Sn-based solder is a widely used interconnection material in the field of electronic packaging;however,the performance requirements for these solders are becoming increasingly demanding owing to the rapid development ...Sn-based solder is a widely used interconnection material in the field of electronic packaging;however,the performance requirements for these solders are becoming increasingly demanding owing to the rapid development in this area.In recent years,the addition of micro/nanoreinforcement phases to Sn-based solders has provided a solution to improve the intrinsic properties of the solders.This paper reviews the progress in Sn-based micro/nanoreinforced composite solders over the past decade.The types of reinforcement particles,preparation methods of the composite solders,and strengthening effects on the microstructure,wettability,melting point,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance under different particle-addition levels are discussed and summarized.The mechanisms of performance enhancement are summarized based on material-strengthening effects such as grain refinement and second-phase dispersion strengthening.In addition,we discuss the current shortcomings of such composite solders and possible future improvements,thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the future development of Sn-based solders.展开更多
The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing ele...The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.展开更多
The selective reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into high-value-added chemicals is one of the most effective means to solve the current energy and environmental problems,which could realize the utilization of CO_(2) ...The selective reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into high-value-added chemicals is one of the most effective means to solve the current energy and environmental problems,which could realize the utilization of CO_(2) and promote the balance of the carbon cycle.Formate is one of the most economical and practical products of all the electrochemical CO_(2) reduction products.Among the many metal-based electrocatalysts that can convert CO_(2) into formate,Sn-based catalysts have received a lot of attention because of their low-cost,non-toxic characteristics and high selectivity for formate.In this article,the most recent development of Sn-based electrocatalysts is comprehensively summarized by giving examples,which are mainly divided into monometallic Sn,alloyed Sn,Sn-based compounds and Sn composite catalysts.Finally,the current performance enhancement strategies and future directions of the field are summarized.展开更多
Eco-friendly lead-free tin(Sn)-based perovskites have drawn much attention in the field of photovoltaic s,and the highest power conversion efficiency(PCE)of Sn-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has been recently appro...Eco-friendly lead-free tin(Sn)-based perovskites have drawn much attention in the field of photovoltaic s,and the highest power conversion efficiency(PCE)of Sn-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has been recently approaching 15%.However,the PCE improvement of Sn-based PSCs has reached bottleneck,and an unambiguous guidance beyond traditional trial-and-error process is highly desired for further boosting their PCE.In this work,machine learning(ML)approach based on artificial neural network(ANN)algorithm is adopted to guide the development of Sn-based PSCs by learning from currently available data.Two models are designed to predict the bandgap of newly designed Sn-based perovskites and photovoltaic performance trends of the PSCs,and the practicability of the models are verified by real experimental data.Moreover,by analyzing the physical mechanisms behind the predicted trends,the typical characteristics of Sn-based perovskites can be derived even no relevant inputs are provided,demonstrating the robustness of the developed models.Based on the models,it is predicted that wide bandgap Sn-based PSCs with optimized interfacial energy level alignment could obtain promising PCE breaking 20%.At last,critical suggestions for future development of Sn-based PSCs are provided.This work opens a new avenue for guiding and promoting the development of high-performing Sn-based PSCs.展开更多
In order to recycle waste Sn-based alloys, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium composition diagrams of Sn-Pb, Sn-Sb and Sn-Zn binary systems were calculated. The calculated results indicate that Pb, Sb and Zn can be se...In order to recycle waste Sn-based alloys, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium composition diagrams of Sn-Pb, Sn-Sb and Sn-Zn binary systems were calculated. The calculated results indicate that Pb, Sb and Zn can be separated from Sn effectively. Based on the above calculation, the industrial experiments of vacuum distillation of Sn-Pb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb-As alloy, crude Sn and Sn-Zn alloy with different contents were carried out. The experimental results show that Pb(>99% Pb) and Sn(≤0.003% Pb) were obtained simultaneously while Sn-Pb alloy was subjected to vacuum distillation; the crude Sn(>90% Sn, ≤ 2% Pb, ≤6% Sb) and crude Pb(≤2% Sn) were obtained simultaneously while a single vacuum distillation was carried out for Sn-Pb-Sb alloy; the Pb and Bi contents in the Sn ingot(99.99% Sn) achieve the grade A of GB/T 728—2010 standard, more than 50% of As and Sb was removed after vacuum distillation of crude Sn; Zn(<0.002% Sn) and Sn(about 3% Zn) were obtained while vacuum distillation of Sn-Zn alloy was conducted at 1173 K, 20-30 Pa for 8-10 h.展开更多
The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has led to the greenhouse effect,which greatly affects the climate and the ecological balance of nature.Therefore,converting CO2 into renewable fuels via clean and...The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has led to the greenhouse effect,which greatly affects the climate and the ecological balance of nature.Therefore,converting CO2 into renewable fuels via clean and economical chemical processes has become a great concern for scientists.Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion is a prospective path toward carbon cycling.Among the different electrocatalysts,Sn-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated as promising catalysts for CO2 electroreduction,producing formate and CO,which are important industrial chemicals.In this review,various Sn-based electrocatalysts are comprehensively summarized in terms of synthesis,catalytic performance,and reaction mechanisms for CO2 electroreduction.Finally,we concisely discuss the current challenges and opportunities of Sn-based electrocatalysts.展开更多
Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are key for the development of next-generation displays for ultra-high-definition television.Alternative materials beyond organic LEDs are required to meet the color purity standards,while r...Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are key for the development of next-generation displays for ultra-high-definition television.Alternative materials beyond organic LEDs are required to meet the color purity standards,while retaining low processing cost and environmental friendliness.Liang and colleagues report in Advanced Science that two-dimensional(2D)tin halide perovskite—efficiently stabilized by H3PO2 incorporation—has great promise for ultra-pure red LEDs.展开更多
Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu dop...Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu doping. Results indicate that Eu atoms tend to replace Ba atoms. With the increase of the Eu initial content, the carrier density increases and the carrier mobility decreases, which leads to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient. By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases. Finally, the sample with Eu initial content of x = 0.75 behaves with excellent electrical properties, which shows a maximal power factor of 1.51 mW·m^-1K^-2 at 480K, and the highest ZT achieved is 0.87 near the temperature of 483K.展开更多
Recently,Coordination Polymers(CPs)have been widely utilized as energy storage materials for reversible Lithium-Ion Batteries(LIBs)benefiting from their tunable building blocks and adjusted electrochemical properties....Recently,Coordination Polymers(CPs)have been widely utilized as energy storage materials for reversible Lithium-Ion Batteries(LIBs)benefiting from their tunable building blocks and adjusted electrochemical properties.However,the unsatisfied electrochemical behavior of CPs with poor conductivity and sluggish ion transport kinetics is still a bottle-neck for their large-scale energy storage applications in LIBs.Herein,we display the rational fabrication of a conductive Sn-based coordination polymer(Sn-DHTPA)via judiciously choosing suitable building units.The Sn-DHTPA is employed as anode for LIBs,exhibiting superior reversible storage capacity of 1142.6 m A h g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1) after 100 cycles and impressive rate storage capability of 287.7 m A h g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1).More importantly,a robust cycling performance of 205.5 m A h g^(-1) at an extra-high current density of 20 A g^(-1) are observed without remarkable capacity-fading up to1000 cycles.The behavior superiority of Sn-DHTPA is related to its advanced architecture with abundant lithium storage sites,high electrical conductivity and rapid lithium transport.A series of ex-situ characterizations reveal that the impressive lithium storage capacity is contributed by the redox active sites of both the aromatic linker and metal center related to in-situ generated metallic nanoparticles dispersed in the skeleton.展开更多
Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have received increasing attention in the domain of photovoltaics due to their environmentally friendly nature.In this paper,numerical modeling and simulation of hole transpor...Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have received increasing attention in the domain of photovoltaics due to their environmentally friendly nature.In this paper,numerical modeling and simulation of hole transport material(HTM)-free PSC based on methyl ammonium tin triiodide(CH_(3) NH_(3) SnI_(3))was performed using a one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS-1D)software.The eff ect of perovskite thickness,interface defect density,temperature,and electron transport material(ETM)on the photovoltaic performance of the device was explored.Prior to optimization,the device demonstrated a power conversion effi ciency(PCE)of 8.35%,fi ll factor(FF)of 51.93%,short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 26.36 mA/cm 2,and open circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.610 V.Changing the above parameters individually while keeping others constant,the obtained optimal absorber thickness was 1.0μm,the interface defect density was 1010 cm-2,the temperature was 290 K,and the TiO 2 thickness was 0.01μm.On simulating with the optimized data,the fi nal device gave a PCE of 11.03%,FF of 50.78%,J_(sc) of 29.93 mA/cm 2,and V_(oc) of 0.726 V.Comparing the optimized and unoptimized metric parameters,an improvement of~32.10%in PCE,~13.41%in J_(sc),and~19.02%in V_(oc) were obtained.Therefore,the results of this study are encouraging and can pave the path for developing highly effi cient PSCs that are cost-eff ective,eco-friendly,and comparable to state-of-the-art.展开更多
The excessive consumption of fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions,and the consequent greenhouse effect resulting from higher levels of this gas in the atmosphere has a significant impact on the envir...The excessive consumption of fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions,and the consequent greenhouse effect resulting from higher levels of this gas in the atmosphere has a significant impact on the environment and climate.This has necessitated the development of environmentally friendly and efficient methods for CO_(2)conversion.The carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),which is driven by electricity generated by renewable energy sources(e.g.,wind and solar)to convert CO_(2)into value-added fuels or chemicals,is regarded as a promising prospective path toward carbon cycling.Among the various products,formate,with its relatively simple preparation process,has broad application prospects,and can be used as fuel,hydrogen storage material,and raw material for downstream chemicals.Sn-based oxide electrocatalysts have the advantages of being inexpensive and nontoxic.In addition,these catalysts offer high product selectivity and are regarded as promising catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to formate.In this review,we first clarify the reaction mechanisms and factors that influence the reduction of CO_(2)to formate,and then provide some examples of technologies that could be used to study the evolution of catalysts during the reaction.In particular,we focus on traditional Sn-based oxides(SnO_(2))and novel Sn-based perovskite oxides that have been developed for use in the field of CO_(2)RR in recent years by considering their synthesis,catalytic performance,optimization strategies,and intrinsic principles.Finally,the current challenges and opportunities for Sn-based oxide electrocatalysts are discussed.The perspectives and latest trends presented in this review are expected to inspire researchers to contribute more efforts toward comprehensively optimizing the performance of the CO_(2)RR to produce formate.展开更多
Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have recently made inspiring progress,and certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)has reached impressive value of 14.8%.However,it is still challenging to realize efficient ...Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have recently made inspiring progress,and certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)has reached impressive value of 14.8%.However,it is still challenging to realize efficient and stable 3D Sn-based PSCs due to the fast crystallization and easy Sn^(2+)oxidation of Sn-based perovskite.Herein,we reported the utilization of a reductive ionic liquid,methylamine formate(MAFa),to drive the controlled crystallization process and suppress Sn^(2+)oxidation of FASnI_(3)perovskite film.The coordination of C=O and Sn^(2+)and the hydrogen bonding of N-H···I between the MAFa and FASnI_(3)precursors are shown to be responsible for retarding the crystallization of FASnI_(3)during film-forming process,which promotes the oriented growth and reduced defect traps of the film.Moreover,the strong reducibility of–CHO groups in Fa−suppresses the oxidation of Sn^(2+)in the film.As a result,MAFa-modified 3D PSCs device could reach champion PCE of up to 8.50%,which is enhanced by 26.11%compared to the control device with PCE of 6.74%.Most importantly,the MAFa-modified device shows much improved stability compared to the control device under same conditions without encapsulation.This work adds key building blocks for further boosting the PCE and stability of Sn-based PSCs.展开更多
Sn-based perovskites are promising thin-film photovoltaic materials for their ideal bandgap and the eco-friendliness of Sn,but the performance of Sn-based perovskite solar cells is hindered by the short carrier diffus...Sn-based perovskites are promising thin-film photovoltaic materials for their ideal bandgap and the eco-friendliness of Sn,but the performance of Sn-based perovskite solar cells is hindered by the short carrier diffusion length and large defect density in nominally-synthesized Sn-based perovskite films.Herein we demonstrate that a long carrier diffusion length is achievable in quasi-2D Sn-based perovskite films consisting of high-member low-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper(RP)phases with a preferred crystal orientation distribution.The key to the film synthesis is the use of a molecular additive formed by phenylethylammonium cations and optimally mixed halide-pseudohalide anions,which favorably tailors the quasi-2D Sn-based perovskite crystallization kinetics.The high-member RP film structure effectively enhances device short-circuit current density,giving rise to an increased power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.6%.The resulting device demonstrates a near-unity shelf stability upon1,000 h in nitrogen.A high reproductivity is also achieved with a count of 50 devices showing PCEs within a narrow range from minimum 13.0%to maximum 14.6%.展开更多
The construction of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)connection layers with special compositions by adding small amounts of alloying elements has been proven to be an effective strategy for improving the reliability of el...The construction of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)connection layers with special compositions by adding small amounts of alloying elements has been proven to be an effective strategy for improving the reliability of electronic component interconnect.However,the synergistic effect mechanism of multi-component alloy compositions on the growth behavior of IMCs is not clear.Herein,we successfully prepared a new quaternary alloy solder with a composition of Sn-0.7Cu-0.175Pt-0.025Al(wt%)using the high-throughput screening(HTS)method.The results showed that it possesses excellent welding performance with an inhibition rate over 40%on the growth of IMCs layers.For Cu_(6)Sn_(5),the co-doping of Al and Pt not only greatly improves its thermodynamic stability,but also effectively suppresses the phase transition.Meanwhile,the co-doping of Al and Pt also significantly delays the generation time of Kirkendall defects.The substitution sites of Al and Pt in Cu_(6)Sn_(5)have been explored using atomic resolution imaging and advanced data informatics,indicating that Al and Pt preferentially substitute Sn and Cu atoms,respectively,to generate(Cu,Pt)_(6)(Sn,Al)_(5).A one-dimensional(1D)kinetic model of the IMCs layer growth at the Sn solder/Cu substrate interface was derived and validated,and the results showed that the error of the derived mathematical model is less than 5%.Finally,the synergistic mechanism of Al and Pt co-doping on the growth rate of Cu_(6)Sn_(5)was further elucidated.This work provides a feasible route for the design and development of multi-component alloy solders.展开更多
Owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost,Sn has attracted significant attention in sodium-ion batteries.However,the slow kinetics of electrochemical reactions and the rapid decay of capacity resulting from ...Owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost,Sn has attracted significant attention in sodium-ion batteries.However,the slow kinetics of electrochemical reactions and the rapid decay of capacity resulting from drastic changes in the volume of Sn,as well as persistent side reactions between Sn and the organic electrolyte during the(de)sodium process,have limited its commercialization.To improve the electrochemical performance of Sn-based materials,the bottom-up method is normally used to prepare carbon-coated nanoparticles.However,its complex preparation processes and harsh conditions make it unsuitable for practical applications.Herein,a carbon-coated hybrid crystal composite(Sn/SnO_(x)@C)was prepared using an up-bottom method with commercial Sn/SnO nanoparticles.Various effects accelerate the electrochemical kinetics and inhibit the coarsening of Sn crystals.The Sn/SnO_(x)@C composite electrode exhibited capacity retention of 80.7%even after approximately 1000 cycles(360.4 mAh·g^(−1)) at a current density of 1 A·g^(−1).The high-load Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3||Sn/SnO_(x)@C full cell presents a capacity retention rate of 91.7%after 150 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A·g^(−1).This work may significantly accelerate the commercialization of the Sn/SnO_(x)@C composite in sodium-ion batteries with high energy density.展开更多
Based on the available experimental data,the Bi-Ni binary system was optimized thermodynamically by the CALPHAD method.The solution phases,including liquid,fcc_A1（Ni） and rhombohedral_A7（Bi）,were described as subs...Based on the available experimental data,the Bi-Ni binary system was optimized thermodynamically by the CALPHAD method.The solution phases,including liquid,fcc_A1（Ni） and rhombohedral_A7（Bi）,were described as substitutional solution phases,of which the excess Gibbs energies were expressed with the Redlich-Kister polynomial.The intermetallic compound,BiNi,was modeled using three sublattices（Bi）（Ni,Va）（Ni,Va） considering its crystal structure（NiAs-type） and the compatibility of thermodynamic database in the multi-component systems,while Bi3Ni was treated as a stoichiometric compound.Finally,a set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters formulating the Gibbs energies of various phases in this binary system were obtained.The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the reported experimental data.展开更多
The growth of Au-Sn intermetallic compounds(IMCs) is a major concern to the reliability of solder joints in microelectronic,optoelectronic and micro-electronic-mechanical system(MEMS) which has a layer of Au metalliza...The growth of Au-Sn intermetallic compounds(IMCs) is a major concern to the reliability of solder joints in microelectronic,optoelectronic and micro-electronic-mechanical system(MEMS) which has a layer of Au metallization on the surface of components or leads.This paper presented the growth behavior of Au-Sn IMCs at interfaces of Au metallization and Sn-based solder joints with the addition of Cu alloying element during aging process,and growth coefficients of the Au-Sn IMCs were calculated.Results on the interfacial reaction between Sn-xCu solders and Au metallization during aging process show that three layers of Au-Sn IMCs including AuSn,AuSn2 and AuSn4 formed at the interface region.The thickness of each Au-Sn IMC layer vs square root of aging time follows linear relationship.Calculation of the IMC growth coefficients shows that the diffusion coefficients decrease with the addition Cu elements,which indicates that Cu addition suppresses the growth of Au-Sn IMCs layer.展开更多
锂离子电池广泛应用于电动汽车、混合动力汽车、便携式电子设备等储能系统,但由于电荷在活性材料中传输缓慢以及活性材料易粉碎等缺点,开发同时具有高容量以及快充性能的电极材料仍然是一个极大的挑战.针对这一问题,本文通过温度调控将S...锂离子电池广泛应用于电动汽车、混合动力汽车、便携式电子设备等储能系统,但由于电荷在活性材料中传输缓慢以及活性材料易粉碎等缺点,开发同时具有高容量以及快充性能的电极材料仍然是一个极大的挑战.针对这一问题,本文通过温度调控将SnO_(2)量子点或Sn纳米团簇均匀负载在中空多孔碳纳米纤维(HPCNFs)的内部,用于制备个性化定制锂离子电池.一方面,高度互联的碳纳米纤维形成三维网络,加快了电子传输,提高了电子导电性.另一方面,中空多孔结构缩短了锂离子传输路径,促进了锂离子的快速扩散,同时,抑制了Sn和SnO_(2)的体积膨胀.由于具有较高的锂离子吸附性能以及快的离子扩散速率,低碳化温度下(450℃)合成的SnO_(2)@HPCNFs复合电极在0.1 A g^(-1)的小电流密度下具有较高的放电比容量(899.3 mA h g~(-1)).此外,由于在大的电流密度下,Sn的大孔结构能够储存更多的锂离子,以及具有较高的电子电导率,因此,高碳化温度下(850℃)制备的Sn@HPCNFs复合电极展现出优异的快充性能,同时,在5 A g^(-1)(~10 C)的高电流密度下具有238.8 mA h g^(-1)的放电容量.本文通过调控碳化温度来研究SnO_(2)和Sn电极之间的电化学行为,为构建高性能储能器件提供了新的思路.展开更多
Tin(Sn)-based materials are promising anodes for magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) owing to their low reaction voltages, high theoretical specific capacities and good compatibility with conventional electrolytes. However,...Tin(Sn)-based materials are promising anodes for magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) owing to their low reaction voltages, high theoretical specific capacities and good compatibility with conventional electrolytes. However, relatively arduous alloying reaction and sluggish diffusion kinetics limit their practical applications. Herein, we proposed a general strategy to regulate the electrochemical reactivity and performance of Sn-based anodes for Mg storage through the introduction of the second phase and phase boundary. The biphase Sn–Al, Sn–Pb and Sn–Zn O films were further fabricated via magnetron co-sputtering. Taking Sn–Al as an example, it has been revealed that the introduction of Al can effectively stimulate the electrochemical reaction of Sn with Mg in either nanoscale or bulk through combining experiments with density-functional theory calculations. Specially, the rolled Sn–Al electrode exhibits superior long-term stability over 5,000 cycles. Additionally, the Mg-storage mechanism of the Sn–Al electrode was investigated by operando X-ray diffraction. The Sn–Al anodes also demonstrate good compatibility with simple Mg-salt-based electrolytes like Mg(TFSI)2in full cells. More importantly, it has been authenticated that the activation effect of second phase and phase boundary to Sn is also applicable to Pb and Zn O. Our findings may provide a favorable reference for the development of alloy-type anodes for MIBs.展开更多
Sn-based alloy materials are considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),whereas they suffer from severe volume change during the discharge/charge process.To...Sn-based alloy materials are considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),whereas they suffer from severe volume change during the discharge/charge process.To address the issue,double core-shell structured Sn-Cu@SnO2@C nanocomposites have been prepared by a simple co-precipitation method combined with carbon coating approach.The double core-shell structure consists of Sn-Cu multiphase alloy nanoparticles as the inner core,intermediate SnO2 layer anchored on the surface of Sn-Cu nanoparticle and outer carbon layer.The Sn-Cu@SnO2@C electrode exhibits outstanding electrochemical perfor-mances,delivering a reversible capacity of 396 mA·h·g^-1 at 100 mA·g^-1 after 100 cycles for LIBs and a high initial reversible capacity of 463 mA·h·g^-1 at 50 mA·g^-1 and a capacity retention of 86% after 100 cycles,along with a remarkable rate capability(193 mA·h·g^-1 at 5000 mA·g^-1)for SIBs.This work provides a viable strategy to fabricate double core-shell structured Sn-based alloy anodes for high energy density LIBs and SIBs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials,China(No.202325012)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U21A20128).
文摘Sn-based solder is a widely used interconnection material in the field of electronic packaging;however,the performance requirements for these solders are becoming increasingly demanding owing to the rapid development in this area.In recent years,the addition of micro/nanoreinforcement phases to Sn-based solders has provided a solution to improve the intrinsic properties of the solders.This paper reviews the progress in Sn-based micro/nanoreinforced composite solders over the past decade.The types of reinforcement particles,preparation methods of the composite solders,and strengthening effects on the microstructure,wettability,melting point,mechanical properties,and corrosion resistance under different particle-addition levels are discussed and summarized.The mechanisms of performance enhancement are summarized based on material-strengthening effects such as grain refinement and second-phase dispersion strengthening.In addition,we discuss the current shortcomings of such composite solders and possible future improvements,thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for the future development of Sn-based solders.
文摘The urgent demand for clean energy solutions has intensified the search for advanced storage materials,with rechargeable alkali-ion batteries(AIBs)playing a pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.Enhancing electrode performance is critical to addressing the increasing need for high-energy and high-power AIBs.Next-generation anode materials face significant challenges,including limited energy storage capacities and complex reaction mechanisms that complicate structural modeling.Sn-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for AIBs due to their inherent advantages.Recent research has increasingly focused on the development of heterojunctions as a strategy to enhance the performance of Sn-based anode materials.Despite significant advances in this field,comprehensive reviews summarizing the latest developments are still sparse.This review provides a detailed overview of recent progress in Sn-based heterojunction-type anode materials.It begins with an explanation of the concept of heterojunctions,including their fabrication,characterization,and classification.Cutting-edge research on Sn-based heterojunction-type anodes for AIBs is highlighted.Finally,the review summarizes the latest advancements in heterojunction technology and discusses future directions for research and development in this area.
基金Project(52204378)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The selective reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))into high-value-added chemicals is one of the most effective means to solve the current energy and environmental problems,which could realize the utilization of CO_(2) and promote the balance of the carbon cycle.Formate is one of the most economical and practical products of all the electrochemical CO_(2) reduction products.Among the many metal-based electrocatalysts that can convert CO_(2) into formate,Sn-based catalysts have received a lot of attention because of their low-cost,non-toxic characteristics and high selectivity for formate.In this article,the most recent development of Sn-based electrocatalysts is comprehensively summarized by giving examples,which are mainly divided into monometallic Sn,alloyed Sn,Sn-based compounds and Sn composite catalysts.Finally,the current performance enhancement strategies and future directions of the field are summarized.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52202300,52372226,51972172 and 1705102)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722591)+2 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(Nos.2023-JC-QN-0643 and 2022JQ-629)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing China(No.2023NSCQ-MSX0097)。
文摘Eco-friendly lead-free tin(Sn)-based perovskites have drawn much attention in the field of photovoltaic s,and the highest power conversion efficiency(PCE)of Sn-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has been recently approaching 15%.However,the PCE improvement of Sn-based PSCs has reached bottleneck,and an unambiguous guidance beyond traditional trial-and-error process is highly desired for further boosting their PCE.In this work,machine learning(ML)approach based on artificial neural network(ANN)algorithm is adopted to guide the development of Sn-based PSCs by learning from currently available data.Two models are designed to predict the bandgap of newly designed Sn-based perovskites and photovoltaic performance trends of the PSCs,and the practicability of the models are verified by real experimental data.Moreover,by analyzing the physical mechanisms behind the predicted trends,the typical characteristics of Sn-based perovskites can be derived even no relevant inputs are provided,demonstrating the robustness of the developed models.Based on the models,it is predicted that wide bandgap Sn-based PSCs with optimized interfacial energy level alignment could obtain promising PCE breaking 20%.At last,critical suggestions for future development of Sn-based PSCs are provided.This work opens a new avenue for guiding and promoting the development of high-performing Sn-based PSCs.
基金Project(2014HA003)supported by the Cultivating Plan Program for the Technological Leading Talents of Yunnan Province,ChinaProject(51474116)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+2 种基金Project(IRT1250)supported by the Program for Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of ChinaProject(20140355)supported by the Analytical Test Fund of Kunming University of Science and Technology,Chinasupported by the First-class Doctoral Dissertation Breeding Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China
文摘In order to recycle waste Sn-based alloys, the vapor-liquid phase equilibrium composition diagrams of Sn-Pb, Sn-Sb and Sn-Zn binary systems were calculated. The calculated results indicate that Pb, Sb and Zn can be separated from Sn effectively. Based on the above calculation, the industrial experiments of vacuum distillation of Sn-Pb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb alloy, Sn-Pb-Sb-As alloy, crude Sn and Sn-Zn alloy with different contents were carried out. The experimental results show that Pb(>99% Pb) and Sn(≤0.003% Pb) were obtained simultaneously while Sn-Pb alloy was subjected to vacuum distillation; the crude Sn(>90% Sn, ≤ 2% Pb, ≤6% Sb) and crude Pb(≤2% Sn) were obtained simultaneously while a single vacuum distillation was carried out for Sn-Pb-Sb alloy; the Pb and Bi contents in the Sn ingot(99.99% Sn) achieve the grade A of GB/T 728—2010 standard, more than 50% of As and Sb was removed after vacuum distillation of crude Sn; Zn(<0.002% Sn) and Sn(about 3% Zn) were obtained while vacuum distillation of Sn-Zn alloy was conducted at 1173 K, 20-30 Pa for 8-10 h.
基金financial support from the 1000 Youth Talents Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51773092)Research Foundation of State Key Lab(ZK201717)+2 种基金the Distinguished Young Scientists Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51425301,21374021,51673096,and U1601214)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651813)the Youth Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20171008).
文摘The increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has led to the greenhouse effect,which greatly affects the climate and the ecological balance of nature.Therefore,converting CO2 into renewable fuels via clean and economical chemical processes has become a great concern for scientists.Electrocatalytic CO2 conversion is a prospective path toward carbon cycling.Among the different electrocatalysts,Sn-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated as promising catalysts for CO2 electroreduction,producing formate and CO,which are important industrial chemicals.In this review,various Sn-based electrocatalysts are comprehensively summarized in terms of synthesis,catalytic performance,and reaction mechanisms for CO2 electroreduction.Finally,we concisely discuss the current challenges and opportunities of Sn-based electrocatalysts.
文摘Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)are key for the development of next-generation displays for ultra-high-definition television.Alternative materials beyond organic LEDs are required to meet the color purity standards,while retaining low processing cost and environmental friendliness.Liang and colleagues report in Advanced Science that two-dimensional(2D)tin halide perovskite—efficiently stabilized by H3PO2 incorporation—has great promise for ultra-pure red LEDs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 51262032
文摘Single-crystalline samples of Eu/Ba-filled Sn-based type-Ⅷ clathrate are prepared by the Ga flux method with different stoichiometric ratios. The electrical transport properties of the samples are optimized by Eu doping. Results indicate that Eu atoms tend to replace Ba atoms. With the increase of the Eu initial content, the carrier density increases and the carrier mobility decreases, which leads to an increase of the Seebeck coefficient. By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases. Finally, the sample with Eu initial content of x = 0.75 behaves with excellent electrical properties, which shows a maximal power factor of 1.51 mW·m^-1K^-2 at 480K, and the highest ZT achieved is 0.87 near the temperature of 483K.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702056)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2162140621617330)+2 种基金Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(202102020737,201605030008)Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui(1908085ME120)Primary Research and Development Program of Anhui Province(201904a05020087)。
文摘Recently,Coordination Polymers(CPs)have been widely utilized as energy storage materials for reversible Lithium-Ion Batteries(LIBs)benefiting from their tunable building blocks and adjusted electrochemical properties.However,the unsatisfied electrochemical behavior of CPs with poor conductivity and sluggish ion transport kinetics is still a bottle-neck for their large-scale energy storage applications in LIBs.Herein,we display the rational fabrication of a conductive Sn-based coordination polymer(Sn-DHTPA)via judiciously choosing suitable building units.The Sn-DHTPA is employed as anode for LIBs,exhibiting superior reversible storage capacity of 1142.6 m A h g^(-1) at 0.1 A g^(-1) after 100 cycles and impressive rate storage capability of 287.7 m A h g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1).More importantly,a robust cycling performance of 205.5 m A h g^(-1) at an extra-high current density of 20 A g^(-1) are observed without remarkable capacity-fading up to1000 cycles.The behavior superiority of Sn-DHTPA is related to its advanced architecture with abundant lithium storage sites,high electrical conductivity and rapid lithium transport.A series of ex-situ characterizations reveal that the impressive lithium storage capacity is contributed by the redox active sites of both the aromatic linker and metal center related to in-situ generated metallic nanoparticles dispersed in the skeleton.
文摘Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have received increasing attention in the domain of photovoltaics due to their environmentally friendly nature.In this paper,numerical modeling and simulation of hole transport material(HTM)-free PSC based on methyl ammonium tin triiodide(CH_(3) NH_(3) SnI_(3))was performed using a one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator(SCAPS-1D)software.The eff ect of perovskite thickness,interface defect density,temperature,and electron transport material(ETM)on the photovoltaic performance of the device was explored.Prior to optimization,the device demonstrated a power conversion effi ciency(PCE)of 8.35%,fi ll factor(FF)of 51.93%,short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 26.36 mA/cm 2,and open circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 0.610 V.Changing the above parameters individually while keeping others constant,the obtained optimal absorber thickness was 1.0μm,the interface defect density was 1010 cm-2,the temperature was 290 K,and the TiO 2 thickness was 0.01μm.On simulating with the optimized data,the fi nal device gave a PCE of 11.03%,FF of 50.78%,J_(sc) of 29.93 mA/cm 2,and V_(oc) of 0.726 V.Comparing the optimized and unoptimized metric parameters,an improvement of~32.10%in PCE,~13.41%in J_(sc),and~19.02%in V_(oc) were obtained.Therefore,the results of this study are encouraging and can pave the path for developing highly effi cient PSCs that are cost-eff ective,eco-friendly,and comparable to state-of-the-art.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52102258)Taishan Scholars Program(tsqn202306309)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023YQ012)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20210447).
文摘The excessive consumption of fossil fuels increases carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions,and the consequent greenhouse effect resulting from higher levels of this gas in the atmosphere has a significant impact on the environment and climate.This has necessitated the development of environmentally friendly and efficient methods for CO_(2)conversion.The carbon dioxide electroreduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),which is driven by electricity generated by renewable energy sources(e.g.,wind and solar)to convert CO_(2)into value-added fuels or chemicals,is regarded as a promising prospective path toward carbon cycling.Among the various products,formate,with its relatively simple preparation process,has broad application prospects,and can be used as fuel,hydrogen storage material,and raw material for downstream chemicals.Sn-based oxide electrocatalysts have the advantages of being inexpensive and nontoxic.In addition,these catalysts offer high product selectivity and are regarded as promising catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)to formate.In this review,we first clarify the reaction mechanisms and factors that influence the reduction of CO_(2)to formate,and then provide some examples of technologies that could be used to study the evolution of catalysts during the reaction.In particular,we focus on traditional Sn-based oxides(SnO_(2))and novel Sn-based perovskite oxides that have been developed for use in the field of CO_(2)RR in recent years by considering their synthesis,catalytic performance,optimization strategies,and intrinsic principles.Finally,the current challenges and opportunities for Sn-based oxide electrocatalysts are discussed.The perspectives and latest trends presented in this review are expected to inspire researchers to contribute more efforts toward comprehensively optimizing the performance of the CO_(2)RR to produce formate.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51972172,61705102,and 51802253)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grants 2021M692630)+6 种基金Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2022JQ-629,2021JLM-43)the Joint Research Funds of Department of Science&Technology of Shaanxi Province and Northwestern Polytechnical University (2020GXLH-Z-007 and 2020GXLH-Z-014)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(Grant BK20200034)the Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(OVL2021BG006)the Open Project Program of Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (2021WNLOKF003)the Young 1000 Talents Global Recruitment Program of Chinathe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Tin(Sn)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have recently made inspiring progress,and certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)has reached impressive value of 14.8%.However,it is still challenging to realize efficient and stable 3D Sn-based PSCs due to the fast crystallization and easy Sn^(2+)oxidation of Sn-based perovskite.Herein,we reported the utilization of a reductive ionic liquid,methylamine formate(MAFa),to drive the controlled crystallization process and suppress Sn^(2+)oxidation of FASnI_(3)perovskite film.The coordination of C=O and Sn^(2+)and the hydrogen bonding of N-H···I between the MAFa and FASnI_(3)precursors are shown to be responsible for retarding the crystallization of FASnI_(3)during film-forming process,which promotes the oriented growth and reduced defect traps of the film.Moreover,the strong reducibility of–CHO groups in Fa−suppresses the oxidation of Sn^(2+)in the film.As a result,MAFa-modified 3D PSCs device could reach champion PCE of up to 8.50%,which is enhanced by 26.11%compared to the control device with PCE of 6.74%.Most importantly,the MAFa-modified device shows much improved stability compared to the control device under same conditions without encapsulation.This work adds key building blocks for further boosting the PCE and stability of Sn-based PSCs.
基金financially supported from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0715502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61935016,92056119,22175118)+9 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(20XD1402500,20JC1415800)Shanghai Tech start-up fundingthe Early Career Scheme(22300221)from the Hong Kong Research Grant Councilthe Excellent Young Scientists Funds(52222318)from National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe start-up grants,the Initiation Grant-Faculty Niche Research Areas(IG-FNRA)2020/21the Interdisciplinary Research Matching Scheme(IRMS)2020/21 of Hong Kong Baptist Universitysupport from the Hong Kong Research Grant Council(16302520)Seed Funding from the University Research Committee(URC)of the University of Hong Kongpartially supported by the Centre for High-Resolution Electron Microscopy(ChEM),SPST,Shanghai Tech University under contract No.EM02161943the Analytical Instrumentation Center,SPST,Shanghai Tech University under contract No.SPST-AIC10112914。
文摘Sn-based perovskites are promising thin-film photovoltaic materials for their ideal bandgap and the eco-friendliness of Sn,but the performance of Sn-based perovskite solar cells is hindered by the short carrier diffusion length and large defect density in nominally-synthesized Sn-based perovskite films.Herein we demonstrate that a long carrier diffusion length is achievable in quasi-2D Sn-based perovskite films consisting of high-member low-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper(RP)phases with a preferred crystal orientation distribution.The key to the film synthesis is the use of a molecular additive formed by phenylethylammonium cations and optimally mixed halide-pseudohalide anions,which favorably tailors the quasi-2D Sn-based perovskite crystallization kinetics.The high-member RP film structure effectively enhances device short-circuit current density,giving rise to an increased power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 14.6%.The resulting device demonstrates a near-unity shelf stability upon1,000 h in nitrogen.A high reproductivity is also achieved with a count of 50 devices showing PCEs within a narrow range from minimum 13.0%to maximum 14.6%.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Team Cultivation Project of Yunnan Province(No.202005AE160016)the Key Research&Development Program of Yunnan Province(No.202103AA080017)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talents Project(No.YNWR-QNBJ2018-044)。
文摘The construction of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)connection layers with special compositions by adding small amounts of alloying elements has been proven to be an effective strategy for improving the reliability of electronic component interconnect.However,the synergistic effect mechanism of multi-component alloy compositions on the growth behavior of IMCs is not clear.Herein,we successfully prepared a new quaternary alloy solder with a composition of Sn-0.7Cu-0.175Pt-0.025Al(wt%)using the high-throughput screening(HTS)method.The results showed that it possesses excellent welding performance with an inhibition rate over 40%on the growth of IMCs layers.For Cu_(6)Sn_(5),the co-doping of Al and Pt not only greatly improves its thermodynamic stability,but also effectively suppresses the phase transition.Meanwhile,the co-doping of Al and Pt also significantly delays the generation time of Kirkendall defects.The substitution sites of Al and Pt in Cu_(6)Sn_(5)have been explored using atomic resolution imaging and advanced data informatics,indicating that Al and Pt preferentially substitute Sn and Cu atoms,respectively,to generate(Cu,Pt)_(6)(Sn,Al)_(5).A one-dimensional(1D)kinetic model of the IMCs layer growth at the Sn solder/Cu substrate interface was derived and validated,and the results showed that the error of the derived mathematical model is less than 5%.Finally,the synergistic mechanism of Al and Pt co-doping on the growth rate of Cu_(6)Sn_(5)was further elucidated.This work provides a feasible route for the design and development of multi-component alloy solders.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50835002 and 51105102).
文摘Owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost,Sn has attracted significant attention in sodium-ion batteries.However,the slow kinetics of electrochemical reactions and the rapid decay of capacity resulting from drastic changes in the volume of Sn,as well as persistent side reactions between Sn and the organic electrolyte during the(de)sodium process,have limited its commercialization.To improve the electrochemical performance of Sn-based materials,the bottom-up method is normally used to prepare carbon-coated nanoparticles.However,its complex preparation processes and harsh conditions make it unsuitable for practical applications.Herein,a carbon-coated hybrid crystal composite(Sn/SnO_(x)@C)was prepared using an up-bottom method with commercial Sn/SnO nanoparticles.Various effects accelerate the electrochemical kinetics and inhibit the coarsening of Sn crystals.The Sn/SnO_(x)@C composite electrode exhibited capacity retention of 80.7%even after approximately 1000 cycles(360.4 mAh·g^(−1)) at a current density of 1 A·g^(−1).The high-load Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3||Sn/SnO_(x)@C full cell presents a capacity retention rate of 91.7%after 150 cycles at the current density of 0.5 A·g^(−1).This work may significantly accelerate the commercialization of the Sn/SnO_(x)@C composite in sodium-ion batteries with high energy density.
基金Projects(50371104,50771106and50731002)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2008K22)supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Department of Land&Resources,ChinaProject supported by Geology Exploration Foundation of Hunan Provincial Department of Land&Resources,China
文摘Based on the available experimental data,the Bi-Ni binary system was optimized thermodynamically by the CALPHAD method.The solution phases,including liquid,fcc_A1（Ni） and rhombohedral_A7（Bi）,were described as substitutional solution phases,of which the excess Gibbs energies were expressed with the Redlich-Kister polynomial.The intermetallic compound,BiNi,was modeled using three sublattices（Bi）（Ni,Va）（Ni,Va） considering its crystal structure（NiAs-type） and the compatibility of thermodynamic database in the multi-component systems,while Bi3Ni was treated as a stoichiometric compound.Finally,a set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters formulating the Gibbs energies of various phases in this binary system were obtained.The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the reported experimental data.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No 50675047/ E052105)Joint Project between Samsung Electronics Co Ltd( Korea) and Harbin Institute of Technology( HIT)
文摘The growth of Au-Sn intermetallic compounds(IMCs) is a major concern to the reliability of solder joints in microelectronic,optoelectronic and micro-electronic-mechanical system(MEMS) which has a layer of Au metallization on the surface of components or leads.This paper presented the growth behavior of Au-Sn IMCs at interfaces of Au metallization and Sn-based solder joints with the addition of Cu alloying element during aging process,and growth coefficients of the Au-Sn IMCs were calculated.Results on the interfacial reaction between Sn-xCu solders and Au metallization during aging process show that three layers of Au-Sn IMCs including AuSn,AuSn2 and AuSn4 formed at the interface region.The thickness of each Au-Sn IMC layer vs square root of aging time follows linear relationship.Calculation of the IMC growth coefficients shows that the diffusion coefficients decrease with the addition Cu elements,which indicates that Cu addition suppresses the growth of Au-Sn IMCs layer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51503105 and 52202256)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20220612)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(0092/2019/A2 and 0035/2019/AMJ)the funds from Jiangsu University“Qinglan Project”supported by the Opening Project of Jiangsu Engineering Research Centre of Textile Dyeing and Printing for Energy Conservation,Discharge Reduction and Cleaner Production,Soochow University(SDGC2102)。
文摘锂离子电池广泛应用于电动汽车、混合动力汽车、便携式电子设备等储能系统,但由于电荷在活性材料中传输缓慢以及活性材料易粉碎等缺点,开发同时具有高容量以及快充性能的电极材料仍然是一个极大的挑战.针对这一问题,本文通过温度调控将SnO_(2)量子点或Sn纳米团簇均匀负载在中空多孔碳纳米纤维(HPCNFs)的内部,用于制备个性化定制锂离子电池.一方面,高度互联的碳纳米纤维形成三维网络,加快了电子传输,提高了电子导电性.另一方面,中空多孔结构缩短了锂离子传输路径,促进了锂离子的快速扩散,同时,抑制了Sn和SnO_(2)的体积膨胀.由于具有较高的锂离子吸附性能以及快的离子扩散速率,低碳化温度下(450℃)合成的SnO_(2)@HPCNFs复合电极在0.1 A g^(-1)的小电流密度下具有较高的放电比容量(899.3 mA h g~(-1)).此外,由于在大的电流密度下,Sn的大孔结构能够储存更多的锂离子,以及具有较高的电子电导率,因此,高碳化温度下(850℃)制备的Sn@HPCNFs复合电极展现出优异的快充性能,同时,在5 A g^(-1)(~10 C)的高电流密度下具有238.8 mA h g^(-1)的放电容量.本文通过调控碳化温度来研究SnO_(2)和Sn电极之间的电化学行为,为构建高性能储能器件提供了新的思路.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51871133)the support of Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (2021ZLGX01)the program of Jinan Science and Technology Bureau (2019GXRC001)。
文摘Tin(Sn)-based materials are promising anodes for magnesium-ion batteries(MIBs) owing to their low reaction voltages, high theoretical specific capacities and good compatibility with conventional electrolytes. However, relatively arduous alloying reaction and sluggish diffusion kinetics limit their practical applications. Herein, we proposed a general strategy to regulate the electrochemical reactivity and performance of Sn-based anodes for Mg storage through the introduction of the second phase and phase boundary. The biphase Sn–Al, Sn–Pb and Sn–Zn O films were further fabricated via magnetron co-sputtering. Taking Sn–Al as an example, it has been revealed that the introduction of Al can effectively stimulate the electrochemical reaction of Sn with Mg in either nanoscale or bulk through combining experiments with density-functional theory calculations. Specially, the rolled Sn–Al electrode exhibits superior long-term stability over 5,000 cycles. Additionally, the Mg-storage mechanism of the Sn–Al electrode was investigated by operando X-ray diffraction. The Sn–Al anodes also demonstrate good compatibility with simple Mg-salt-based electrolytes like Mg(TFSI)2in full cells. More importantly, it has been authenticated that the activation effect of second phase and phase boundary to Sn is also applicable to Pb and Zn O. Our findings may provide a favorable reference for the development of alloy-type anodes for MIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51661009 and 51761007)supported by the Guangxi Natural Science Foundation(2019GXNSFDA245014).
文摘Sn-based alloy materials are considered as a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),whereas they suffer from severe volume change during the discharge/charge process.To address the issue,double core-shell structured Sn-Cu@SnO2@C nanocomposites have been prepared by a simple co-precipitation method combined with carbon coating approach.The double core-shell structure consists of Sn-Cu multiphase alloy nanoparticles as the inner core,intermediate SnO2 layer anchored on the surface of Sn-Cu nanoparticle and outer carbon layer.The Sn-Cu@SnO2@C electrode exhibits outstanding electrochemical perfor-mances,delivering a reversible capacity of 396 mA·h·g^-1 at 100 mA·g^-1 after 100 cycles for LIBs and a high initial reversible capacity of 463 mA·h·g^-1 at 50 mA·g^-1 and a capacity retention of 86% after 100 cycles,along with a remarkable rate capability(193 mA·h·g^-1 at 5000 mA·g^-1)for SIBs.This work provides a viable strategy to fabricate double core-shell structured Sn-based alloy anodes for high energy density LIBs and SIBs.
