Single-entity collisional electrochemistry(SECE)is a branch of single-entity electrochemistry.It can directly characterize entities/particles with single particle resolution through random collisions between particles...Single-entity collisional electrochemistry(SECE)is a branch of single-entity electrochemistry.It can directly characterize entities/particles with single particle resolution through random collisions between particles and electrodes in a solution,and obtain rich physicochemical information,thus becoming one of the frontiers of electroanalytical chemistry in the past two decades.Interestingly,the(micro/nanoscale)sensing electrodes have evolved from a polarizable liquid/liquid(mercury/liquid)interface to a solid/liquid interface and then to a liquid/liquid interface(i.e.,an interface between twoimmiscible electrolyte solutions,ITIES),as if they have completed a cycle(but in fact they have not).ITIES has become the latest sensing electrode in the booming SECE due to its polarizability(up to 1.1 V at the water/a,a,a-trifluorotoluene interface)and high reproducibility.The four measurement modes(direct electrolysis,mediated electrolysis,current blockade,and charge displacement)developed in the realm of SECE at solid/liquid interfaces have also been fully realized at the miniature ITIES.This article will discuss these four modes at the ITIES from the perspectives of basic concepts,operating mechanisms,and latest developments(e.g.,discovery of ionosomes,blockade effect of Faradaic ion transfer,etc.),and look forward to the future development and direction of this emerging field.展开更多
Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)has been widely applied in imaging owing to features that distinguish it from other microscopic techniques and electrochemical methods,including its high signal-to-noise ratio,remarkable s...Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)has been widely applied in imaging owing to features that distinguish it from other microscopic techniques and electrochemical methods,including its high signal-to-noise ratio,remarkable sensitivity,wide linear range,high spatiotemporal resolution,and near-zero background light.Imaging technology based on ECL has been used in the fields of immunosensing,pathological cell detection,and drug analysis.Additionally,its simple operation and ability to detect dynamic processes and catalytic sites strengthen its potential for research on material surfaces and interfaces,in vivo biological analysis,and cell visualization.At the same time,the emergence of a variety of nanomaterials and new microscopic analysis equipment has further promoted the development of high-resolution ECL imaging technology.This paper introduces the development of ECL technology and the mechanisms of the main ECL systems.It then describes various forms of ECL imaging methods,and reviews research progress on ECL imaging technology in the fields of single-particle imaging,fingerprint structure analysis,and single-cell microscopic imaging.Finally,the authors offer their views about the prospects for ECL imaging technology.展开更多
Empirical research in accounting has lately focused much on sophisticated statistical methodology and econometrics and relatively less on conceptualization of the issues concerned. This essay is written to highlight t...Empirical research in accounting has lately focused much on sophisticated statistical methodology and econometrics and relatively less on conceptualization of the issues concerned. This essay is written to highlight the conceptualization of the issues as an important ingredient of empirical research in accounting. I present two methods of conceptualization – the single-entity approach and the game theoretic approach. I give several examples in accounting research to explain the conceptualization process. I hope that this essay will fill a much needed void in the research process in accounting and restore the balance between conceptualization and methodology.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21904143).
文摘Single-entity collisional electrochemistry(SECE)is a branch of single-entity electrochemistry.It can directly characterize entities/particles with single particle resolution through random collisions between particles and electrodes in a solution,and obtain rich physicochemical information,thus becoming one of the frontiers of electroanalytical chemistry in the past two decades.Interestingly,the(micro/nanoscale)sensing electrodes have evolved from a polarizable liquid/liquid(mercury/liquid)interface to a solid/liquid interface and then to a liquid/liquid interface(i.e.,an interface between twoimmiscible electrolyte solutions,ITIES),as if they have completed a cycle(but in fact they have not).ITIES has become the latest sensing electrode in the booming SECE due to its polarizability(up to 1.1 V at the water/a,a,a-trifluorotoluene interface)and high reproducibility.The four measurement modes(direct electrolysis,mediated electrolysis,current blockade,and charge displacement)developed in the realm of SECE at solid/liquid interfaces have also been fully realized at the miniature ITIES.This article will discuss these four modes at the ITIES from the perspectives of basic concepts,operating mechanisms,and latest developments(e.g.,discovery of ionosomes,blockade effect of Faradaic ion transfer,etc.),and look forward to the future development and direction of this emerging field.
基金The authors thank National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21874126 and 22174136)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)+1 种基金Agence Nationale de la Recherche(ELISE-ANR-21-CE42)Translation of Combination Research of First Hospital of Jilin University and Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,CAS-VPST Silk Road Science Fund 2021(GJHZ202125 and INSF 99008701)for financial support.
文摘Electrochemiluminescence(ECL)has been widely applied in imaging owing to features that distinguish it from other microscopic techniques and electrochemical methods,including its high signal-to-noise ratio,remarkable sensitivity,wide linear range,high spatiotemporal resolution,and near-zero background light.Imaging technology based on ECL has been used in the fields of immunosensing,pathological cell detection,and drug analysis.Additionally,its simple operation and ability to detect dynamic processes and catalytic sites strengthen its potential for research on material surfaces and interfaces,in vivo biological analysis,and cell visualization.At the same time,the emergence of a variety of nanomaterials and new microscopic analysis equipment has further promoted the development of high-resolution ECL imaging technology.This paper introduces the development of ECL technology and the mechanisms of the main ECL systems.It then describes various forms of ECL imaging methods,and reviews research progress on ECL imaging technology in the fields of single-particle imaging,fingerprint structure analysis,and single-cell microscopic imaging.Finally,the authors offer their views about the prospects for ECL imaging technology.
文摘Empirical research in accounting has lately focused much on sophisticated statistical methodology and econometrics and relatively less on conceptualization of the issues concerned. This essay is written to highlight the conceptualization of the issues as an important ingredient of empirical research in accounting. I present two methods of conceptualization – the single-entity approach and the game theoretic approach. I give several examples in accounting research to explain the conceptualization process. I hope that this essay will fill a much needed void in the research process in accounting and restore the balance between conceptualization and methodology.
