Considering the problem of traditional cervical cancer detection method that brings high false negative rate （FNR） and high false positive rate （FPR）, a new abnormal cervical cells detection method of multi-spectr...Considering the problem of traditional cervical cancer detection method that brings high false negative rate （FNR） and high false positive rate （FPR）, a new abnormal cervical cells detection method of multi-spectral Pap smear is proposed in this thesis, on the basis of multi-spectral microscopic imaging technology and computer automotive recognition technology. At first, image in a specific wave band is segmented according to the relationship between intensity and spectrum of each pixel. Then, multi-spectral features of each pixel are extracted making use of improved cosine correlation analysis （CCA） algorithm. Combined with the characteristic of each cell＇s area, final definition is made. Experiments have proved the new approach could identify abnormal cells efficiently as well as lower FNR and FPR.展开更多
Objective:To facilitate the recognition of intracellular yeasts of Histoplasma capsulation and differentiate it from Leishmania amastigotes and other parasites,using the combination of Giemsa and a rapid modification ...Objective:To facilitate the recognition of intracellular yeasts of Histoplasma capsulation and differentiate it from Leishmania amastigotes and other parasites,using the combination of Giemsa and a rapid modification of Grocott stains to peripheral blood smears in a hematological study.Methods:The combination of both stains was applied consecutively(first Grocott and then Giemsa)to previously fixed peripheral blood smears.Microscopy was performed with 400x and 1000x,the latter using immersion oil.Results:The yeasts of Histoplasma capsulatum were observed into the cytoplasm of leukocytes as brownish oval elements,with 3-4μm in diameter.Conclusions:The combination of both techniques is a simple and fast method to facilitate recognition of intracellular yeasts and it is different from intracellular parasitic elements.Moreover,it allows distinguishing the cell elements that are in the microscopic preparations.It may be very helpful in those cases in which the presumptive diagnosis of histoplasmosis has not been established yet and where other more sophisticated methods are not available.展开更多
Objective:Simple tests like direct smear of the acid fast bacilli(AFB) and Mycobacterium culture could assist the diagnosis of tuberculosis.This study is aimed at reviewing the outcome of smears,culture results and co...Objective:Simple tests like direct smear of the acid fast bacilli(AFB) and Mycobacterium culture could assist the diagnosis of tuberculosis.This study is aimed at reviewing the outcome of smears,culture results and contamination rate among specimens requested for AFB smear and Mycobacterium culture.Methods:Retrospective laboratory data analysis requesting for Mycobacterium culture from January 2005 till December 2006 was done in a tertiary teaching hospital of Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian,Kelantan,Malaysia.Results: Four hundred and sixty seven(36.6%) isolates grew from 1 277 specimens.Of these isolates,314 (67.2%) grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis,23(4.9%) grew Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis and 38 (8.1%) grew contaminants.Among the M.tuberculosis cultures,165(52.5%) had growth of more than 100 confluent colonies,whereas 39 cultures(12.4%) had growth of less than 19 colonies.Direct smear for AFB among smear positive cases showed presence of more than 50 bacilli/line in 231(49.5%) cases and smear negative cases accounted for 63(13.5%).Among smear positive cases,291(94.5%) cultures grew Mycobacterium species and another 17(5.5%) cultures grew contaminants.In smear negative cases,32(62.7%) cultures grew Mycobacterium species and 19(37.3%) cultures grew contaminants.Conclusion:The results from data analysis of the Mycobacterium cultures should be critically utilized in order to review the laboratory performance and to improve its services in the future.Some of the data is also useful to the administrators of the hospital in terms of estimating the risk of occupational hazard faced by the health care workers.展开更多
Background and objectives: With 2.2 million new cases every year, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an epidemic of large proportions in India. Conventional direct sputum smear microscopy, though limited in its sensiti...Background and objectives: With 2.2 million new cases every year, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an epidemic of large proportions in India. Conventional direct sputum smear microscopy, though limited in its sensitivity, is still the most common method of testing for TB. Newer techniques such as concentrated sputum microscopy, have shown some promise in improving this limited sensitivity. We have compared the efficacy of concentrated sputum versus the direct smear technique in 1000 sputum samples of patients suspected to be suffering from TB. Methods: A total of 1000 sputum specimens were collected for direct acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear, concentrated AFB smear and culture from St. John’s Medical College and Hospital. 39 contaminated samples were (3.9%) omitted during the final analysis. Mycobacterial culture was used as the reference standard method for the detection of TB. Results: 184 and 198 of the 961 samples were found to AFB positive by direct smear microscopy and concentrated smear technique respectively. The measured sensitivity and specificity of direct smear microscopy were 69.86% and 95.82%, while that of concentrated smear microscopy was 76.71% and 95.96 % respectively. 33 samples found to be negative by the direct smear method turned out to be positive by the concentrated smear technique. Conclusions: Though our study suggests no significant statistical difference between the two techniques of detecting pulmonary tuberculosis, we recommend the use of the concentrated technique in centres such as ours, where facilities are already in place. In this way, the number of cases of TB that remain untreated may significantly come down.展开更多
In spite of preventive measures such as Papanicolaou cervical cytological analysis and, more recently, vaccination against HPV infection, cancer of the uterine cervix continues to be one of the most frequent causes of...In spite of preventive measures such as Papanicolaou cervical cytological analysis and, more recently, vaccination against HPV infection, cancer of the uterine cervix continues to be one of the most frequent causes of mortality among women worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In this prospective study, sixty patients with inflammatory Pap smears had a colposcopy with directed biopsies. The average age of our patients was 42 years. Results showed that colposcopy is normal in 10% of women. It showed normal transformations, ectropion, a colpotis and polyp at 8.33%, 21.66%, 13.33% and 5% respectively. It was able to detect changes with Grade I atypical transformations (28.33%), and Grade II atypical transformations in 13.33% of cases. The biopsies were objectified dysplasia and carcinoma in 24.13% of cases with carcinoma in situ, micro invasive squamous cell carcinoma and invasive carcinoma glandular. Moreover, we detected HPV-specific antibodies in sera of these patients. Results showed that six patients (10%) showed a positive reactivity to at least one of the HPV-16 or HPV-18 antigens and sera showed different reactivity to the different antigens with the following percentages: 5%, 3%, 2%, 3% and 3% for L1 HPV-16, E6 HPV-16, E7 HPV-16, E6 HPV-18 and E7 HPV-18 respectively. Among patients having positive antibody response, 83.33% were cases of dysplasia and carcinoma. We concluded that the Pap smear, examination of key screening for cervical cancer, is a screening test without diagnostic value and more specifically any inflammatory Pap smear should be considered a positive test and led to further investigations. Moreover, colposcopy is an exam that is performed on an outpatient basis;it allows a detailed study of the cervix and reduces the negative rate of cytology. In addition, early detection of HPV antibodies could help the follow-up of patients.展开更多
Blood cell disorders are among the leading causes of serious diseases such as leukemia,anemia,blood clotting disorders,and immune-related conditions.The global incidence of hematological diseases is increasing,affecti...Blood cell disorders are among the leading causes of serious diseases such as leukemia,anemia,blood clotting disorders,and immune-related conditions.The global incidence of hematological diseases is increasing,affecting both children and adults.In clinical practice,blood smear analysis is still largely performed manually,relying heavily on the experience and expertise of laboratory technicians or hematologists.This manual process introduces risks of diagnostic errors,especially in cases with rare or morphologically ambiguous cells.The situation is more critical in developing countries,where there is a shortage of specialized medical personnel and limited access to modern diagnostic tools.High testing costs and delays in diagnosis hinder access to quality healthcare services.In this context,the integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI),particularly Explainable AI(XAI)based on deep learning,offers a promising solution for improving the accuracy,efficiency,and transparency of hematological diagnostics.In this study,we propose a Ghost Residual Network(GRsNet)integrated with XAI techniques such as Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM),Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations(LIME),and SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)for automatic blood cell classification.These techniques provide visual explanations by highlighting important regions in the input images,thereby supporting clinical decision-making.The proposed model is evaluated on two public datasets:Naturalize 2K-PBC and Microscopic Blood Cell,achieving a classification accuracy of up to 95%.The results demonstrate the model’s strong potential for automated hematological diagnosis,particularly in resource-constrained settings.It not only enhances diagnostic reliability but also contributes to advancing digital transformation and equitable access to AI-driven healthcare in developing regions.展开更多
Objective:To study the application value and application path of pathological examination in gynecological physical examination.Methods:A total of 1200 patients undergoing gynecological physical examination in X Hospi...Objective:To study the application value and application path of pathological examination in gynecological physical examination.Methods:A total of 1200 patients undergoing gynecological physical examination in X Hospital from January 2024 to December 2024 were selected.All patients received cervical Pap smear examination,and patients with abnormal examination results underwent colposcopic biopsy and HPV infection test for cervical cancer screening.Results:The results of cervical Pap smear showed that a total of 780 patients among 1200 patients showed cervical abnormalities.The Pap smear combined with colposcopy was used for pathological examination to detect cervical cancer lesions in time,and biopsy and HPV infection examination were arranged for high-risk patients to provide data reference for clinical treatment.Conclusions:Pathological examination has a good screening effect in gynecological physical examination.It can detect lesions early and take timely intervention measures,which is helpful to reduce the incidence and mortality of the disease.展开更多
Vertical drains are used to accelerate consolidation of clays in ground improvement projects.Smear zones exist around these drains,where permeability is reduced due to soil disturbance caused by the installation proce...Vertical drains are used to accelerate consolidation of clays in ground improvement projects.Smear zones exist around these drains,where permeability is reduced due to soil disturbance caused by the installation process.Hansbo solution is widely used in practice to consider the effects of drain discharge capacity and smear on the consolidation process.In this study,a computationally efficient diameter reduction method(DRM)obtained from the Hansbo solution is proposed to consider the smear effect without the need to model the smear zone physically.Validated by analytical and numerical results,a diameter reduction factor is analytically derived to reduce the diameter of the drain,while achieving similar solutions of pore pressure dissipation profile as the classical full model of the smear zone and drain.With the DRM,the excess pore pressure u obtained from the reduced drain in the original un-disturbed soil zone is accurate enough for practical applications in numerical models.Such performance of DRM is independent of soil material property.Results also show equally accurate performance of DRM under conditions of multi-layered soils and coupled radial-vertical groundwater flow.展开更多
Pneumcystis jirovecii is a pathogen that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), an infection in (HIV/ADS) and other immunocompromised patients. The rare reports of P. jirovecii pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa are contro...Pneumcystis jirovecii is a pathogen that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), an infection in (HIV/ADS) and other immunocompromised patients. The rare reports of P. jirovecii pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa are controversial due to the high HIV/AIDS seropositivity. The study determined the significance of P. jirovecii in TB smear negative retreatment patients at the Coast General Teaching Referral Hospital-Mombasa. Sputum samples were subjected to toluidine blue O(TBO) stain for microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 100 TB smear negative participants were enrolled in the study and expectorated sputum was collected. Out of the 100 patients, 63 men and 37 women. Patients aged 31 to 53 made up 62% of the patients. The patients aged 31 to 53 made up 75% of the patients (Min = 11y, Max = 85y). The median age of the patients was 42 years. Nested PCR has a prevalence of 41% (41 instances). TBO staining has a prevalence of 29% (29 instances). Detecting an additional 13 more patients than toluidine O staining technique. The sensitivity of toluidine blue O staining was 33.82%, which indicates that it correctly identified 33.82% of true positive cases compared to PCR. The specificity of toluidine blue O staining was 97.82%, indicating that it had a high ability to correctly identify true negative cases compared to PCR, suggesting that it was good at ruling out non-P. jirovecii cases. The study confirms that P. jirovecii is as a significant cause of persistent symptoms in TB patients that could be responsible for persistent symptoms despite TB treatment. We recommend fungal diagnostics in such patients before retreatment.展开更多
基金Supported by Key Project of the Tenth Five-Year Plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2001BA210A02)
文摘Considering the problem of traditional cervical cancer detection method that brings high false negative rate （FNR） and high false positive rate （FPR）, a new abnormal cervical cells detection method of multi-spectral Pap smear is proposed in this thesis, on the basis of multi-spectral microscopic imaging technology and computer automotive recognition technology. At first, image in a specific wave band is segmented according to the relationship between intensity and spectrum of each pixel. Then, multi-spectral features of each pixel are extracted making use of improved cosine correlation analysis （CCA） algorithm. Combined with the characteristic of each cell＇s area, final definition is made. Experiments have proved the new approach could identify abnormal cells efficiently as well as lower FNR and FPR.
基金Supported by grant from the Louis Albert Foundation,Tolosa,Argentina(Grant No.165381)
文摘Objective:To facilitate the recognition of intracellular yeasts of Histoplasma capsulation and differentiate it from Leishmania amastigotes and other parasites,using the combination of Giemsa and a rapid modification of Grocott stains to peripheral blood smears in a hematological study.Methods:The combination of both stains was applied consecutively(first Grocott and then Giemsa)to previously fixed peripheral blood smears.Microscopy was performed with 400x and 1000x,the latter using immersion oil.Results:The yeasts of Histoplasma capsulatum were observed into the cytoplasm of leukocytes as brownish oval elements,with 3-4μm in diameter.Conclusions:The combination of both techniques is a simple and fast method to facilitate recognition of intracellular yeasts and it is different from intracellular parasitic elements.Moreover,it allows distinguishing the cell elements that are in the microscopic preparations.It may be very helpful in those cases in which the presumptive diagnosis of histoplasmosis has not been established yet and where other more sophisticated methods are not available.
文摘Objective:Simple tests like direct smear of the acid fast bacilli(AFB) and Mycobacterium culture could assist the diagnosis of tuberculosis.This study is aimed at reviewing the outcome of smears,culture results and contamination rate among specimens requested for AFB smear and Mycobacterium culture.Methods:Retrospective laboratory data analysis requesting for Mycobacterium culture from January 2005 till December 2006 was done in a tertiary teaching hospital of Universiti Sains Malaysia,Kubang Kerian,Kelantan,Malaysia.Results: Four hundred and sixty seven(36.6%) isolates grew from 1 277 specimens.Of these isolates,314 (67.2%) grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis,23(4.9%) grew Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis and 38 (8.1%) grew contaminants.Among the M.tuberculosis cultures,165(52.5%) had growth of more than 100 confluent colonies,whereas 39 cultures(12.4%) had growth of less than 19 colonies.Direct smear for AFB among smear positive cases showed presence of more than 50 bacilli/line in 231(49.5%) cases and smear negative cases accounted for 63(13.5%).Among smear positive cases,291(94.5%) cultures grew Mycobacterium species and another 17(5.5%) cultures grew contaminants.In smear negative cases,32(62.7%) cultures grew Mycobacterium species and 19(37.3%) cultures grew contaminants.Conclusion:The results from data analysis of the Mycobacterium cultures should be critically utilized in order to review the laboratory performance and to improve its services in the future.Some of the data is also useful to the administrators of the hospital in terms of estimating the risk of occupational hazard faced by the health care workers.
文摘Background and objectives: With 2.2 million new cases every year, Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an epidemic of large proportions in India. Conventional direct sputum smear microscopy, though limited in its sensitivity, is still the most common method of testing for TB. Newer techniques such as concentrated sputum microscopy, have shown some promise in improving this limited sensitivity. We have compared the efficacy of concentrated sputum versus the direct smear technique in 1000 sputum samples of patients suspected to be suffering from TB. Methods: A total of 1000 sputum specimens were collected for direct acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear, concentrated AFB smear and culture from St. John’s Medical College and Hospital. 39 contaminated samples were (3.9%) omitted during the final analysis. Mycobacterial culture was used as the reference standard method for the detection of TB. Results: 184 and 198 of the 961 samples were found to AFB positive by direct smear microscopy and concentrated smear technique respectively. The measured sensitivity and specificity of direct smear microscopy were 69.86% and 95.82%, while that of concentrated smear microscopy was 76.71% and 95.96 % respectively. 33 samples found to be negative by the direct smear method turned out to be positive by the concentrated smear technique. Conclusions: Though our study suggests no significant statistical difference between the two techniques of detecting pulmonary tuberculosis, we recommend the use of the concentrated technique in centres such as ours, where facilities are already in place. In this way, the number of cases of TB that remain untreated may significantly come down.
文摘In spite of preventive measures such as Papanicolaou cervical cytological analysis and, more recently, vaccination against HPV infection, cancer of the uterine cervix continues to be one of the most frequent causes of mortality among women worldwide, particularly in developing countries. In this prospective study, sixty patients with inflammatory Pap smears had a colposcopy with directed biopsies. The average age of our patients was 42 years. Results showed that colposcopy is normal in 10% of women. It showed normal transformations, ectropion, a colpotis and polyp at 8.33%, 21.66%, 13.33% and 5% respectively. It was able to detect changes with Grade I atypical transformations (28.33%), and Grade II atypical transformations in 13.33% of cases. The biopsies were objectified dysplasia and carcinoma in 24.13% of cases with carcinoma in situ, micro invasive squamous cell carcinoma and invasive carcinoma glandular. Moreover, we detected HPV-specific antibodies in sera of these patients. Results showed that six patients (10%) showed a positive reactivity to at least one of the HPV-16 or HPV-18 antigens and sera showed different reactivity to the different antigens with the following percentages: 5%, 3%, 2%, 3% and 3% for L1 HPV-16, E6 HPV-16, E7 HPV-16, E6 HPV-18 and E7 HPV-18 respectively. Among patients having positive antibody response, 83.33% were cases of dysplasia and carcinoma. We concluded that the Pap smear, examination of key screening for cervical cancer, is a screening test without diagnostic value and more specifically any inflammatory Pap smear should be considered a positive test and led to further investigations. Moreover, colposcopy is an exam that is performed on an outpatient basis;it allows a detailed study of the cervix and reduces the negative rate of cytology. In addition, early detection of HPV antibodies could help the follow-up of patients.
文摘Blood cell disorders are among the leading causes of serious diseases such as leukemia,anemia,blood clotting disorders,and immune-related conditions.The global incidence of hematological diseases is increasing,affecting both children and adults.In clinical practice,blood smear analysis is still largely performed manually,relying heavily on the experience and expertise of laboratory technicians or hematologists.This manual process introduces risks of diagnostic errors,especially in cases with rare or morphologically ambiguous cells.The situation is more critical in developing countries,where there is a shortage of specialized medical personnel and limited access to modern diagnostic tools.High testing costs and delays in diagnosis hinder access to quality healthcare services.In this context,the integration of Artificial Intelligence(AI),particularly Explainable AI(XAI)based on deep learning,offers a promising solution for improving the accuracy,efficiency,and transparency of hematological diagnostics.In this study,we propose a Ghost Residual Network(GRsNet)integrated with XAI techniques such as Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM),Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations(LIME),and SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)for automatic blood cell classification.These techniques provide visual explanations by highlighting important regions in the input images,thereby supporting clinical decision-making.The proposed model is evaluated on two public datasets:Naturalize 2K-PBC and Microscopic Blood Cell,achieving a classification accuracy of up to 95%.The results demonstrate the model’s strong potential for automated hematological diagnosis,particularly in resource-constrained settings.It not only enhances diagnostic reliability but also contributes to advancing digital transformation and equitable access to AI-driven healthcare in developing regions.
文摘Objective:To study the application value and application path of pathological examination in gynecological physical examination.Methods:A total of 1200 patients undergoing gynecological physical examination in X Hospital from January 2024 to December 2024 were selected.All patients received cervical Pap smear examination,and patients with abnormal examination results underwent colposcopic biopsy and HPV infection test for cervical cancer screening.Results:The results of cervical Pap smear showed that a total of 780 patients among 1200 patients showed cervical abnormalities.The Pap smear combined with colposcopy was used for pathological examination to detect cervical cancer lesions in time,and biopsy and HPV infection examination were arranged for high-risk patients to provide data reference for clinical treatment.Conclusions:Pathological examination has a good screening effect in gynecological physical examination.It can detect lesions early and take timely intervention measures,which is helpful to reduce the incidence and mortality of the disease.
基金The authors wish to acknowledge the generous financial sup-port from the Singapore Maritime Institute(SMI)for this research within the project‘Evaluation of In-situ Consolidation of Dredged and Excavated Materials at Reclaimed Next Generation Tuas Port’(Project ID:SMI-2018-MA-01).
文摘Vertical drains are used to accelerate consolidation of clays in ground improvement projects.Smear zones exist around these drains,where permeability is reduced due to soil disturbance caused by the installation process.Hansbo solution is widely used in practice to consider the effects of drain discharge capacity and smear on the consolidation process.In this study,a computationally efficient diameter reduction method(DRM)obtained from the Hansbo solution is proposed to consider the smear effect without the need to model the smear zone physically.Validated by analytical and numerical results,a diameter reduction factor is analytically derived to reduce the diameter of the drain,while achieving similar solutions of pore pressure dissipation profile as the classical full model of the smear zone and drain.With the DRM,the excess pore pressure u obtained from the reduced drain in the original un-disturbed soil zone is accurate enough for practical applications in numerical models.Such performance of DRM is independent of soil material property.Results also show equally accurate performance of DRM under conditions of multi-layered soils and coupled radial-vertical groundwater flow.
文摘Pneumcystis jirovecii is a pathogen that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), an infection in (HIV/ADS) and other immunocompromised patients. The rare reports of P. jirovecii pneumonia in sub-Saharan Africa are controversial due to the high HIV/AIDS seropositivity. The study determined the significance of P. jirovecii in TB smear negative retreatment patients at the Coast General Teaching Referral Hospital-Mombasa. Sputum samples were subjected to toluidine blue O(TBO) stain for microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 100 TB smear negative participants were enrolled in the study and expectorated sputum was collected. Out of the 100 patients, 63 men and 37 women. Patients aged 31 to 53 made up 62% of the patients. The patients aged 31 to 53 made up 75% of the patients (Min = 11y, Max = 85y). The median age of the patients was 42 years. Nested PCR has a prevalence of 41% (41 instances). TBO staining has a prevalence of 29% (29 instances). Detecting an additional 13 more patients than toluidine O staining technique. The sensitivity of toluidine blue O staining was 33.82%, which indicates that it correctly identified 33.82% of true positive cases compared to PCR. The specificity of toluidine blue O staining was 97.82%, indicating that it had a high ability to correctly identify true negative cases compared to PCR, suggesting that it was good at ruling out non-P. jirovecii cases. The study confirms that P. jirovecii is as a significant cause of persistent symptoms in TB patients that could be responsible for persistent symptoms despite TB treatment. We recommend fungal diagnostics in such patients before retreatment.
