The study on outcrop sequence stratigraphy of the Sinian section in the Yangtze Gorges an important step in the comprehensive stratigraphy for the Sinian stratotype. In this paper, the base of the Nantuo tillite is se...The study on outcrop sequence stratigraphy of the Sinian section in the Yangtze Gorges an important step in the comprehensive stratigraphy for the Sinian stratotype. In this paper, the base of the Nantuo tillite is selected as the bottom boundary of the Sinian, and the top of the Baimatuo Member of the Dengying Formation is taken as the top boundary. The Sinian lasted from 740 the to 570 Ma. According to the features of sequence boundary facies and the parasequence sets, two supersequences are recognized in the Sinian with six sequences. In this paper, the authors discuss the correlation of those sequences. On the basis of the subsidence rate and the thickness of decompressed deposits, the authors discuss the mechanism of tectonic and sedimentation of the Dengying Formation and the features of high-frequency rhythms as well as the 3rd-order sequences in the Yangtze Gorges.展开更多
Based on correlation between geochemical characteristics of Sinian and Cambrian source rocks and discovered gas reservoirs,paleoand the analysis on geological conditions of reservoir formation,the sources of natural g...Based on correlation between geochemical characteristics of Sinian and Cambrian source rocks and discovered gas reservoirs,paleoand the analysis on geological conditions of reservoir formation,the sources of natural gas in the Sinian of Sichuan Basin have been discussed to sort out the contribution of Sinian source rocks to the gas reservoirs and effectiveness of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.Through the analysis of natural gas composition,carbon and hydrogen isotopes and effectiveness of Sinian accumulation assemblages,it is concluded that:(1)The natural gas derived from the Sinian source rock is characterized by low ethane content,heavy ethane carbon isotope and light methane hydrogen isotope,and obviously different from the gas generated by the Cambrian source rock.(2)The gas reservoirs discovered in Sinian Dengying Formation are sourced by Sinian and Cambrian source rocks,and the Sinian source rock contributes different proportions to the gas in the 4th member and the 2nd member of the Dengying Formation,specifically,39%and 55%to the 4th member in marginal zone and intra-platform,54%and 68%to the 2th member in the marginal zone and intra-platform respectively.(3)The effectiveness of the Sinian primary gas-bearing system depends on the gas generating effectiveness of the source kitchen,reservoir and combination of gas accumulation elements.For high-over mature marine source rocks at the Ro of less than 3.5%,besides gas generated from the thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbon,the kerogen still has some gas generation potential by thermal degradation.In addition,the Sinian microbial dolomite still preserves relatively good-quality reservoirs despite large burial depths,which match well with other basic conditions for gas accumulation in central Sichuan paleo-uplift,increasing the possibility of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.The research results confirm that the Sinian primary gas-bearing system is likely to form large-scale accumulation.展开更多
Important ecological changes of the Earth （oxidization of the atmosphere and the ocean） increase in nutrient supply due to the break-up of the super continent （Rodinia） and the appearance of multi-cellular organis...Important ecological changes of the Earth （oxidization of the atmosphere and the ocean） increase in nutrient supply due to the break-up of the super continent （Rodinia） and the appearance of multi-cellular organisms （macroscopic algae and metazoan） took place in the Ediacaran period, priming the Cambrian explosion. The strong perturbations in carbon cycles in the ocean are recorded as excursions in carbonate and organic carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg） from the Ediacaran through early Cambrian periods. The Ediacaran-early Cambrian sediment records of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg, obtained from the drill-core samples in Three Gorges in South China, are compared with the results of numerical simulation of a sim- ple one-zone model of the carbon cycle of the ocean, which has two reservoirs （i.e., dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC）. The fluxes from the reservoirs are assumed to be proportional to the mass of the carbon reservoirs. We constructed a model, referred to here as the Best Fit Model （BFM）, which reproduce δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records in the Ediacaran-early Cambrian period noted above. BFM reveals that the Shuram excursion is related to three major changes in the carbon cycle or the global ecological system of the Earth： （1） an increase in the coefficient of remineralization by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to a change in the dominant metabolism from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration, （2） an increase of carbon fractionation index from 25‰, to 33‰, possibly corresponding to the change in the primary producer from rock-living cyanobacteria to free-living macro algae, and （3） an in- crease in the coefficient of the organic carbon burial by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to the onset of a biological pump driven by the flourishing metazoan and zooplankton. The former two changes took place at the start of the Shuram excursion, while the third occurred at the end of the Shuram excursion. The other two excursions are explained by the tentative decrease in primary production due to cold periods, which correspond to the Gaskiers （ca. 580 Ma） and Bikonor （ca. 542 Ma） glaciations.展开更多
The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Format...The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Formation of South China hosts abundant multicellular algal macrofossils and problematica,some of which might be closely related to taxa from classic Late Ediacaran assemblages from South Australia and the White Sea biota of Russia.However,a lack of well-resolved isotopic age estimates has hampered efforts to constrain the timing of appearance of the Wenghui biota,obfuscating its significance to our understanding of Ediacaran macroevolution in the aftermath of the Snowball Earth events.Here,we present the first SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating results for samples obtained from a laminated tuff ash layer at the base of the Wenghui biota in the Doushantuo Formation,Jiangkou County,Tongren City,Guizhou Province,China.Our analyses yield an age of 595.4±5.3 Ma for the first appearance of Wenghui biota,suggesting that its appearance postdated that of the Lantian and Weng'an biotas,but preceded that of the Miaohe biota.These newly obtained age proxies offer an independent test of previous isotopic estimates for the age of the Wenghui biota,providing new chronostratigraphic evidence to map the succession of Ediacaran fossil assemblages on the Yangtze Platform during the Doushantuo interval.These data suggest that the Lantian,Weng'an,Wenghui,and Miaohe biotas may record a sequence of biotic assemblages attesting to successive phases in the radiation of Ediacaran macroscopic organisms,particularly macroalgae.展开更多
Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)o...Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin,China,as the research object,the geochemical parameters(component,isotopic composition)of natural gas from the Dengying Formation in different areas are compared,and then the differences in geochemical characteristics of Dengying natural gas on the east and west sides of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough and their genesis are clarified.First,the Dengying gas reservoirs on both sides of the rift trough are predominantly composed of oil-cracking gas with high maturity,which is typical dry gas.Second,severely modified by thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)reaction,the Dengying gas reservoirs on the east side exhibit high H2S and CO_(2) contents,with an elevated δ^(13)C_(2) value(average value higher than-29‰).The Dengying gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area are less affected by TSR modification,though the δ^(13)C_(1) values are slightly greater than that of the reservoirs on the east side with partial reversal of carbon isotope composition,likely due to the water-soluble gas precipitation and accumulation mechanism.The Dengying gas reservoir of Well Datan-1 shows no influence from TSR.Third,the Dengying gas reservoirs reflect high helium contents(significantly higher than that on the east side)in the Weiyuan and Datan-1 areas on the west side,which is supposed to attribute to the widespread granites in basement and efficient vertical transport along faults.Fourth,controlled by the paleo-salinity of water medium in the depositional period of the source rock,the δ^(2)HCH_(4) values of the Dengying gas reservoirs on the west side are slightly lighter than those on the east side.Fifth,the Dengying natural gas in the Datan-1 area is contributed by the source rocks of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation and the third member of the Dengying Formation,in addition to the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.展开更多
Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Alth...Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Although the presence of eight radiating structures entails a resemblance to cnidarian octocorals as well as to ctenophores, direct homologies with these extant groups are unlikely. Instead we bring attention to the helicospiral morphology of newly reported embryos from the Doushantuo Formation, suggesting that the long-sought adults of the Ediacaran embryonic metazoans have finally been found.展开更多
The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers devel...The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers developed in the periphery areas, with a possibility of forming a medium to large-sized oil-gas field. Good reservoir rocks were the upper Sinian （Dengying Formation） dolomites. The mudstone in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation with a good sealing capacity was the cap rock. The widely occurring bitumen in the Dengying Formation indicates that a paleo oil pool was once formed in the study area. The first stage of paleo oil pool formation was maturation of the lower Cambrian source rocks during the late Ordovician. Hydrocarbon generation from the lower Cambrian source rocks stopped due to the Devonian-Carboniferous uplifting. The lower Cambrian source rocks then restarted generation of large quantities of hydrocarbons after deposition of the middle Permian sediments. This was the second stage of the paleo oil pool formation. The oil in the paleo oil pool began to crack during the late Triassic and a paleo gas pool was formed. This paleo gas pool was destroyed during the Yanshan-Himalayan folding, uplifting and denudation. Bitumen can be widely seen in the Dengying Formation in wells and outcrops in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. This provides strong evidence that the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas was once an ultra-large structural-lithologic oil-gas field, which was damaged during the Yanshan-Himalayan period.展开更多
Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carb...Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Gnizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow sheff to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.展开更多
Large acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in chert of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at several localities in South China, including the East Yangtze Gorges of Hubei Province,Weng＇an area of Guizhou Provinc...Large acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in chert of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at several localities in South China, including the East Yangtze Gorges of Hubei Province,Weng＇an area of Guizhou Province, and elsewhere. However, their potential for biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Ediacaran successions is limited by facies control, taphonomic biases,and taxonomic problems. In the Yangtze Gorges, the Doushantuo Formation is generally subdivided into four lithologic members. However, in the Weng＇an area, the Doushantuo Formation comprises just a lower and upper part separated by a mid-Doushantuo erosional surface. In the Yangtze Gorges at the Zhangcunping section, the Doushantuo succession is similar to that at Weng＇an. So far, the correlation between the Yangtze Gorges and Weng＇an area, and elsewhere has been an issue of debate. To resolvethe debate, we selected eight sections in the Yangtze Gorges area and systemically sampled chert nodules of the Doushantuo Formation, focusing in particular on the upper Doushantuo Formation. Our data confirm two different assemblages appearing separately in the second and third members, which are separated by a negative δ13C excursion （EN2）. The lower assemblage is characterized by Tianzhushania and a diverse suite of large acanthomorphic acritarchs. The upper assemblage is distinguished from the lower assemblage, by （1） absence of Tianzhushania; （2） occurrence of abundant,100-150 μm, smooth-walled spherical microfossils; （3） occurrence of highly diverse acanthomorphic acritarchs including species extending from the second member and new forms in this member; （4）occurrence of unnamed new forms of protist; and （5） occurrence of the tubular microfossil Sinocyclocylicus guizhouensis. Since the Tianzhushania-dominated assemblage is not present in Australia, it seems that only the upper acanthomorph assemblage is present and thus the lower Doushantuo acanthomorph assemblage is missing in Australia.展开更多
The only major breakthrough in the exploration of the Sinian of the Sichuan Basin has been the Weiyuan gas field. Taking the typical structures in the Sichuan Basin as examples, an apatite fission track simulation was...The only major breakthrough in the exploration of the Sinian of the Sichuan Basin has been the Weiyuan gas field. Taking the typical structures in the Sichuan Basin as examples, an apatite fission track simulation was applied to constrain the thermal evolutionary history of the source rocks in this study. Combined with trap formation and evolution, the formation, destruction, and accumulation history of the Sinian reservoirs were analyzed from a dynamic perspective. The Sinian reservoirs underwent several primary stages： the paleo-reservoir formation and destruction in the late Silurian, hydrocarbon recharge in the Permian-Triassic, the cracking of oil to gas and dissolved-gas in the late Triassic-Mid-Late Jurassic, and the exsolution and accumulation of dissolved-gas as a result of episodic uplift since the Late Cretaceous. The exsolution process of dissolved-gas is of great significance to the accumulation of natural gas. The formation of the Weiyuan gas field is also related to this process. The Sinian in the Sichuan Basin has a broad exploration prospect, and exploration targets focused on the Leshan-Longnüsi Paleo-uplift tectonic zone with weak influences on potential hydrocarbon reservoirs from the late tectonism and transformation.展开更多
A new macrofossil Lagerstatte was discovered from the uppermost Ediacaran Jiucheng Member at Jinning and Jiangchuan of the eastern Yunnan, yielding numerous diverse well-preserved thallophyte macrofossils. These inclu...A new macrofossil Lagerstatte was discovered from the uppermost Ediacaran Jiucheng Member at Jinning and Jiangchuan of the eastern Yunnan, yielding numerous diverse well-preserved thallophyte macrofossils. These include the previously-known representatives of vendobionts, Vendotaenia and Tyrasotaenia, and the biggish multicellular benthos such as Chuaria-like and Tawuia- like fossiis, as well as Longfengshaniaceaens with diverse holdfast structures. There are still some other problematic macrofossils with peculiar configurations as well as uncertain relatives. The distinct dominance of the giant, unbranching thallophytes occasionally with holdfast structures distinguishes this assemblage from the other Ediacaran macrofossil Lagerstattes in the Doushantuo Formation at Miaohe, Wenghui and Lantian, and the contemporary assemblage in the Shibantan Member of Dengying Formation, Yangtze Gorges area. This paper outlines the characteristics of some of the multicellular macrofossils from the Jiucheng Member at Jiangchuan. They include some macrofossils with different types of holdfast structure, larger Chuaria-like and Tawuia-like morphology and questionable affinities as well. The discovery of greater diverse macrofossil assemblages from the Jiucheng Member of eastern Yunnan has further indicated that an important diversification and evolutionary radiation of metaphytes took place in the latest Ediacaran time. This radiation of largescale, benthic metaphyte along with phytoplankton was likely important contributors to the early Cambrian explosion of metazoans.展开更多
Phosphatic rocks are widely distributed in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Yangtze Gorges Area, South China. In this study, rare earth element geochemistry of eight phosphatic rock samples from the Hu...Phosphatic rocks are widely distributed in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Yangtze Gorges Area, South China. In this study, rare earth element geochemistry of eight phosphatic rock samples from the Hushan Section has been studied. All the samples display typical hat-shaped REE patterns, moderate negative Ce anomalies（Ce/Ce＊=0.55 to 0.67）, slightly positive Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊=1.05 to 1.22） and low Y/Ho ratios（38.2±5.6）. The hat-shaped REE patterns indicate diagenetic alteration of the primary REE signatures, which coincides with detrital siliciclastic sources of REE based on the Y/Ho ratios. The degree of Negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies may have recorded the redox features of diagenetic fluids, suggesting an anoxic environment during the phosphogenesis processes in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China. The geochemical comparison between the Lower Phosphorite Layer and Upper Phosphorite Layer at Hushan indicates a greater degree of diagenesis occurred in the Upper Layer than the Lower one. Besides the terrigenous sources of REE, organic materials could have also played a role on the REE characteristics.展开更多
The geochemistry and paleogeography of the Doushantuo succession in the Shennongjia area have been insufficiently studied. Here, we report on the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of Ediacaran Doushantuo cap carb...The geochemistry and paleogeography of the Doushantuo succession in the Shennongjia area have been insufficiently studied. Here, we report on the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of Ediacaran Doushantuo cap carbonates from four sections（Longxi, Muyu, Yazikou and Songluo） in the Shennongjia area. A large C-isotopic gradient（~5‰） between the Longxi and Songluo sections, here identified for the first time, is inferred to have been dynamically maintained by photosynthesis in surface waters and anaerobic oxidation of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） in deep waters. Spatial variation in C-isotope chemostratigraphy among the four sections was related to Marinoan post-glacial sea-level elevation changes. At Longxi, a positive δ^（13）C_（carb） shift below the horizon containing tepee-like structure resulted from intense photosynthesis during early regression. A negative δ^（13）C_（carb） shift within the tepee-horizon was triggered by sulfate reduction and freshwater mixing with ^（13）C-depleted dissolved inorganic carbon（DIC） during late regression. A positive δ^（13）C_（carb） excursion in the uppermost part of the cap carbonate was related to enhance primary productivity and organic matter burial during early transgression. At Muyu, the carbon isotopic variation tendency, which is similar to that at Longxi, may have been mildly influenced by the surface water environment. At Songluo, the positive δ^（13）C_（carb） excursion, up to-4‰ in the lower part of the cap carbonate, was probably associated with methanogenesis in deep waters during late transgression to early regression and subsequently disappeared due to decomposition of methane hydrate during late regression. At Yazikou, the consistently stable δ^（13）C_（carb） values around-4‰ indicate that the cap carbonate may have deposited at intermediate water depths. As evidenced by diagnostic sedimentary characteristics of the study sections, the palaeogeographic framework of the Shennongjia area exhibited deepening from SE to NW during the Early Ediacaran Period in the aftermath of Snowball Earth.展开更多
In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo （陡山沱） Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran. The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological anne...In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo （陡山沱） Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran. The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological annelid, for many metameres, parapodia, one possible tentale, an alimentary canal, and a dorsal vessel. The triradiate discoidal fossils belong to Trilobozoa, and the octaradiate discoidal fossil might be Ctenophora. All these fossils indicate that the megascopic metazoans have appeared in the Doushantuoian of Eidacaran and imply that the symmetrical metazoans must have originated at least 550 Ma ago.展开更多
Macroscopic organisms lived in the Yangtze Sea of South China during the Late Doushantuo period of the Ediacaran.The results of the specimen collections and statistics within each meter show that the macroscopic biota...Macroscopic organisms lived in the Yangtze Sea of South China during the Late Doushantuo period of the Ediacaran.The results of the specimen collections and statistics within each meter show that the macroscopic biota from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeast Guizhou,South China,can be subdivided into Globusphyton,Cucullus,Sectoralga-Longifuniculum, Beltanelliformis,and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities.The paleo-community evolution indicates the relationship not only between biota and environment,but also between metaphytes and metazoans.From the Globusphyton paleo-community,through to the Sectoralga-Longifuniculum paleo-community,to the Cucullus paleo-community,the increase in the abundance and diversity of metaphytes（especially the branching macroalgae）and metazoans implies that the oxygen content in the seawater increased gradually.Both the Beltanelliformis and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities could be related to a deteriorated environment and fragile ecosystem.The emergence,abundance,and diversity of macroscopic metaphytes,which were closely connected with the environmental microchanges,accelerated the process,improving the environment and increasing oxygen,and established an important platform for the development of macroscopic metazoans.展开更多
文摘The study on outcrop sequence stratigraphy of the Sinian section in the Yangtze Gorges an important step in the comprehensive stratigraphy for the Sinian stratotype. In this paper, the base of the Nantuo tillite is selected as the bottom boundary of the Sinian, and the top of the Baimatuo Member of the Dengying Formation is taken as the top boundary. The Sinian lasted from 740 the to 570 Ma. According to the features of sequence boundary facies and the parasequence sets, two supersequences are recognized in the Sinian with six sequences. In this paper, the authors discuss the correlation of those sequences. On the basis of the subsidence rate and the thickness of decompressed deposits, the authors discuss the mechanism of tectonic and sedimentation of the Dengying Formation and the features of high-frequency rhythms as well as the 3rd-order sequences in the Yangtze Gorges.
基金Supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010403)the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05004,2016ZX05007-003)the Science and Technology Project of China National Petroleum Corporation(kt2020-01-03,2021DJ06)。
文摘Based on correlation between geochemical characteristics of Sinian and Cambrian source rocks and discovered gas reservoirs,paleoand the analysis on geological conditions of reservoir formation,the sources of natural gas in the Sinian of Sichuan Basin have been discussed to sort out the contribution of Sinian source rocks to the gas reservoirs and effectiveness of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.Through the analysis of natural gas composition,carbon and hydrogen isotopes and effectiveness of Sinian accumulation assemblages,it is concluded that:(1)The natural gas derived from the Sinian source rock is characterized by low ethane content,heavy ethane carbon isotope and light methane hydrogen isotope,and obviously different from the gas generated by the Cambrian source rock.(2)The gas reservoirs discovered in Sinian Dengying Formation are sourced by Sinian and Cambrian source rocks,and the Sinian source rock contributes different proportions to the gas in the 4th member and the 2nd member of the Dengying Formation,specifically,39%and 55%to the 4th member in marginal zone and intra-platform,54%and 68%to the 2th member in the marginal zone and intra-platform respectively.(3)The effectiveness of the Sinian primary gas-bearing system depends on the gas generating effectiveness of the source kitchen,reservoir and combination of gas accumulation elements.For high-over mature marine source rocks at the Ro of less than 3.5%,besides gas generated from the thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbon,the kerogen still has some gas generation potential by thermal degradation.In addition,the Sinian microbial dolomite still preserves relatively good-quality reservoirs despite large burial depths,which match well with other basic conditions for gas accumulation in central Sichuan paleo-uplift,increasing the possibility of Sinian primary gas-bearing system.The research results confirm that the Sinian primary gas-bearing system is likely to form large-scale accumulation.
基金partly supported by grants for "Secular variation of seawater composition(No. 16740284)""Coevolution of surface environment and solid Earth from the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth to Cambrian explosion events(No.18740318)"+1 种基金the 21st Century COE Program "How to build habitable planets" at the Tokyo Institute of Technology from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology,Japanthe Mitsubishi Foundation (T.K.)
文摘Important ecological changes of the Earth （oxidization of the atmosphere and the ocean） increase in nutrient supply due to the break-up of the super continent （Rodinia） and the appearance of multi-cellular organisms （macroscopic algae and metazoan） took place in the Ediacaran period, priming the Cambrian explosion. The strong perturbations in carbon cycles in the ocean are recorded as excursions in carbonate and organic carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg） from the Ediacaran through early Cambrian periods. The Ediacaran-early Cambrian sediment records of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg, obtained from the drill-core samples in Three Gorges in South China, are compared with the results of numerical simulation of a sim- ple one-zone model of the carbon cycle of the ocean, which has two reservoirs （i.e., dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC）. The fluxes from the reservoirs are assumed to be proportional to the mass of the carbon reservoirs. We constructed a model, referred to here as the Best Fit Model （BFM）, which reproduce δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records in the Ediacaran-early Cambrian period noted above. BFM reveals that the Shuram excursion is related to three major changes in the carbon cycle or the global ecological system of the Earth： （1） an increase in the coefficient of remineralization by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to a change in the dominant metabolism from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration, （2） an increase of carbon fractionation index from 25‰, to 33‰, possibly corresponding to the change in the primary producer from rock-living cyanobacteria to free-living macro algae, and （3） an in- crease in the coefficient of the organic carbon burial by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to the onset of a biological pump driven by the flourishing metazoan and zooplankton. The former two changes took place at the start of the Shuram excursion, while the third occurred at the end of the Shuram excursion. The other two excursions are explained by the tentative decrease in primary production due to cold periods, which correspond to the Gaskiers （ca. 580 Ma） and Bikonor （ca. 542 Ma） glaciations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42172035 and 41572024)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Liaoning Universities(No.LJ202410166012)+1 种基金Geological Survey Project of China(No.DD20221645)Open Foundation(No.203124)of State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy(Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology,CAS)。
文摘The Ediacaran Period records a significant turning point in the evolution of life on Earth,witnessing the rise to ecological dominance of macroscopic tissue-grade organisms.The Wenghui biota from the Doushantuo Formation of South China hosts abundant multicellular algal macrofossils and problematica,some of which might be closely related to taxa from classic Late Ediacaran assemblages from South Australia and the White Sea biota of Russia.However,a lack of well-resolved isotopic age estimates has hampered efforts to constrain the timing of appearance of the Wenghui biota,obfuscating its significance to our understanding of Ediacaran macroevolution in the aftermath of the Snowball Earth events.Here,we present the first SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating results for samples obtained from a laminated tuff ash layer at the base of the Wenghui biota in the Doushantuo Formation,Jiangkou County,Tongren City,Guizhou Province,China.Our analyses yield an age of 595.4±5.3 Ma for the first appearance of Wenghui biota,suggesting that its appearance postdated that of the Lantian and Weng'an biotas,but preceded that of the Miaohe biota.These newly obtained age proxies offer an independent test of previous isotopic estimates for the age of the Wenghui biota,providing new chronostratigraphic evidence to map the succession of Ediacaran fossil assemblages on the Yangtze Platform during the Doushantuo interval.These data suggest that the Lantian,Weng'an,Wenghui,and Miaohe biotas may record a sequence of biotic assemblages attesting to successive phases in the radiation of Ediacaran macroscopic organisms,particularly macroalgae.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272161)PetroChina Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZZ16)Research Institute of Exploration and Development,PetroChina Southwest Oil&Gasfield Company(2024D101-01-06)。
文摘Taking the natural gas reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation on the east and west sides(Gaoshiti-Moxi area and north slope of central Sichuan paleo-uplift on the east;Weiyuan and Well Datan-1 block on the west)of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough in the Sichuan Basin,China,as the research object,the geochemical parameters(component,isotopic composition)of natural gas from the Dengying Formation in different areas are compared,and then the differences in geochemical characteristics of Dengying natural gas on the east and west sides of the Deyang-Anyue rift trough and their genesis are clarified.First,the Dengying gas reservoirs on both sides of the rift trough are predominantly composed of oil-cracking gas with high maturity,which is typical dry gas.Second,severely modified by thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR)reaction,the Dengying gas reservoirs on the east side exhibit high H2S and CO_(2) contents,with an elevated δ^(13)C_(2) value(average value higher than-29‰).The Dengying gas reservoirs in the Weiyuan area are less affected by TSR modification,though the δ^(13)C_(1) values are slightly greater than that of the reservoirs on the east side with partial reversal of carbon isotope composition,likely due to the water-soluble gas precipitation and accumulation mechanism.The Dengying gas reservoir of Well Datan-1 shows no influence from TSR.Third,the Dengying gas reservoirs reflect high helium contents(significantly higher than that on the east side)in the Weiyuan and Datan-1 areas on the west side,which is supposed to attribute to the widespread granites in basement and efficient vertical transport along faults.Fourth,controlled by the paleo-salinity of water medium in the depositional period of the source rock,the δ^(2)HCH_(4) values of the Dengying gas reservoirs on the west side are slightly lighter than those on the east side.Fifth,the Dengying natural gas in the Datan-1 area is contributed by the source rocks of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation and the third member of the Dengying Formation,in addition to the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.
基金Fieldwork and research were funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos. 40272015 and 40672022） the China Geology Survey （Grant No. 200213000042 and 1212010511607）.
文摘Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Although the presence of eight radiating structures entails a resemblance to cnidarian octocorals as well as to ctenophores, direct homologies with these extant groups are unlikely. Instead we bring attention to the helicospiral morphology of newly reported embryos from the Doushantuo Formation, suggesting that the long-sought adults of the Ediacaran embryonic metazoans have finally been found.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422106)
文摘The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers developed in the periphery areas, with a possibility of forming a medium to large-sized oil-gas field. Good reservoir rocks were the upper Sinian （Dengying Formation） dolomites. The mudstone in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation with a good sealing capacity was the cap rock. The widely occurring bitumen in the Dengying Formation indicates that a paleo oil pool was once formed in the study area. The first stage of paleo oil pool formation was maturation of the lower Cambrian source rocks during the late Ordovician. Hydrocarbon generation from the lower Cambrian source rocks stopped due to the Devonian-Carboniferous uplifting. The lower Cambrian source rocks then restarted generation of large quantities of hydrocarbons after deposition of the middle Permian sediments. This was the second stage of the paleo oil pool formation. The oil in the paleo oil pool began to crack during the late Triassic and a paleo gas pool was formed. This paleo gas pool was destroyed during the Yanshan-Himalayan folding, uplifting and denudation. Bitumen can be widely seen in the Dengying Formation in wells and outcrops in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. This provides strong evidence that the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas was once an ultra-large structural-lithologic oil-gas field, which was damaged during the Yanshan-Himalayan period.
文摘Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Gnizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow sheff to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.
文摘Large acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in chert of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at several localities in South China, including the East Yangtze Gorges of Hubei Province,Weng＇an area of Guizhou Province, and elsewhere. However, their potential for biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Ediacaran successions is limited by facies control, taphonomic biases,and taxonomic problems. In the Yangtze Gorges, the Doushantuo Formation is generally subdivided into four lithologic members. However, in the Weng＇an area, the Doushantuo Formation comprises just a lower and upper part separated by a mid-Doushantuo erosional surface. In the Yangtze Gorges at the Zhangcunping section, the Doushantuo succession is similar to that at Weng＇an. So far, the correlation between the Yangtze Gorges and Weng＇an area, and elsewhere has been an issue of debate. To resolvethe debate, we selected eight sections in the Yangtze Gorges area and systemically sampled chert nodules of the Doushantuo Formation, focusing in particular on the upper Doushantuo Formation. Our data confirm two different assemblages appearing separately in the second and third members, which are separated by a negative δ13C excursion （EN2）. The lower assemblage is characterized by Tianzhushania and a diverse suite of large acanthomorphic acritarchs. The upper assemblage is distinguished from the lower assemblage, by （1） absence of Tianzhushania; （2） occurrence of abundant,100-150 μm, smooth-walled spherical microfossils; （3） occurrence of highly diverse acanthomorphic acritarchs including species extending from the second member and new forms in this member; （4）occurrence of unnamed new forms of protist; and （5） occurrence of the tubular microfossil Sinocyclocylicus guizhouensis. Since the Tianzhushania-dominated assemblage is not present in Australia, it seems that only the upper acanthomorph assemblage is present and thus the lower Doushantuo acanthomorph assemblage is missing in Australia.
基金funded by the National Key Basic Research Programs (973) "Deep hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism of China’s marine carbonate strata" (2005CB422106)"The structure evolution in middle and upper Yangtze region and multi-period hydrocarbon accumulation in lower Paleozoic" (2012CB214805)
文摘The only major breakthrough in the exploration of the Sinian of the Sichuan Basin has been the Weiyuan gas field. Taking the typical structures in the Sichuan Basin as examples, an apatite fission track simulation was applied to constrain the thermal evolutionary history of the source rocks in this study. Combined with trap formation and evolution, the formation, destruction, and accumulation history of the Sinian reservoirs were analyzed from a dynamic perspective. The Sinian reservoirs underwent several primary stages： the paleo-reservoir formation and destruction in the late Silurian, hydrocarbon recharge in the Permian-Triassic, the cracking of oil to gas and dissolved-gas in the late Triassic-Mid-Late Jurassic, and the exsolution and accumulation of dissolved-gas as a result of episodic uplift since the Late Cretaceous. The exsolution process of dissolved-gas is of great significance to the accumulation of natural gas. The formation of the Weiyuan gas field is also related to this process. The Sinian in the Sichuan Basin has a broad exploration prospect, and exploration targets focused on the Leshan-Longnüsi Paleo-uplift tectonic zone with weak influences on potential hydrocarbon reservoirs from the late tectonism and transformation.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Stratigraphy and Paleontology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(Grant No.JB0705)the Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(Grant No.J0716)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40272015,40672022)the China Geology Survey Grant(Grant Nos.1212010511607,200213000042)
文摘A new macrofossil Lagerstatte was discovered from the uppermost Ediacaran Jiucheng Member at Jinning and Jiangchuan of the eastern Yunnan, yielding numerous diverse well-preserved thallophyte macrofossils. These include the previously-known representatives of vendobionts, Vendotaenia and Tyrasotaenia, and the biggish multicellular benthos such as Chuaria-like and Tawuia- like fossiis, as well as Longfengshaniaceaens with diverse holdfast structures. There are still some other problematic macrofossils with peculiar configurations as well as uncertain relatives. The distinct dominance of the giant, unbranching thallophytes occasionally with holdfast structures distinguishes this assemblage from the other Ediacaran macrofossil Lagerstattes in the Doushantuo Formation at Miaohe, Wenghui and Lantian, and the contemporary assemblage in the Shibantan Member of Dengying Formation, Yangtze Gorges area. This paper outlines the characteristics of some of the multicellular macrofossils from the Jiucheng Member at Jiangchuan. They include some macrofossils with different types of holdfast structure, larger Chuaria-like and Tawuia-like morphology and questionable affinities as well. The discovery of greater diverse macrofossil assemblages from the Jiucheng Member of eastern Yunnan has further indicated that an important diversification and evolutionary radiation of metaphytes took place in the latest Ediacaran time. This radiation of largescale, benthic metaphyte along with phytoplankton was likely important contributors to the early Cambrian explosion of metazoans.
基金supported by projects from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41230102,41273009)the National 973 project (No. 2013CB835000)
文摘Phosphatic rocks are widely distributed in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in Yangtze Gorges Area, South China. In this study, rare earth element geochemistry of eight phosphatic rock samples from the Hushan Section has been studied. All the samples display typical hat-shaped REE patterns, moderate negative Ce anomalies（Ce/Ce＊=0.55 to 0.67）, slightly positive Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊=1.05 to 1.22） and low Y/Ho ratios（38.2±5.6）. The hat-shaped REE patterns indicate diagenetic alteration of the primary REE signatures, which coincides with detrital siliciclastic sources of REE based on the Y/Ho ratios. The degree of Negative Ce anomalies and positive Eu anomalies may have recorded the redox features of diagenetic fluids, suggesting an anoxic environment during the phosphogenesis processes in Neoproterozoic Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, South China. The geochemical comparison between the Lower Phosphorite Layer and Upper Phosphorite Layer at Hushan indicates a greater degree of diagenesis occurred in the Upper Layer than the Lower one. Besides the terrigenous sources of REE, organic materials could have also played a role on the REE characteristics.
基金supported by State Key R&D project of China (No.2016YFA0601100)the international IMBER project+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41472085, 41172102)China Scholarship Council
文摘The geochemistry and paleogeography of the Doushantuo succession in the Shennongjia area have been insufficiently studied. Here, we report on the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of Ediacaran Doushantuo cap carbonates from four sections（Longxi, Muyu, Yazikou and Songluo） in the Shennongjia area. A large C-isotopic gradient（~5‰） between the Longxi and Songluo sections, here identified for the first time, is inferred to have been dynamically maintained by photosynthesis in surface waters and anaerobic oxidation of dissolved organic carbon（DOC） in deep waters. Spatial variation in C-isotope chemostratigraphy among the four sections was related to Marinoan post-glacial sea-level elevation changes. At Longxi, a positive δ^（13）C_（carb） shift below the horizon containing tepee-like structure resulted from intense photosynthesis during early regression. A negative δ^（13）C_（carb） shift within the tepee-horizon was triggered by sulfate reduction and freshwater mixing with ^（13）C-depleted dissolved inorganic carbon（DIC） during late regression. A positive δ^（13）C_（carb） excursion in the uppermost part of the cap carbonate was related to enhance primary productivity and organic matter burial during early transgression. At Muyu, the carbon isotopic variation tendency, which is similar to that at Longxi, may have been mildly influenced by the surface water environment. At Songluo, the positive δ^（13）C_（carb） excursion, up to-4‰ in the lower part of the cap carbonate, was probably associated with methanogenesis in deep waters during late transgression to early regression and subsequently disappeared due to decomposition of methane hydrate during late regression. At Yazikou, the consistently stable δ^（13）C_（carb） values around-4‰ indicate that the cap carbonate may have deposited at intermediate water depths. As evidenced by diagnostic sedimentary characteristics of the study sections, the palaeogeographic framework of the Shennongjia area exhibited deepening from SE to NW during the Early Ediacaran Period in the aftermath of Snowball Earth.
基金the Science and TechnologyFoundation of Guizhou Province (No. J-2006-2099)the Stadholder Foundation of Guizhou Provincethe SINOPECProject (No. G0800-08-ZS-319).
文摘In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo （陡山沱） Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran. The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological annelid, for many metameres, parapodia, one possible tentale, an alimentary canal, and a dorsal vessel. The triradiate discoidal fossils belong to Trilobozoa, and the octaradiate discoidal fossil might be Ctenophora. All these fossils indicate that the megascopic metazoans have appeared in the Doushantuoian of Eidacaran and imply that the symmetrical metazoans must have originated at least 550 Ma ago.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(no40739901 and 40621002)the National Science Foundation of Guizhou Province(J- 2010-2030)the Stadholder Foundation of Guizhou Province
文摘Macroscopic organisms lived in the Yangtze Sea of South China during the Late Doushantuo period of the Ediacaran.The results of the specimen collections and statistics within each meter show that the macroscopic biota from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeast Guizhou,South China,can be subdivided into Globusphyton,Cucullus,Sectoralga-Longifuniculum, Beltanelliformis,and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities.The paleo-community evolution indicates the relationship not only between biota and environment,but also between metaphytes and metazoans.From the Globusphyton paleo-community,through to the Sectoralga-Longifuniculum paleo-community,to the Cucullus paleo-community,the increase in the abundance and diversity of metaphytes（especially the branching macroalgae）and metazoans implies that the oxygen content in the seawater increased gradually.Both the Beltanelliformis and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities could be related to a deteriorated environment and fragile ecosystem.The emergence,abundance,and diversity of macroscopic metaphytes,which were closely connected with the environmental microchanges,accelerated the process,improving the environment and increasing oxygen,and established an important platform for the development of macroscopic metazoans.
