil environmental factor data.Results showed that 22 species from the 66 sites could be divided into seven communities:I:Arundo donax;II:A.donax+Phragmites australis;III:Zizania latifolia+Typha orientalis;IV:P.australis+Alternanthera philoxeroides+Polygonum hydropiper;V:P.australis;VI:P.australis+Humulus scandens;and VII:Erigeron acer+Ipomoea batatas+Rumex acetosa.Plant species and soil factors in the CCA analysis showed that I.batatas,E.acer,Chenopodium album,Polygonum lapathifolium,and Acalypha australis were mainly affected by pH,whereas Echinochloa crus-galli,Setaria viridis,and H.scandens were mainly affected by soil total phosphorus.Mentha canadensis and A.donax were mainly affected by soil conductivity,A.philoxeroides was mainly affected by soil organic matter and,Z.latifolia,Metaplexis japonica and P.hydropiper were mainly affected by available phosphorus.Conclusion:These results indicated that different plants adapted to different soil environmental factors and provided basic information on the diversity of Lake Taihu wetland vegetation.
文摘In this paper, through the data treatment of correlation coefficients and the clustering technique of pattern recognition, both the matrix of correlation coefficients and the pedigree of factor clusters show that some factors affecting soil corrosivity are interrelated closely, and some independent relatively. The data analytical method used in this paper has certain assistance to the selection of major soil factors during the prediction and evaluation of soil corrosivity.
文摘By selecting a typical peak-cluster depression area of karst region in Southwest China, we evaluated the effect of land use types and topographic factors on soil nutrients. Grid and line sampling methods were used to sample soil in depression and slope lands respectively, and classical statistical tools were applied to analyze the spatial variability character of soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, total potassium （TK）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, pH, and C/N. It was found that land use type was the dominant factor that effected the spatial heterogeneity of SOC, TN, TP, TK, AN, and AP. The content of SOC, TN, and AN decreased with the increase of land use intensity. Due to high fertilizer input, TP and AP in tillage fields were higher than those in the other land use types. TK had no obvious change trend among various land use types. Topographic factors had a significant effect on SOC, TN, TP, AN, AP, AK, and pH. Habitat factor was the dominant factor that effected AK. Altitude factor was the dominant factor for pH. However, all of these factors had no significant effect on C/N. Tillage practice had important effect on soil nutrients loss and soil degradation in the fragile karst ecosystem, and the input of organic manure should be increased in this region.
基金supported by the Federal German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (No. 03 G 0669)coordinated by the German Jülich Research Centre (FZJ)
文摘Due to the impoundment of the Yangtze River, the Three Gorges Dam in China fosters high land-use dynamics. Soil erosion is expected to increase dramatically. One of the key factors in soil erosion control is the vegetation cover and crop type. However, determining these factors adequately for the use in soil erosion modeling is very time-consuming especially for large mountainous areas, such as the Xiangxi （香溪） catchment in the Three Gorges area. In our study, the crop and management factor C was calculated using the fractional vegetation cover （CFvc） based on Landsat-TM images from 2005, 2006, and 2007 and on literature studies （CLIT）. In 2007, the values of CFvc range between 0.001 and 0.98 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean CFVC value is 0.05. CLIT values are distinctly higher, ranging from 0.08 to 0.46 with a mean value of 0.32 in the Xiangxi catchment. The mean potential soil loss amounts to 120.62 t/ha/a in the Xiangxi catchment when using CLIT for modeling. Based on CFVC, the predicted mean soil loss in the Xiangxi catchment is 11.50 t/ha/a. Therefore, CLIT appears to bemore reliable than the C factor based on the fractional vegetation cover.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Basic Work Special(No.2014FY120700)
文摘Phyllostachys edulis plays an important role in maintaining carbon cycling.We examined the effects of soil properties on organic carbon content in a P.edulis forest on Dagang Mountain,Jiangxi Province,China.Based on correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyses,the effects of seven soil factors on organic carbon and their sensitivities to change were studied using path and sensitivity analyses.The results revealed differences in the interconnections and intensities of soil factors on organic carbon.Soil porosity,field capacity,and ammonium nitrogen levels were the main factors affecting organic carbon in the ecosystem.Soil porosity had a strong direct effect on organic carbon content and a strong indirect effect through field capacity.Field capacity and ammonium nitrogen levels mainly affected organic carbon directly.Field capacity,soil porosity,and ammonium nitrogen content,as well as bulk density,b-glucosidase activity,and invertase activity,were sensitive factors.Polyphenol oxidase activity was insensitive.Our study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the effects of soil factors on organic carbon,which can be utilised to improve P.edulis forest management strategies and promote carbon sequestration capacities.
基金the financial support received from the University Grants Commission (UGC) in the form of a Junior Research Fellowship (JRF)。
文摘Human activities to improve the quality of life have accelerated the natural rate of soil erosion.In turn,these natural disasters have taken a great impact on humans.Human activities,particularly the conversion of vegetated land into agricultural land and built-up area,stand out as primary contributors to soil erosion.The present study investigated the risk of soil erosion in the Irga watershed located on the eastern fringe of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand,India,which is dominated by sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil with low soil organic carbon(SOC)content.The study used the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)and Geographical Information System(GIS)technique to determine the rate of soil erosion.The five parameters(rainfall-runoff erosivity(R)factor,soil erodibility(K)factor,slope length and steepness(LS)factor,cover-management(C)factor,and support practice(P)factor)of the RUSLE were applied to present a more accurate distribution characteristic of soil erosion in the Irga watershed.The result shows that the R factor is positively correlated with rainfall and follows the same distribution pattern as the rainfall.The K factor values in the northern part of the study area are relatively low,while they are relatively high in the southern part.The mean value of the LS factor is 2.74,which is low due to the flat terrain of the Irga watershed.There is a negative linear correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the C factor,and the high values of the C factor are observed in places with low NDVI.The mean value of the P factor is 0.210,with a range from 0.000 to 1.000.After calculating all parameters,we obtained the average soil erosion rate of 1.43 t/(hm^(2)•a),with the highest rate reaching as high as 32.71 t/(hm^(2)•a).Therefore,the study area faces a low risk of soil erosion.However,preventative measures are essential to avoid future damage to productive and constructive activities caused by soil erosion.This study also identifies the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate,which will help policy-makers to implement targeted soil erosion control measures.
基金Under the auspices of National High-tech R&D Program of China(No.2013AA102301)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71503148)
文摘Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.
基金financed by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB951502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41101537,40930101,41201184 and 71203157)
文摘For the scientific management of farmland, it is significant to understand the spatio-temporal variability of soil organic matter and to study the influences of related factors. Using geostatistical theory, GIS spatial analysis, trend analysis and a Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） model, this study analyzed the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors in central Heilongjiang Province during the past 25 years. Second soil survey data of China for 1979-1985, 2005 field sampling data, climate observations and socio-economic data for 1980-2005 were analyzed. First, soil organic matter in 2005 was spatially interpolated using the Co-Kriging method along with auxiliary data sets of soil type and pH. The spatio-temporal variability was then studied by comparison with the 1980s second soil census data. Next, the temporal trends in climate and socio-economic factors over the past 25 years were investigated. Finally, we examined the variation of the response of soil organic matter to climate and socio-economic factors using the GWR model spatially and temporally. The model showed that 53.82% area of the organic matter content remained constant and 29.39% has decreased during the past 25 years. The impact of precipitation on organic matter content is mainly negative, with increasing absolute values of the regression coefficient. The absolute value of regression coefficient of annual average temperature has decreased, and more areas are now under its negative effects. In addition, the areas of positive regression coefficient of annual sunshine hours have northward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of positive coefficient and decreasing absolute value of negative coefficient. The areas of positive regression coefficient of mechanized farming as a socio-economic factor have westward shifted, with the increasing absolute value of negative coefficient and decreasing absolute value of positive coefficient. The area of regions with the positive regression coefficient of irrigation has expanded. The regions with positive regression coefficient of fertilizer use have shrinked. The positive regression coefficient of mulch film consumption has significantly increased. The regression coefficient of pesticide consumption was mainly positive in the west of the study area, while it was negative to the east. Generally, GWR model is capable to investigate the influence of both climatic and socio-economic factors, avoided the insufficiency of other research based on the single perspective of climatic or socio-economic factors. Therefore, we can conclude that GWR model could provide methodological support for global change research and serve as basic reference for cultivated land quality improvement and agricultural decision making.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4120124)the Science Fund of the Education Department of Sichuan Province, China (16ZB0048)
文摘Soil bulk density is a basic but important physic soil property related to soil porosity,soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity,which is crucial to soil quality assessment and land use management.In this study,we evaluated the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20,20–40,40–60 and 60–100 cm layers as well as its affecting factors in Southwest China’s agricultural intensive area.Results indicated the mean value of surface soil bulk density(0–20 cm)was 1.26 g cm^(–3),significantly lower than that of subsoil(20–100 cm).No statistical difference existed among the subsoil with a mean soil bulk density of 1.54 g cm^(–3).Spatially,soil bulk density played a similar spatial pattern in soil profile,whereas obvious differences were found in details.The nugget effects for soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers were 27.22 and27.02%while 12.06 and 3.46%in the 40–60 and 60–100 cm layers,respectively,gradually decreasing in the soil profile,indicating that the spatial variability of soil bulk density above 40 cm was affected by structural and random factors while dominated by structural factors under 40 cm.Soil organic matter was the controlling factor on the spatial variability of soil bulk density in each layer.Land use and elevation were another two dominated factor controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk density in the 0–20 and 40–60 cm layers,respectively.Soil genus was one of the dominated factors controlling the spatial variability of soil bulk below 40 cm.
文摘Objective: In this study, the influence and response relationship between the seasonal freezing-thawing process of soil and the spatial factor changes in the management and utilization of water resource processes were explored. Methods: The monitoring equipment in this study was arranged at different altitudes, gradients, and slope directions, such as the typical forest sample area in the Dayekou Basin of the Qilian Mountains. The spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil were analyzed, and a regression model was established. Results: 1) The results of this study determined that the rate of the soil’s freezing increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. However, the rate of the thawing of the frozen soil was found to have an opposite trend. The variation degree of the freezing-thawing process increased with the altitude in a trend of volatility. The end time of the approximate soil freezing with altitude increased in a volatility trend ahead of schedule. However, the opposite was observed in the thawing rate of the frozen soil;2) The rate of the soil’s freezing under the mosses of the spruce forest at an altitude of 3028 m was found to be the lowest. However, in the sub-alpine scrub forest at an altitude of 3300 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.9 cm·d-1. The thawing rate of the frozen soil in scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3300 m was found to be minimal. However, in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m, a maximum in the spatial ordering was observed, with an average of 1.5 cm·d-1. In the spatial ordering of the variation degree of the process of freezing-thawing with an average of 1.2, the scrub-grassland at an altitude of 2518 m was found to be the lowest, and the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3195 m was also low;3) The soil freezing began on approximately October 20th, and the rate of soil freezing gradually became reduced. The arrival time of the frozen soil of up to 150 cm in depth in sub-alpine scrub forest was first observed at an altitude of 3028 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m did not become frozen until approximately January 12th on average. Then, the thawing rate of the frozen soil increased gradually. The end time of the thawing was earliest observed in the sunny slope grassland at an altitude of 2946 m. However, the scrub-spruce forest at an altitude of 3100 m was found to be the last to thaw, and averaged approximately July 27th. The average durations of the freezing and thawing of the soil were 77 and 121 days, respectively, and the average duration of the entire process of freezing-thawing was 199 days;4) This study’s established regression models of the duration time of frozen soil’s thaw, and the rate of frozen soil’s thaw, all passed the R test of goodness of fit, F test of variance, and t test. Conclusions: The characteristics of the seasonal freezing-thawing process of the soil with the spatial changes were seasonal. However, the characteristics under the different spatial factor influences were not the same.
文摘Soil respiration is CO 2 evolution process from soil to atmosphere, mainly produced by soil micro organism and plant roots. It is affected not only by biological factors (vegetation, micro organism, etc.) and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, etc.), but also more and more strongly by man made factors. Based on literature survey, main factors affecting soil respiration were reviewed. The relationships of soil respiration to latitude and to mean annual temperature were analyzed by using the data measured from forest vegetation in the world. As a result, soil respiration rate decreased exponentially with an increase of latitude, and increased with increasing temperature. Following the relationship between soil respiration and temperature, Q 10 value (law of Van Hoff) was obtained as 1.57 in the global scale.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41501057)the West Light Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences,the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Eco-regulationthe National Basic Research Program of China(2013CBA01808)
文摘Improving our knowledge of the effects of environmental factors （e.g. soil conditions, precipitation and temperature） on belowground biomass in an alpine grassland is essential for understanding the consequences of carbon storage in this biome. The object of this study is to investigate the relative importance of soil nutrients and climate factors on belowground biomass in an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, Tibetan Plateau. Soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） contents and belowground biomass were measured at 22 sampling sites across an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. We analyzed the data by using the redundancy analysis to determine the main environmental factors affecting the belowground biomass and the contribution of each factor. The results showed that SOC, TN and TP were the main factors that influenced belowground biomass, and the contribution of SOC, TN and TP on biomass was in the range of 47.87%-72.06% at soil depths of 0-30 cm. Moreover, the combined contribution of annual mean temperature （AMT） and mean annual precipitation （MAP） on belowground biomass ranged from 0.92% to 4.10%. A potential mechanism for the differences in belowground biomass was caused by the variations in soil nitrogen and phosphorous, which were coupled with SOC. A significant correlation was observed between MAP and soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） at the soil depth of 0-10 cm （P〈0.05）. We concluded that precipitation is an important driving force in regulating ecosystem functioning as reflected in variations of soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） and dynamics of belowground biomass in alpine grassland ecosystems.
文摘Soil characterization and heavy metals in different layers (0 - 15 cm;15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm depth) of automobile mechanic waste dumps were studied. The soils showed remarkably high levels of all the metals above background concentrations with most (Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr and Cd) decreasing with soil depth. The distribution pattern were in the following order Fe > Cu > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd. Across all the sampling locations and profiles, Fe and Cd showed the highest (476.4 μg·g-1) and least (37.5 μg·g-1) mean concentrations respectively. Pollution load index (PLI) and index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) revealed overall high and moderate contamination respectively but the enrichment factors (EFs) for Pb Ni and Cd are severe. The inter-element relationship revealed the identical source of elements in the soils of the studied area. The accuracy of the results has been cheeked using the standard reference material;SRM (PACS-2). The mechanic waste dumps represent potential sources of heavy metal pollution to environment. The elevated levels of heavy metals in these soil profiles constitute a serious threat to both surface and groundwater.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41501079 and 91647103)Funded by State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering(Grant No.SKLFSE-ZQ-43)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Key Research Program(Grant No.KZZD-EW-13)the Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of NIEER,CAS
文摘The soil moisture movement is an important carrier of material cycle and energy flow among the various geo-spheres in the cold regions.Thus, this research takes the north slope of Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case study.The present study firstly investigates the change of permafrost moisture in different slope positions and depths. Based on this investigation, this article attempts to investigate the spatial variability of permafrost moisture and identifies the key influence factors in different terrain conditions. The method of classification and regression tree(CART) is adopted to identify the main controlling factors influencing the soil moisture movement. The relationships between soil moisture and environmental factors are revealed by the use of the method of canonical correspondence analysis(CCA). The results show that: 1) Due to the terrain slope and the freezing-thawing process, the horizontal flow weakens in the freezing period. The vertical migration of the soil moisture movement strengthens. It will lead to that the soil-moisture content in the up-slope is higher than that in the down-slope. The conclusion is contrary during the melting period. 2) Elevation, soil texture, soil temperature and vegetation coverage are the main environmental factors which affect the slopepermafrost soil-moisture. 3) Slope, elevation and vegetation coverage are the main factors that affect the slope-permafrost soil-moisture at the shallow depth of 0-20 cm. It is complex at the middle and lower depth.
