With long-term government support and col ective societal engagement,China's scientific and technological(S&T)societies have achieved significant progress in science popularization(SP),substantially contributi...With long-term government support and col ective societal engagement,China's scientific and technological(S&T)societies have achieved significant progress in science popularization(SP),substantially contributing to the enhancement of national science communication capabilities and the improvement of citizens'scientific literacy.Within the overarching framework of advancing the high-quality development of China's SP endeavours in the new era,the high-quality development of SP by S&T societies plays a pivotal role.This study systematical y examines the chal enges and dilemmas confronting the high-quality development of SP within China's S&T societies.Theoretical y,it expands the research framework of col aborative mechanisms in science communication,while practical y proposing the construction of a‘six-in-one’high-quality SP service system encompassing brand development,platform construction,talent cultivation,specialized projects,incentive mechanisms and infrastructure development.Our research further reveals that empowering SP content innovation through digital and intel igent technologies,as wel as optimizing the compatibility of policy instrument portfolios,can strengthen the efficacy of SP services and provide systematic support for the modernization of S&T societies.This study not only offers policy references for improving the governance system of SP but also identifies future research directions,such as deepening comparative international studies and long-term efficacy evaluations,to advance the development of more explanatory theoretical frameworks.These efforts aim to bolster high-level S&T self-reliance and contribute to the construction of a world-leading scientific,educational and talent powerhouse.展开更多
World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Scalp Acupuncture,was approved by WFAS,issued on October 9,2023,and officially implemented on December 31,2...World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Scalp Acupuncture,was approved by WFAS,issued on October 9,2023,and officially implemented on December 31,2023.This technical benchmark specifies terms and definitions,scope of application,operation steps and requirements,security requirements,etc.In the development process,the actual clinical conditions of acupuncture and moxibustion in various countries have been fully considered.This technical benchmark is applicable to global acupuncture medical institutions,conducive to the standardized use of scalp acupuncture in clinical practice,and can promote the international dissemination of scalp acupuncture in a certain degree.展开更多
World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Cupping,developed under the leadership of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,was approved b...World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Cupping,developed under the leadership of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,was approved by WFAS.This technical benchmark was issued on October 9,2023,and implemented on December 31,2023.The main contents include the scope,normative references,terms and definitions,procedures and rules,and safety.This article focuses on the above contents,an outlook on the application,popularization,and update plan of this technical benchmark is proposed.展开更多
Social computing, as the technical foundation of future computational smart societies, has the potential to improve the effectiveness of opensource big data usage, systematically integrate a variety of elements includ...Social computing, as the technical foundation of future computational smart societies, has the potential to improve the effectiveness of opensource big data usage, systematically integrate a variety of elements including time, human, resources, scenarios, and organizations in the current cyber-physical-social world, and establish a novel social structure with fair information, equal rights, and a flat configuration. Meanwhile, considering the big modeling gap between the model world and the physical world, the concept of parallel intelligence is introduced. With the help of software-defined everything, parallel intelligence bridges the big modeling gap by means of constructing artificial systems where computational experiments can be implemented to verify social policies, economic strategies, and even military operations. Artificial systems play the role of ＂social laboratories＂ in which decisions are computed before they are executed in our physical society. Afterwards, decisions with the expected outputs are executed in parallel in both the artificial and physical systems to interactively sense, compute, evaluate and adjust system behaviors in real-time, leading system behaviors in the physical system converging to those proven to be optimal in the artificial ones. Thus, the smart guidance and management for our society can be achieved.展开更多
Do we still need Cartography?Do we still need a cartographic society?These questions,which can also be transferred to other disciplines,are answered from disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives-which creates a...Do we still need Cartography?Do we still need a cartographic society?These questions,which can also be transferred to other disciplines,are answered from disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives-which creates an ideal connection to the networked and interdisciplinary thinking of Gottfried Konecny.The need for Cartography as a discipline is discussed based on a view on historic,current and future functions of maps and changing research and development requirements.With respect to interdisciplinarity,Cartography shows connections to various domains while more and more relationships with young areas from the field of Computer Science are developing.With regard to cartographic societies,their central role and importance as networking platforms are emphasized.Nevertheless,geographical and thematic granularities of societies as well as networking formats(including online versions)need to be evaluated and further developed on a constant basis.展开更多
The notion of personal identity is a topic that is widely discussed in all philosophical traditions-western, African, Asian, and Caribbean. The thread that runs through the different conceptions of personal identity i...The notion of personal identity is a topic that is widely discussed in all philosophical traditions-western, African, Asian, and Caribbean. The thread that runs through the different conceptions of personal identity is that the notion is linked with self-consciousness, whether in the metaphysical, epistemological, religious, or social contexts. In this paper, I shall focus attention on Hume＇s conception of personal identity drawing from it, and certain implications for affective communal life in Africana societies. It is a common knowledge among philosophers that Hume denies the ontological and independent existence of the self. For Hume, the self is a bundle of perception. However, in another section of the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume examines the development of what could be considered as self, placing it in a broad social context in which mirroring fellow minds have a critical role. What is significant in Hume＇s conception of personal identity is that the self is the locus of multifarious experiences and the social context in which it is placed enables us to relate the self to affective and relational construction of identity. It is then argued that this conception of identity can be used to stress the need for affection, love, compassion, sympathy, and empathy among persons, which in turn can promote societal transformation in Africana societies.展开更多
We propose an evolution model of cooperative agent and noncooperative agent aggregates to investigate the dynamic evolution behaviors of the system and the effects of the competing microscopic reactions on the dynamic...We propose an evolution model of cooperative agent and noncooperative agent aggregates to investigate the dynamic evolution behaviors of the system and the effects of the competing microscopic reactions on the dynamic evolution. In this model, each cooperative agent and noncooperative agent are endowed with integer values of cooperative spirits and nonco- operative spirits, respectively. The cooperative spirits of a cooperative agent aggregate and the noncooperative spirits of a noncooperative agent aggregate change via four competing microscopic reaction schemes： the win-win reaction between two cooperative agents, the lose-lose reaction between two noncooperative agents, the win-lose reaction between a coop- erative agent and a noncooperative agent （equivalent to the migration of spirits from cooperative agents to noncooperative agents）, and the cooperative agent catalyzed decline of noncooperative spirits. Based on the generalized Smoluchowski＇s rate equation approach, we investigate the dynamic evolution behaviors such as the total cooperative spirits of all coop- erative agents and the total noncooperative spirits of all noncooperative agents. The effects of the three main groups of competition on the dynamic evolution are revealed. These include： （i） the competition between the lose-lose reaction and the win-lose reaction, which gives rise to respectively the decrease and increase in the noncooperative agent spirits; （ii） the competition between the win-win reaction and the win-lose reaction, which gives rise to respectively the increase and decrease in the cooperative agent spirits; （iii） the competition between the win-lose reaction and the catalyzed-decline reaction, which gives rise to respectively the increase and decrease in the noncooperative agent spirits.展开更多
Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to ...Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to understand by modem societies. Their reasoning becomes understandable only when considering that their observations are limited to the macrocosm. Modem societies have access to the microcosm with a microscope, where different biological mechanisms for the conception of a child were discovered. Since the tribes＇ macroscopical observations were different, their conclusions became necessarily different. The inheritance problem can only be solved by genes at the microscopic level, to which tribal societies had no access. With observations limited to the macrocosm, tribes logically invoked invisible child-spirits of ancestors wanting to be reincarnated in children of the same tribe. Besides the different access to observation, the reasoning of both societies is similar and built around the investigation of a final sense. Reasoning progresses after a phase without any quest for sense through three progressive levels： （1） primary sense, （2） corrected sense, and （3） verified sense. In tribal societies, reasoning is interrupted at the primary sense level when it seems consistent with their general beliefs and traditions. This resembles coherentist theories of epistemic justification, in which justification is only a function of coherence between beliefs. Tribal societies realize the input problem of these theories, since they have no access to the microcosm and also illustrate the Gettier problem. Modem societies progress to the higher levels of corrected and verified sense reasoning, even if inconsistent with their prior beliefs. They initially imagined genes as a hypothetic missing link for inheritance, which relies on a start observation concerning the character of ancestors to the target observation, the similarity with the character of children. If the missing link is definitely verified, it shows a chain of justified beliefs between both observations, allowing the initially hypothetic missing link to be retrospectively considered as the real cause. The SOR of modem societies resembles the extemalist version of foundationalism of epistemic justification, in which the necessary non-inferential justification is represented by the target observation.展开更多
The present study was conducted in four districts of Telangana State of India with 120 respondents in which 60 were members and other 60 were non-members of DCSs （Dairy Co-operative Societies）/MPIs （Milk Producer I...The present study was conducted in four districts of Telangana State of India with 120 respondents in which 60 were members and other 60 were non-members of DCSs （Dairy Co-operative Societies）/MPIs （Milk Producer Institutions）. Constraints perceived in dairy farming and suggestions elicited by members and non-members were noted, tabulated and analyzed. The major constraints perceived by half or more than half of members were scarcity of water （91.67%）, lack of green fodder （88.33%）, preferring NS （natural service） than AI （Artificial Insemination） （83.33%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （81.37%）, insufficient loan amount （78.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （71.67%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （70.00%）, lack of remunerative price for milk （66.67%）, high cost of feed （61.67%）, lack of fodder conservation （55.00%） and high cost of animals （50.00%）. Whereas major constraints perceived by non-members were scarcity of water （96.67%）, lack of green fodder （93.33%）, preferring NS than AI （88.33%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （85.00%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （83.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （78.33%）, high cost of animals （75.00%）, complex procedure for obtaining loans （71.67%） and high cost of feed （66.67%）. Suggestions elicited by members majorly were providing subsidy for purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （81.67%）, enhancing the procurement price （70.00%）, providing more incentives （60.00%）, encouraging calf rearing （58.33%） and conducting frequent animal health camps （50.00%）. In case of non-members major suggestions elicited were conducting frequent animal health camps （68.33%） and providing subsidy on purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （58.33%）. Considering the above constraints perceived and suggestions elicited by dairy farmers a proper linkage strategy should be developed among private and public sectors in providing need based services to the dairy farmers.展开更多
In modern Britain,the scientific and technological societies represented by the Royal Society and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were extremely prosperous.Their series of activities provided scienti...In modern Britain,the scientific and technological societies represented by the Royal Society and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were extremely prosperous.Their series of activities provided scientific and technological support for the development of British industry and agriculture.Based on the detailed case studies of the Royal Society and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and other societies from domestic and foreign academic circles,this paper summarized the development status of modern British scientific and technological societies as a whole,sorted out the history of societies participating in British agriculture,and analyzed the contribution of scientific and technological societies to the development of modern British agriculture.展开更多
Australia has experienced significant rises in mortgage costs and sharp declines in housing affordability in the last few decades, particularly since it implemented a new tax system of Goods and Services Tax （GST） i...Australia has experienced significant rises in mortgage costs and sharp declines in housing affordability in the last few decades, particularly since it implemented a new tax system of Goods and Services Tax （GST） in July 2000. Prior research has attempted to examine the influence of the GST on general price levels, but little research effort has been directed to investigate the impact of the GST on mortgage costs. Using proprietary data of major building societies in Australia for 36 months, this paper examines the changes of mortgage yield spreads in the pre-and post-GST periods for building societies. Results suggest that the lenders significantly increased their mortgage charges in the post-GST periods, For example, the increase is found to be, on average, 59.0 basis points which are much higher than that of banks.展开更多
The supposedly unique impact of Islamic culture on democracy has been debated by various scholars. While some argue that it has a deleterious effect, others explain why its effect is not any more negative than other r...The supposedly unique impact of Islamic culture on democracy has been debated by various scholars. While some argue that it has a deleterious effect, others explain why its effect is not any more negative than other religions. Some even argue that there is no reason to assume Islam has a negative impact on democracy at all. The results of empirical studies are equally confusing. While some support the negative view of Islam, others actually demonstrate its positive effect on democracy. This article contributes to this debate by focusing its attention on the often-neglected distinction between electoral and liberal democracies, comparing Islamic societies with the rest of the world. Its findings demonstrate that the religion of Islam cannot be used to explain the seeming lack of the growth of democracy among Islamic societies.展开更多
Nowadays, the body seems to be the perfect object of consumption. People use it to define themselves but also as a vehicle that can send signs to others in the hope that their body will be a factor of social integrati...Nowadays, the body seems to be the perfect object of consumption. People use it to define themselves but also as a vehicle that can send signs to others in the hope that their body will be a factor of social integration and social recognition. Hence we can observe the development of practices of body transformations which go along with the philosophy of the society in which everything seems possible for everybody, with no limit whatsoever. Indeed, if you want your body to be seen, you have to ＂produce＂ it before. The practice of bodybuilding sustains efforts in that direction： historically born and developed along with the consumption society, it came to embody its values. The analysis is based on qualitative methodology that is observations in three bodybuilding Gyms and 30 interviews with bodybuilders in France. The results show that bodybuilding reflects the consumption society＇s norms, that is a practice in which the body is in tension between imitation and distinction, hence showing the will to be ＂like others but in better＂ thanks to the production of a nice and ＂massive＂ body. Such a dimension could sometimes be dialectical, when the body becomes a source of alienation.展开更多
Dear/Sir,World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims“to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen ...Dear/Sir,World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims“to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion,thereby to contribute to health for mankind”.We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the Journal to exchange clinical experiences,to publicize achievements in ex-perimental researches and acupuncture education and to introduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturist’s individual career to the world.All contributions from any country are welcome.展开更多
World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims″to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen internati...World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims″to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion,thereby to contribute to health for mankind″.We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the journal to exchange clinical experiences,to publicize achievements in experimental researches and acupuncture education and to introduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturlst’s individual career to the world.All contributions from any country are welcome.展开更多
World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibust ion (WJAM ) has published for nearly 3 years. The journalaims' to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibust ion societies around theworld, to strengthen ...World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibust ion (WJAM ) has published for nearly 3 years. The journalaims' to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibust ion societies around theworld, to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion, thereby to contribute to health for mankind', We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the journal to exchange clinical experiences, to publicize achievements in ex-perimental researches and acupuncture education and to intreduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturist’s individual career to the world. All contributions from any country are welcome.展开更多
The specific objective of the study was to identify the role of traditional leaders in Cape Coast,Kumasi and Teshie in the governance structure of their societies through the observance of taboos.It was to have a good...The specific objective of the study was to identify the role of traditional leaders in Cape Coast,Kumasi and Teshie in the governance structure of their societies through the observance of taboos.It was to have a good understanding of what constitutes governance and good governance in the context of the indigenous set-up;to assess the current nature of governance related taboos;and to evaluate the impact of contemporary society on taboos and the consequence of any impact of contemporary society on the taboos on indigenous governance.The research was guided by Creswell’s knowledge on research paradigm to describe a researcher’s philosophical view and conceptualization of reality.The research adopted mixed method approach in achieving the objective of the research by obtaining empirical data for the research questions.Two sets of instruments were adopted for data gathering.The first instrument was an interview guide that was used to solicit structured data from the respondents in order to elicit more candid and objective replies.The second instrument was a questionnaire,which was used in order to gather the exact responses relevant to the research from participants.The study found out that traditional rulers occupy unique position,hence in order to maintain certain standards to please their subjects on whose authority they rule,they cannot avoid observing taboos.It further showed that the Chieftaincy institution is an institution that cannot be done away with.It is recommended that both citizens and non-citizens in these traditional societies should be made to appreciate,respect and observe taboos associated with taboo days as a means to promote unity,peace and governance.展开更多
基金supported by the Category B of the 2023 National Science Popularization Capability Enhancement Project of the China Association for Science and Technology(grant no.2023kpxm-02)
文摘With long-term government support and col ective societal engagement,China's scientific and technological(S&T)societies have achieved significant progress in science popularization(SP),substantially contributing to the enhancement of national science communication capabilities and the improvement of citizens'scientific literacy.Within the overarching framework of advancing the high-quality development of China's SP endeavours in the new era,the high-quality development of SP by S&T societies plays a pivotal role.This study systematical y examines the chal enges and dilemmas confronting the high-quality development of SP within China's S&T societies.Theoretical y,it expands the research framework of col aborative mechanisms in science communication,while practical y proposing the construction of a‘six-in-one’high-quality SP service system encompassing brand development,platform construction,talent cultivation,specialized projects,incentive mechanisms and infrastructure development.Our research further reveals that empowering SP content innovation through digital and intel igent technologies,as wel as optimizing the compatibility of policy instrument portfolios,can strengthen the efficacy of SP services and provide systematic support for the modernization of S&T societies.This study not only offers policy references for improving the governance system of SP but also identifies future research directions,such as deepening comparative international studies and long-term efficacy evaluations,to advance the development of more explanatory theoretical frameworks.These efforts aim to bolster high-level S&T self-reliance and contribute to the construction of a world-leading scientific,educational and talent powerhouse.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program Project:2022YFC3500402.
文摘World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Scalp Acupuncture,was approved by WFAS,issued on October 9,2023,and officially implemented on December 31,2023.This technical benchmark specifies terms and definitions,scope of application,operation steps and requirements,security requirements,etc.In the development process,the actual clinical conditions of acupuncture and moxibustion in various countries have been fully considered.This technical benchmark is applicable to global acupuncture medical institutions,conducive to the standardized use of scalp acupuncture in clinical practice,and can promote the international dissemination of scalp acupuncture in a certain degree.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China:2019YFC1712200-2019YFC1712204。
文摘World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies(WFAS)Technical Benchmark of Acupuncture and Moxibustion:Cupping,developed under the leadership of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,was approved by WFAS.This technical benchmark was issued on October 9,2023,and implemented on December 31,2023.The main contents include the scope,normative references,terms and definitions,procedures and rules,and safety.This article focuses on the above contents,an outlook on the application,popularization,and update plan of this technical benchmark is proposed.
文摘Social computing, as the technical foundation of future computational smart societies, has the potential to improve the effectiveness of opensource big data usage, systematically integrate a variety of elements including time, human, resources, scenarios, and organizations in the current cyber-physical-social world, and establish a novel social structure with fair information, equal rights, and a flat configuration. Meanwhile, considering the big modeling gap between the model world and the physical world, the concept of parallel intelligence is introduced. With the help of software-defined everything, parallel intelligence bridges the big modeling gap by means of constructing artificial systems where computational experiments can be implemented to verify social policies, economic strategies, and even military operations. Artificial systems play the role of ＂social laboratories＂ in which decisions are computed before they are executed in our physical society. Afterwards, decisions with the expected outputs are executed in parallel in both the artificial and physical systems to interactively sense, compute, evaluate and adjust system behaviors in real-time, leading system behaviors in the physical system converging to those proven to be optimal in the artificial ones. Thus, the smart guidance and management for our society can be achieved.
基金Projects mentioned in this contribution are aChor(funded by German Research Foundation,DFG)and TOVIP(funded by German Research Foundation,DFG,under the Priority program“VGI Science”).
文摘Do we still need Cartography?Do we still need a cartographic society?These questions,which can also be transferred to other disciplines,are answered from disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives-which creates an ideal connection to the networked and interdisciplinary thinking of Gottfried Konecny.The need for Cartography as a discipline is discussed based on a view on historic,current and future functions of maps and changing research and development requirements.With respect to interdisciplinarity,Cartography shows connections to various domains while more and more relationships with young areas from the field of Computer Science are developing.With regard to cartographic societies,their central role and importance as networking platforms are emphasized.Nevertheless,geographical and thematic granularities of societies as well as networking formats(including online versions)need to be evaluated and further developed on a constant basis.
文摘The notion of personal identity is a topic that is widely discussed in all philosophical traditions-western, African, Asian, and Caribbean. The thread that runs through the different conceptions of personal identity is that the notion is linked with self-consciousness, whether in the metaphysical, epistemological, religious, or social contexts. In this paper, I shall focus attention on Hume＇s conception of personal identity drawing from it, and certain implications for affective communal life in Africana societies. It is a common knowledge among philosophers that Hume denies the ontological and independent existence of the self. For Hume, the self is a bundle of perception. However, in another section of the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume examines the development of what could be considered as self, placing it in a broad social context in which mirroring fellow minds have a critical role. What is significant in Hume＇s conception of personal identity is that the self is the locus of multifarious experiences and the social context in which it is placed enables us to relate the self to affective and relational construction of identity. It is then argued that this conception of identity can be used to stress the need for affection, love, compassion, sympathy, and empathy among persons, which in turn can promote societal transformation in Africana societies.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10875086 and 11175131)
文摘We propose an evolution model of cooperative agent and noncooperative agent aggregates to investigate the dynamic evolution behaviors of the system and the effects of the competing microscopic reactions on the dynamic evolution. In this model, each cooperative agent and noncooperative agent are endowed with integer values of cooperative spirits and nonco- operative spirits, respectively. The cooperative spirits of a cooperative agent aggregate and the noncooperative spirits of a noncooperative agent aggregate change via four competing microscopic reaction schemes： the win-win reaction between two cooperative agents, the lose-lose reaction between two noncooperative agents, the win-lose reaction between a coop- erative agent and a noncooperative agent （equivalent to the migration of spirits from cooperative agents to noncooperative agents）, and the cooperative agent catalyzed decline of noncooperative spirits. Based on the generalized Smoluchowski＇s rate equation approach, we investigate the dynamic evolution behaviors such as the total cooperative spirits of all coop- erative agents and the total noncooperative spirits of all noncooperative agents. The effects of the three main groups of competition on the dynamic evolution are revealed. These include： （i） the competition between the lose-lose reaction and the win-lose reaction, which gives rise to respectively the decrease and increase in the noncooperative agent spirits; （ii） the competition between the win-win reaction and the win-lose reaction, which gives rise to respectively the increase and decrease in the cooperative agent spirits; （iii） the competition between the win-lose reaction and the catalyzed-decline reaction, which gives rise to respectively the increase and decrease in the noncooperative agent spirits.
文摘Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to understand by modem societies. Their reasoning becomes understandable only when considering that their observations are limited to the macrocosm. Modem societies have access to the microcosm with a microscope, where different biological mechanisms for the conception of a child were discovered. Since the tribes＇ macroscopical observations were different, their conclusions became necessarily different. The inheritance problem can only be solved by genes at the microscopic level, to which tribal societies had no access. With observations limited to the macrocosm, tribes logically invoked invisible child-spirits of ancestors wanting to be reincarnated in children of the same tribe. Besides the different access to observation, the reasoning of both societies is similar and built around the investigation of a final sense. Reasoning progresses after a phase without any quest for sense through three progressive levels： （1） primary sense, （2） corrected sense, and （3） verified sense. In tribal societies, reasoning is interrupted at the primary sense level when it seems consistent with their general beliefs and traditions. This resembles coherentist theories of epistemic justification, in which justification is only a function of coherence between beliefs. Tribal societies realize the input problem of these theories, since they have no access to the microcosm and also illustrate the Gettier problem. Modem societies progress to the higher levels of corrected and verified sense reasoning, even if inconsistent with their prior beliefs. They initially imagined genes as a hypothetic missing link for inheritance, which relies on a start observation concerning the character of ancestors to the target observation, the similarity with the character of children. If the missing link is definitely verified, it shows a chain of justified beliefs between both observations, allowing the initially hypothetic missing link to be retrospectively considered as the real cause. The SOR of modem societies resembles the extemalist version of foundationalism of epistemic justification, in which the necessary non-inferential justification is represented by the target observation.
文摘The present study was conducted in four districts of Telangana State of India with 120 respondents in which 60 were members and other 60 were non-members of DCSs （Dairy Co-operative Societies）/MPIs （Milk Producer Institutions）. Constraints perceived in dairy farming and suggestions elicited by members and non-members were noted, tabulated and analyzed. The major constraints perceived by half or more than half of members were scarcity of water （91.67%）, lack of green fodder （88.33%）, preferring NS （natural service） than AI （Artificial Insemination） （83.33%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （81.37%）, insufficient loan amount （78.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （71.67%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （70.00%）, lack of remunerative price for milk （66.67%）, high cost of feed （61.67%）, lack of fodder conservation （55.00%） and high cost of animals （50.00%）. Whereas major constraints perceived by non-members were scarcity of water （96.67%）, lack of green fodder （93.33%）, preferring NS than AI （88.33%）, lack of availability of sufficient labour （85.00%）, negligence in feeding pregnant and dry animals （83.33%）, tendency to feed only grass and brans （78.33%）, high cost of animals （75.00%）, complex procedure for obtaining loans （71.67%） and high cost of feed （66.67%）. Suggestions elicited by members majorly were providing subsidy for purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （81.67%）, enhancing the procurement price （70.00%）, providing more incentives （60.00%）, encouraging calf rearing （58.33%） and conducting frequent animal health camps （50.00%）. In case of non-members major suggestions elicited were conducting frequent animal health camps （68.33%） and providing subsidy on purchase of animals/providing loans on par with the cost of animal （58.33%）. Considering the above constraints perceived and suggestions elicited by dairy farmers a proper linkage strategy should be developed among private and public sectors in providing need based services to the dairy farmers.
基金2019 Science and Technology Research Project of Higher Education Institutions in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region"Modern British Scientific and Technological societies and Scientific Development".
文摘In modern Britain,the scientific and technological societies represented by the Royal Society and the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society were extremely prosperous.Their series of activities provided scientific and technological support for the development of British industry and agriculture.Based on the detailed case studies of the Royal Society and Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and other societies from domestic and foreign academic circles,this paper summarized the development status of modern British scientific and technological societies as a whole,sorted out the history of societies participating in British agriculture,and analyzed the contribution of scientific and technological societies to the development of modern British agriculture.
文摘Australia has experienced significant rises in mortgage costs and sharp declines in housing affordability in the last few decades, particularly since it implemented a new tax system of Goods and Services Tax （GST） in July 2000. Prior research has attempted to examine the influence of the GST on general price levels, but little research effort has been directed to investigate the impact of the GST on mortgage costs. Using proprietary data of major building societies in Australia for 36 months, this paper examines the changes of mortgage yield spreads in the pre-and post-GST periods for building societies. Results suggest that the lenders significantly increased their mortgage charges in the post-GST periods, For example, the increase is found to be, on average, 59.0 basis points which are much higher than that of banks.
文摘The supposedly unique impact of Islamic culture on democracy has been debated by various scholars. While some argue that it has a deleterious effect, others explain why its effect is not any more negative than other religions. Some even argue that there is no reason to assume Islam has a negative impact on democracy at all. The results of empirical studies are equally confusing. While some support the negative view of Islam, others actually demonstrate its positive effect on democracy. This article contributes to this debate by focusing its attention on the often-neglected distinction between electoral and liberal democracies, comparing Islamic societies with the rest of the world. Its findings demonstrate that the religion of Islam cannot be used to explain the seeming lack of the growth of democracy among Islamic societies.
文摘Nowadays, the body seems to be the perfect object of consumption. People use it to define themselves but also as a vehicle that can send signs to others in the hope that their body will be a factor of social integration and social recognition. Hence we can observe the development of practices of body transformations which go along with the philosophy of the society in which everything seems possible for everybody, with no limit whatsoever. Indeed, if you want your body to be seen, you have to ＂produce＂ it before. The practice of bodybuilding sustains efforts in that direction： historically born and developed along with the consumption society, it came to embody its values. The analysis is based on qualitative methodology that is observations in three bodybuilding Gyms and 30 interviews with bodybuilders in France. The results show that bodybuilding reflects the consumption society＇s norms, that is a practice in which the body is in tension between imitation and distinction, hence showing the will to be ＂like others but in better＂ thanks to the production of a nice and ＂massive＂ body. Such a dimension could sometimes be dialectical, when the body becomes a source of alienation.
文摘Dear/Sir,World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims“to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion,thereby to contribute to health for mankind”.We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the Journal to exchange clinical experiences,to publicize achievements in ex-perimental researches and acupuncture education and to introduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturist’s individual career to the world.All contributions from any country are welcome.
文摘World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibustion（WJAM）has published for nearly 4 years.The journalaims″to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibustion societies around theworld,to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion,thereby to contribute to health for mankind″.We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the journal to exchange clinical experiences,to publicize achievements in experimental researches and acupuncture education and to introduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturlst’s individual career to the world.All contributions from any country are welcome.
文摘World Journal of Acupuncture-Moxibust ion (WJAM ) has published for nearly 3 years. The journalaims' to promote understanding and cooperation among acupunctue-moxibust ion societies around theworld, to strengthen international academic exchanges and to develop the sciences of acupuncture-moxibustion, thereby to contribute to health for mankind', We hope that each member of WFASshould make full use of the journal to exchange clinical experiences, to publicize achievements in ex-perimental researches and acupuncture education and to intreduce your acupuncture group andacupuncturist’s individual career to the world. All contributions from any country are welcome.
文摘The specific objective of the study was to identify the role of traditional leaders in Cape Coast,Kumasi and Teshie in the governance structure of their societies through the observance of taboos.It was to have a good understanding of what constitutes governance and good governance in the context of the indigenous set-up;to assess the current nature of governance related taboos;and to evaluate the impact of contemporary society on taboos and the consequence of any impact of contemporary society on the taboos on indigenous governance.The research was guided by Creswell’s knowledge on research paradigm to describe a researcher’s philosophical view and conceptualization of reality.The research adopted mixed method approach in achieving the objective of the research by obtaining empirical data for the research questions.Two sets of instruments were adopted for data gathering.The first instrument was an interview guide that was used to solicit structured data from the respondents in order to elicit more candid and objective replies.The second instrument was a questionnaire,which was used in order to gather the exact responses relevant to the research from participants.The study found out that traditional rulers occupy unique position,hence in order to maintain certain standards to please their subjects on whose authority they rule,they cannot avoid observing taboos.It further showed that the Chieftaincy institution is an institution that cannot be done away with.It is recommended that both citizens and non-citizens in these traditional societies should be made to appreciate,respect and observe taboos associated with taboo days as a means to promote unity,peace and governance.
