Increasing zinc(Zn)concentration in wheat grain is important to minimize human dietary Zn deficiency.This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar Zn and soil nitrogen(N)applications on the accumulation and dis...Increasing zinc(Zn)concentration in wheat grain is important to minimize human dietary Zn deficiency.This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar Zn and soil nitrogen(N)applications on the accumulation and distribution of N and Zn in grain pearling fractions,N remobilization,and the relationships between nutrient concentration in the vegetative tissues and grain or its fractions in two cropping years in the North China Plain.The results showed a progressive decrease in N and Zn concentrations from the outer to the inner parts of grain,with most of the accumulation in the core endosperm.Foliar Zn application significantly increased N concentration in the pericarp,and soil N application increased N concentration in each grain fraction.Both treatments significantly increased core endosperm Zn concentration.Foliar Zn had no effect on grain N and Zn distribution.Soil N application made N concentrated in the aleurone,promoted Zn translocation to the core endosperm and also increased N remobilization and its efficiency from the shoot to the grain,but no improved contribution to grain was found.N concentration in grain and its fractions were positively correlated with N in vegetative organs at anthesis and maturity,while positive correlations were obtained between N concentration in the pericarp and progressive central area of the endosperm and Zn concentration in the core endosperm.Thus,foliar Zn and soil N applications effectively increased yield and N and Zn concentrations in the wheat grain,particularly in the endosperm,and could be promising strategies to address Zn deficiency.展开更多
Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As up...Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As uptake through their shared transport pathway.Root(soil)application of CRH alone,however,was insufficient to decrease inorganic As(iAs)in polished rice below Chinese food standards(0.2 mg kg^(-1)).In this study,an aqueous Si solution derived from CRH was used for synergistic foliar application over the highest Si-demanding stage(reproductive stage)of rice,following root application of Si,to investigate rice As uptake in both pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,on the basis of root application of CRH,Si supplementation before the reproductive stage of rice led to a 51%decrease in As concentration on root surface along with a prominent reduction of Fe plaque due to enhanced root suberization,relative to single root application of CRH treatment.In parallel,the expression of OsLis6 gene in the root was downregulated by 91%than that with only root application of CRH.These changes decreased As influx into root by 56%and led correspondingly to 41%lower As transfer to the straw,as compared with root application of CRH treatment.In node I,the expression of OsLis6 decreased concurrently by 71%,leading ultimately to 28%lower iAs accumulation in grains than that with root application of CRH alone.In the field experiment,with single foliar Si,the mitigation of grain iAs occurred only at lower soil As level of 40 mg kg^(-1),while promoted iAs unloading into grains was determined under higher soil As level(80 mg kg^(-1))relative to the control without Si application.It was,therefore,concluded that the mitigation of grain iAs accumulation with soil application of CRH can be strengthened critically by synergistic supply of foliar Si,serving as a more reliable pathway to secure rice production in As-contaminated paddy fields.展开更多
A field study was conducted for two years at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, to determine the optimum level of nitrogen and efficient application method in the production of sorghum （Sor...A field study was conducted for two years at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, to determine the optimum level of nitrogen and efficient application method in the production of sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.）. Using four levels of nitrogen, i.e., 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha^-1, and two different application methods （soil application and foliar spray）, the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, where the main plots were used to determine the effective method of application and the subplots were used to detect the influence of N levels on the grain yield. The average data obtained after two years of study indicated an increase in the grain yields with an increase in N levels irrespective of the method used of N application. The grain yield increased from 2.92 to 5.61 t ha^-1 in the plots that were treated with 90 kg N ha^-1 compared with the control plots. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the increase in the yield was higher at the lower levels of N compared with the succeeding higher levels. The soil application method, producing an average grain yield of 4.79 t ha^-1, was found to be superior to the foliar spray method with an average grain yield of 4.56 t ha^-1. The protein content of the grain showed a linear increase with N application, attaining the maximum at 120 kg N ha^-1 in both the methods of N application. In addition, compared with the method of soil application, higher crude protein contents were observed using the method of foliar spray at all N levels.展开更多
In this study,in-situ soil moisture measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy of three AMSR-E soil moisture prod ucts from NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration),JAXA(Japanese Aerospace Exploration A...In this study,in-situ soil moisture measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy of three AMSR-E soil moisture prod ucts from NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration),JAXA(Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency)and VUA(Vrije University Amsterdam and NASA)over Maqu County,Source Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),China.Re sults show that the VUA soil moisture product performs the best among the three AMSR-E soil moisture products in the study area,with a minimum RMSE(root mean square error)of 0.08(0.10)m3/m3 and smallest absolute error of 0.07(0.08)m3/m3 at the grassland area with ascending(descending)data.Therefore,the VUA soil moisture product is used to describe the spatial variation of soil moisture during the 2010 growing season over SAYR.The VUA soil moisture product shows that soil moisture presents a declining trend from east south(0.42 m3/m3)to west north(0.23 m3/m3),with good agreement with a general precipitation distribution.The center of SAYR presents extreme wetness(0.60 m3/m3)dur ing the whole study period,especially in July,while the head of SAYR presents a high level soil moisture(0.23 m3/m3)in July,August and September.展开更多
Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or l...Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.展开更多
In response to the challenges posed by the transformation of China's reed industry,leading to difficulties in reed utilization,and the significant increment in raw soil from the expansion of urban infrastructure,t...In response to the challenges posed by the transformation of China's reed industry,leading to difficulties in reed utilization,and the significant increment in raw soil from the expansion of urban infrastructure,the authors proposed a novel method of coupling reed with raw soil to produce an ecological building insulation material.The aim is to enhance the thermal comfort of rural buildings and achieve building energy saving.The research has applied theoretical and experimental methods as the core means of exploration for key factors in the preparation of the novel ecological insulation material.These factors include raw soil content and curing methods.Key performance indicators such as thermal insulation,mechanical properties,fire resistance,water resistance,moisture resistance,and acoustic performance have been utilized for evaluation.The research results indicate that the proposed process and method for the preparation of the ecological insulation material effectively utilize reed and raw soil,achieving excellent multi-target performance.When the content of raw soil is in the range of 0-40%,the material's thermal conductivity ranges from 0.097 W/(m·K)to 0.104 W/(m·K),compressive strength from0.70 MPa to 0.79 MPa,water absorption rate from 29.42%to 38.95%,moisture absorption rate from 13.33%to31.48%,and the maximum sound absorption coefficient is 0.80,with a maximum sound insulation of 56.66 dB.Additionally,a non-combustible A-grade fire resistance was achieved.To expand the application space and scope of the novel material,the research team further explored on-site construction material preparation processes and conducted experimental research,focusing on the key aspect of the"curing process".The low temperature curing method of industrial heating blanket was proposed.The research results indicated that the method is feasible.At an environmental temperature of 25℃,with different curing times and curing temperatures,the material's thermal conductivity ranges from 0.089 W/(m·K)to 0.109 W/(m·K),and the compressive strength is between 0.14 MPa and 0.70 MPa,meeting the relevant parameter requirements.This research opens up avenues for other types of biomass with high economic added value applications and can be directly applied to improving the thermal environment of residential buildings,contributing to building energy saving,rural revitalization,and the implementation of dual-carbon strategies in China.展开更多
The use of beach-cast macroalgae as a fertilizer(F)or soil amendment(SA)is coming back into focus,due to its highly efficient transformation of CO_(2),nutrients,salts and minerals from its aqueous surroundings into bi...The use of beach-cast macroalgae as a fertilizer(F)or soil amendment(SA)is coming back into focus,due to its highly efficient transformation of CO_(2),nutrients,salts and minerals from its aqueous surroundings into biomass.This research studied the hydrothermal carbonization(HTC)of Fucus vesiculosus macroalgae to hydrochar and evaluated its feasibility for use in soil applications.F.vesiculosus was submitted to HTC following a full factorial design of experiments with three HTC process parameters varied to assess their impact on the hydrochars:temperature(T:160,190,220℃),solid content(%So:20,35%),and process water recirculation(PWrec:yes and no).In general,F.vesiculosus and its hydrochars were rich in nutrients,but also contained regulated heavy metals.Investigation of the partitioning behavior of inorganic elements between the hydrochars and process water showed that heavy metals like Cr,Pb,Co and Cu tended to accumulate in the hydrochar,unaffected by HTC conditions.Nutrients such as P,N,B,and Mn were primarily found in the hydrochar and could be partially influenced to transfer to process water by changing%So and T.The correlation between the mass fractions of 22 elements in the hydrochar and HTC process parameters was studied.T was the most influential parameter,showing a significant positive correlation for eleven elements.%So and PWrec showed inconsistent effects on different elements.When process water was recirculated,some elements decreased(Ca,Cd,Fe)while others increased(K,Na,B,N)in the hydrochar.Assessment against various regulations and standards for F and SA revealed that F.vesiculosus complied with Cd limit values for most rules including the EURF and B,and was regulated only in the RAL for SA,over the limit value.In contrast,the limit value of Cd for both F and SA applications was surpassed in the 13 hydrochars.The contents of N,P,K,S,and Na in the feedstock and hydrochars complied with European F and SA rules,while they were too high for German rules on SA.The other limits for F rules were achieved(under certain HTC process parameters)except for P(lower than the requirements in F for F.vesiculosus and its hydrochars).展开更多
This study used a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity numerical model to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait.The model results suggested that both basin-scale wind curl and lateral fri...This study used a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity numerical model to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait.The model results suggested that both basin-scale wind curl and lateral friction are the primary factors that control the transformation of the flow,although inertia also plays an important role.Using an idealized model,both the mechanism via which the flow pattern changes depending on the two primary factors and the occurrence of hysteresis were investigated.It was established that the transformation of the Kuroshio flow field between the four previously reported flow patterns(i.e.,leaping across,current looping,eddy shedding,and branch intruding) can be explained under a unified theoretical framework.A diagram is proposed to explain how the flow field transforms between the four patterns from a certain prior state when varying the values of the controlling factors.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300707 and 2016YFD0300400)the Modern Wheat Industrial Technology System of Henan Province,China(S2010-01-G07).
文摘Increasing zinc(Zn)concentration in wheat grain is important to minimize human dietary Zn deficiency.This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar Zn and soil nitrogen(N)applications on the accumulation and distribution of N and Zn in grain pearling fractions,N remobilization,and the relationships between nutrient concentration in the vegetative tissues and grain or its fractions in two cropping years in the North China Plain.The results showed a progressive decrease in N and Zn concentrations from the outer to the inner parts of grain,with most of the accumulation in the core endosperm.Foliar Zn application significantly increased N concentration in the pericarp,and soil N application increased N concentration in each grain fraction.Both treatments significantly increased core endosperm Zn concentration.Foliar Zn had no effect on grain N and Zn distribution.Soil N application made N concentrated in the aleurone,promoted Zn translocation to the core endosperm and also increased N remobilization and its efficiency from the shoot to the grain,but no improved contribution to grain was found.N concentration in grain and its fractions were positively correlated with N in vegetative organs at anthesis and maturity,while positive correlations were obtained between N concentration in the pericarp and progressive central area of the endosperm and Zn concentration in the core endosperm.Thus,foliar Zn and soil N applications effectively increased yield and N and Zn concentrations in the wheat grain,particularly in the endosperm,and could be promising strategies to address Zn deficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42377024)the Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province,Chinathe Key Project of Developmental Biology and Breeding from Hunan Province of China(No.2022XKQ0207).
文摘Arsenic(As)contamination in paddy soils has posed a prominent threat to rice production in Asia.Recycling of silicon(Si)from Si-rich combusted rice husk(CRH)could serve as a sustainable strategy to mitigate rice As uptake through their shared transport pathway.Root(soil)application of CRH alone,however,was insufficient to decrease inorganic As(iAs)in polished rice below Chinese food standards(0.2 mg kg^(-1)).In this study,an aqueous Si solution derived from CRH was used for synergistic foliar application over the highest Si-demanding stage(reproductive stage)of rice,following root application of Si,to investigate rice As uptake in both pot and field experiments.In the pot experiment,on the basis of root application of CRH,Si supplementation before the reproductive stage of rice led to a 51%decrease in As concentration on root surface along with a prominent reduction of Fe plaque due to enhanced root suberization,relative to single root application of CRH treatment.In parallel,the expression of OsLis6 gene in the root was downregulated by 91%than that with only root application of CRH.These changes decreased As influx into root by 56%and led correspondingly to 41%lower As transfer to the straw,as compared with root application of CRH treatment.In node I,the expression of OsLis6 decreased concurrently by 71%,leading ultimately to 28%lower iAs accumulation in grains than that with root application of CRH alone.In the field experiment,with single foliar Si,the mitigation of grain iAs occurred only at lower soil As level of 40 mg kg^(-1),while promoted iAs unloading into grains was determined under higher soil As level(80 mg kg^(-1))relative to the control without Si application.It was,therefore,concluded that the mitigation of grain iAs accumulation with soil application of CRH can be strengthened critically by synergistic supply of foliar Si,serving as a more reliable pathway to secure rice production in As-contaminated paddy fields.
文摘A field study was conducted for two years at the Arid Zone Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, to determine the optimum level of nitrogen and efficient application method in the production of sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.）. Using four levels of nitrogen, i.e., 0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha^-1, and two different application methods （soil application and foliar spray）, the experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, where the main plots were used to determine the effective method of application and the subplots were used to detect the influence of N levels on the grain yield. The average data obtained after two years of study indicated an increase in the grain yields with an increase in N levels irrespective of the method used of N application. The grain yield increased from 2.92 to 5.61 t ha^-1 in the plots that were treated with 90 kg N ha^-1 compared with the control plots. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the increase in the yield was higher at the lower levels of N compared with the succeeding higher levels. The soil application method, producing an average grain yield of 4.79 t ha^-1, was found to be superior to the foliar spray method with an average grain yield of 4.56 t ha^-1. The protein content of the grain showed a linear increase with N application, attaining the maximum at 120 kg N ha^-1 in both the methods of N application. In addition, compared with the method of soil application, higher crude protein contents were observed using the method of foliar spray at all N levels.
基金supported in part by the Programs of National Natural Science Foundation of China (41675157, 91537212)
文摘In this study,in-situ soil moisture measurements are used to evaluate the accuracy of three AMSR-E soil moisture prod ucts from NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration),JAXA(Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency)and VUA(Vrije University Amsterdam and NASA)over Maqu County,Source Area of the Yellow River(SAYR),China.Re sults show that the VUA soil moisture product performs the best among the three AMSR-E soil moisture products in the study area,with a minimum RMSE(root mean square error)of 0.08(0.10)m3/m3 and smallest absolute error of 0.07(0.08)m3/m3 at the grassland area with ascending(descending)data.Therefore,the VUA soil moisture product is used to describe the spatial variation of soil moisture during the 2010 growing season over SAYR.The VUA soil moisture product shows that soil moisture presents a declining trend from east south(0.42 m3/m3)to west north(0.23 m3/m3),with good agreement with a general precipitation distribution.The center of SAYR presents extreme wetness(0.60 m3/m3)dur ing the whole study period,especially in July,while the head of SAYR presents a high level soil moisture(0.23 m3/m3)in July,August and September.
基金funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR),New Delhi
文摘Plots under conservation tillage may require higher amount of potassium(K) application for augmenting productivity due to its stratification in upper soil layers, thereby reducing K supplying capacity in a medium or long-term period. To test this hypothesis, a field experiment was performed in 2002-2003 and 2006-2007 to study the effect of K and several crop rotations on yield, water productivity, carbon sequestration, grain quality, soil K status and economic benefits derived in maize(Zea mays L)/cowpea(Vigna sinensis L.) based cropping system under minimum tillage(MT). All crops recorded higher grain yield with a higher dose of K(120 kg K2 O ha-1) than recommended K(40 kg K2 O ha-1). The five years' average yield data showed that higher K application(120 kg K2 O ha-1) produced 16.4%(P<0.05)more maize equivalent yield. Cowpea based rotation yielded 14.2%(P<0.05) higher production than maize based rotation. The maximum enhancement was found in cowpea-mustard rotation. Relationship between yield and sustainable indices revealed that only agronomic efficiency of fertilizer input was significantly correlated with yield. Similarly, higherdoses of K application not only increased the water use efficiency(WUE) of all crops, but also reduced runoff and soil loss by 16.5% and 15.8% under maize and 23.3% and 19.7% under cowpea cover, respectively. This study also revealed that on an average 16.5% of left over carbon input contributed to soil organic carbon(SOC). Here, cowpea based rotation with the higher K application increased carbon sequestration in soil. Potassium fertilization also significantly improved the nutritional value of harvested grain by increasing the protein content for maize(by 9.5%) and cowpea(by 10.6%). The oil content in mustard increased by 5.0% and 6.0% after maize and cowpea, respectively. Net return also increased with the application of the higher K than recommended K and the trend was similar to yield. Hence, the present study demonstrated the potential yield and profit gains along with resource conservation in the Indian Himalayas due to annual additions of higher amount of K than the recommended dose. The impact of high K application was maximum in the cowpea-mustard rotation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52076070,No.52008166)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2021JJ30256,No.2022JJ30139)the Department of Ecology and Environment of Hunan Province(No.2021003630)。
文摘In response to the challenges posed by the transformation of China's reed industry,leading to difficulties in reed utilization,and the significant increment in raw soil from the expansion of urban infrastructure,the authors proposed a novel method of coupling reed with raw soil to produce an ecological building insulation material.The aim is to enhance the thermal comfort of rural buildings and achieve building energy saving.The research has applied theoretical and experimental methods as the core means of exploration for key factors in the preparation of the novel ecological insulation material.These factors include raw soil content and curing methods.Key performance indicators such as thermal insulation,mechanical properties,fire resistance,water resistance,moisture resistance,and acoustic performance have been utilized for evaluation.The research results indicate that the proposed process and method for the preparation of the ecological insulation material effectively utilize reed and raw soil,achieving excellent multi-target performance.When the content of raw soil is in the range of 0-40%,the material's thermal conductivity ranges from 0.097 W/(m·K)to 0.104 W/(m·K),compressive strength from0.70 MPa to 0.79 MPa,water absorption rate from 29.42%to 38.95%,moisture absorption rate from 13.33%to31.48%,and the maximum sound absorption coefficient is 0.80,with a maximum sound insulation of 56.66 dB.Additionally,a non-combustible A-grade fire resistance was achieved.To expand the application space and scope of the novel material,the research team further explored on-site construction material preparation processes and conducted experimental research,focusing on the key aspect of the"curing process".The low temperature curing method of industrial heating blanket was proposed.The research results indicated that the method is feasible.At an environmental temperature of 25℃,with different curing times and curing temperatures,the material's thermal conductivity ranges from 0.089 W/(m·K)to 0.109 W/(m·K),and the compressive strength is between 0.14 MPa and 0.70 MPa,meeting the relevant parameter requirements.This research opens up avenues for other types of biomass with high economic added value applications and can be directly applied to improving the thermal environment of residential buildings,contributing to building energy saving,rural revitalization,and the implementation of dual-carbon strategies in China.
文摘The use of beach-cast macroalgae as a fertilizer(F)or soil amendment(SA)is coming back into focus,due to its highly efficient transformation of CO_(2),nutrients,salts and minerals from its aqueous surroundings into biomass.This research studied the hydrothermal carbonization(HTC)of Fucus vesiculosus macroalgae to hydrochar and evaluated its feasibility for use in soil applications.F.vesiculosus was submitted to HTC following a full factorial design of experiments with three HTC process parameters varied to assess their impact on the hydrochars:temperature(T:160,190,220℃),solid content(%So:20,35%),and process water recirculation(PWrec:yes and no).In general,F.vesiculosus and its hydrochars were rich in nutrients,but also contained regulated heavy metals.Investigation of the partitioning behavior of inorganic elements between the hydrochars and process water showed that heavy metals like Cr,Pb,Co and Cu tended to accumulate in the hydrochar,unaffected by HTC conditions.Nutrients such as P,N,B,and Mn were primarily found in the hydrochar and could be partially influenced to transfer to process water by changing%So and T.The correlation between the mass fractions of 22 elements in the hydrochar and HTC process parameters was studied.T was the most influential parameter,showing a significant positive correlation for eleven elements.%So and PWrec showed inconsistent effects on different elements.When process water was recirculated,some elements decreased(Ca,Cd,Fe)while others increased(K,Na,B,N)in the hydrochar.Assessment against various regulations and standards for F and SA revealed that F.vesiculosus complied with Cd limit values for most rules including the EURF and B,and was regulated only in the RAL for SA,over the limit value.In contrast,the limit value of Cd for both F and SA applications was surpassed in the 13 hydrochars.The contents of N,P,K,S,and Na in the feedstock and hydrochars complied with European F and SA rules,while they were too high for German rules on SA.The other limits for F rules were achieved(under certain HTC process parameters)except for P(lower than the requirements in F for F.vesiculosus and its hydrochars).
基金supported by the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction(Grant No.GASI-IPOVAI-01-06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos. 41630967,41476018,U1406401 & 41421005)the CAS Strategic Priority Project(Grant No.XDA11020101)
文摘This study used a 1.5-layer reduced-gravity numerical model to investigate the nonlinear dynamics of Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait.The model results suggested that both basin-scale wind curl and lateral friction are the primary factors that control the transformation of the flow,although inertia also plays an important role.Using an idealized model,both the mechanism via which the flow pattern changes depending on the two primary factors and the occurrence of hysteresis were investigated.It was established that the transformation of the Kuroshio flow field between the four previously reported flow patterns(i.e.,leaping across,current looping,eddy shedding,and branch intruding) can be explained under a unified theoretical framework.A diagram is proposed to explain how the flow field transforms between the four patterns from a certain prior state when varying the values of the controlling factors.
