Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important a...Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.展开更多
V-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1(RAF1),a serine/threonine protein kinase,is well established to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cell development.However,the specific role of hypothalamic RAF1 in regulating ene...V-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1(RAF1),a serine/threonine protein kinase,is well established to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cell development.However,the specific role of hypothalamic RAF1 in regulating energy metabolism remains unknown.In this study,we found that the expression of RAF1 was significantly increased in hypothalamic AgRP neurons of diet-induced obesity(DIO)mice.Under normal chow diet feeding,overexpression of Raf1 in AgRP neurons led to obesity in mice characterized by increased body weight,fat mass,and impaired glucose tolerance.Conversely,Raf1 knockout in AgRP neurons protected against diet-induced obesity,reducing fat mass and improving glucose tolerance.Mechanistically,Raf1 activated the MAPK signaling pathway,culminating in the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB),which enhanced transcription of Agrp and Npy.Insulin stimulation further potentiated the RAF1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-CREB axis,highlighting RAF1's role in integrating hormonal and nutritional signals to regulate energy balance.Collectively,these findings underscore the important role of RAF1 in AgRP neurons in maintaining energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis,positioning it and its downstream pathways as potential therapeutic targets for innovative strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases.展开更多
The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the cent...The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.展开更多
This narrative review examines recent advances in salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),a major subtype of oral cancer with persistently low five-year survival rates due to delayed diagnosis.Saliv...This narrative review examines recent advances in salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),a major subtype of oral cancer with persistently low five-year survival rates due to delayed diagnosis.Saliva has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic medium capable of reflecting both local tumor activity and systemic physiological changes.Various salivary biomarkers,including microRNAs,cytokines,proteins,metabolites,and exosomes,have been linked to oncogenic signaling pathways involved in tumor progression,immune modulation,and therapeutic resistance.Advances in quantitative polymerase chain reaction,mass spectrometry,and next-generation sequencing have enabled comprehensive biomarker profiling,while point-of-care detection systems and saliva-based omics platforms are accelerating clinical translation.Remaining challenges include variability in salivary composition,lack of standardized collection protocols,and insufficient validation across large patient cohorts.This review highlights the mechanistic relevance,diagnostic potential,and translational challenges of salivary biomarkers in OSCC.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the anti-atherosclerosis effect of chikusetsusaponinⅣ(CSⅣ)against high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats.Methods:A high-fat diet was used for the induction of atherosclerosis in rats,...Objective:To investigate the anti-atherosclerosis effect of chikusetsusaponinⅣ(CSⅣ)against high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats.Methods:A high-fat diet was used for the induction of atherosclerosis in rats,and the rats received oral CSⅣor atorvastatin.The body weight,organ weights,food intake,calorie intake,lipid parameters,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A(HMG-CoA)/mevalonate ratio,collagen,free fatty acid,cardiac parameters,apolipoprotein(A and B),antioxidant parameters,inflammatory cytokines,and inflammatory parameters were assessed.The mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-6,IL-17,PI3K,AKT,and mTOR were estimated.Results:CSⅣsignificantly modulated food intake,body weight,organ weight(liver,kidney,and heart),and calories(P<0.05).Total cholesterol,triglycerides,very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,cardiovascular risk index-1,and cardiovascular risk index-2 were decreased,while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and anti-atherogenic index were increased significantly in the CSⅣgroup(P<0.05).Besides,CSⅣsignificantly restored the level of HMG-CoA/mevalonate ratio,collagen,free fatty acid,cardiac parameters(creatinine kinase-MB,lactate dehydrogenase,cTnT,cTnI),apolipoprotein(apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B),antioxidant parameters(MDA,CAT,GPx,GSH,SOD),inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10),inflammatory parameters(COX-2,TGF-β,NF-κB),intercellular adhesion molecule-1,vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.CSⅣalso decreased the mRNA expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17,PI3K,AKT,and mTOR.Conclusions:This study showed the anti-atherosclerosis effect of CSⅣagainst high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats via alteration of NF-κB/COX-2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.展开更多
Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in...Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in the maritime environment.This paper proposes a novel method for estimating target time delay using multi-bright spot echoes,assuming the target’s size and depth are known.Aiming to effectively enhance the extraction of geometric features from the target echoes and mitigate the impact of reverberation and noise,the proposed approach employs the fractional order Fourier transform-frequency sliced wavelet transform to extract multi-bright spot echoes.Using the highlighting model theory and the target size information,an observation matrix is constructed to represent multi-angle incident signals and obtain the theoretical scattered echo signals from different angles.Aiming to accurately estimate the target’s time delay,waveform similarity coefficients and mean square error values between the theoretical return signals and received signals are computed across various incident angles and time delays.Simulation results show that,compared to the conventional matched filter,the proposed algorithm reduces the relative error by 65.9%-91.5%at a signal-to noise ratio of-25 dB,and by 66.7%-88.9%at a signal-to-reverberation ratio of−10 dB.This algorithm provides a new approach for the precise localization of submerged targets in shallow water environments.展开更多
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central com...Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central complications.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),the most prevalent type of diabetes,affects more than 38 million individuals in the United States(approximately 1 in 10)and is defined by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance,which refers to a reduced cellular response to insulin.展开更多
Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et a...Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et al.,2022).This molecular event is believed to lead to activation of stress pathways ultimately resulting in cellular dysfunction(Eldeeb et al.,2022).Accordingly,many lines of research investigations focused on dampening the formation of protein aggregates or augmenting the clearance of protein aggregates as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the progression of neurodegenerative diseases,albeit with little success(Costa-Mattioli and Walter,2020).Cell stress cues such as the accumulation of protein aggregates lead to the activation of stress response pathways that aid cells in responding to the damage.Despite the notion that the transient activation of these pathways helps cells cope with stressors,persistent activation can induce unwanted apoptosis of cells and reduce overall tissue strength as well as lead to an accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins(Hetz and Papa,2018).Mutations in proteins involved in stress signaling termination can cause conditions like ataxia and early-onset dementia(Conroy et al.,2014).Therefore,it is crucial for stress response signaling to be turned off once conditions have improved.Nevertheless,the mechanisms by which cells silence these signals are still elusive.展开更多
This reviewpresents a comprehensive technical analysis of deep learning(DL)methodologies in biomedical signal processing,focusing on architectural innovations,experimental validation,and evaluation frameworks.We syste...This reviewpresents a comprehensive technical analysis of deep learning(DL)methodologies in biomedical signal processing,focusing on architectural innovations,experimental validation,and evaluation frameworks.We systematically evaluate key deep learning architectures including convolutional neural networks(CNNs),recurrent neural networks(RNNs),transformer-based models,and hybrid systems across critical tasks such as arrhythmia classification,seizure detection,and anomaly segmentation.The study dissects preprocessing techniques(e.g.,wavelet denoising,spectral normalization)and feature extraction strategies(time-frequency analysis,attention mechanisms),demonstrating their impact on model accuracy,noise robustness,and computational efficiency.Experimental results underscore the superiority of deep learning over traditional methods,particularly in automated feature extraction,real-time processing,cross-modal generalization,and achieving up to a 15%increase in classification accuracy and enhanced noise resilience across electrocardiogram(ECG),electroencephalogram(EEG),and electromyogram(EMG)signals.Performance is rigorously benchmarked using precision,recall,F1-scores,area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC-ROC),and computational complexitymetrics,providing a unified framework for comparing model efficacy.Thesurvey addresses persistent challenges:synthetic data generationmitigates limited training samples,interpretability tools(e.g.,Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM),Shapley values)resolve model opacity,and federated learning ensures privacy-compliant deployments.Distinguished from prior reviews,this work offers a structured taxonomy of deep learning architectures,integrates emerging paradigms like transformers and domain-specific attention mechanisms,and evaluates preprocessing pipelines for spectral-temporal trade-offs.It advances the field by bridging technical advancements with clinical needs,such as scalability in real-world settings(e.g.,wearable devices)and regulatory alignment with theHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act(HIPAA)and General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR).By synthesizing technical rigor,ethical considerations,and actionable guidelines for model selection,this survey establishes a holistic reference for developing robust,interpretable biomedical artificial intelligence(AI)systems,accelerating their translation into personalized and equitable healthcare solutions.展开更多
Ca^(2+)signaling plays crucial roles in plant stress responses,including defense against insects.To counteract insect feeding,different parts of a plant deploy systemic signaling to communicate and coordinate defense ...Ca^(2+)signaling plays crucial roles in plant stress responses,including defense against insects.To counteract insect feeding,different parts of a plant deploy systemic signaling to communicate and coordinate defense responses,but little is known about the underlying mechanisms.In this study,micrografting,in vivo imaging of Ca^(2+)and reactive oxygen species(ROS),quantification of jasmonic acid(JA)and defensive metabolites,and bioassay were used to study how Arabidopsis seedlings regulate systemic responses in leaves after hypocotyls are wounded.We show that wounding hypocotyls rapidly activated both Ca^(2+)and ROS signals in leaves.RBOHD,which functions to produce ROS,along with two glutamate receptors GLR3.3 and GLR3.6,but not individually RBOHD or GLR3.3 and GLR3.6,in hypocotyls regulate the dynamics of systemic Ca^(2+)signals in leaves.In line with the systemic Ca^(2+)signals,after wounding hypocotyl,RBOHD,GLR3.3,and GLR3.6 in hypocotyl also cooperatively regulate the transcriptome,hormone jasmonic acid,and defensive secondary metabolites in leaves of Arabidopsis seedlings,thus controlling the systemic resistance to insects.Unlike leaf-to-leaf systemic signaling,this study reveals the unique regulation of wounding-induced hypocotyl-to-leaf systemic signaling and sheds new light on how different plant organs use complex signaling pathways to modulate defense responses.展开更多
Lateral flow immunoassay(LFIA),a rapid detection technique noted for simplicity and economy,has showcased indispensable applicability in diverse domains such as disease screening,food safety,and environmental monitori...Lateral flow immunoassay(LFIA),a rapid detection technique noted for simplicity and economy,has showcased indispensable applicability in diverse domains such as disease screening,food safety,and environmental monitoring.Nevertheless,challenges still exist in detecting ultra-low concentration analytes due to the inherent sensitivity limitations of LFIA.Recently,significant advances have been achieved by integrating enzyme activity probes and transforming LFIA into a highly sensitive tool for rapidly detecting trace analyte concentrations.Specifically,modifying natural enzymes or engineered nanozymes allows them to function as immune probes,directly catalyzing the production of signal molecules or indirectly initiating enzyme activity.Therefore,the signal intensity and detection sensitivity of LFIA are markedly elevated.The present review undertakes a comprehensive examination of pertinent research literature,offering a systematic analysis of recently proposed enzyme-based signal amplification strategies.By way of comparative assessment,the merits and demerits of current approaches are delineated,along with the identification of research avenues that still need to be explored.It is anticipated that this critical overview will garner considerable attention within the biomedical and materials science communities,providing valuable direction and insight toward the advancement of high-performance LFIA technologies.展开更多
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,progressive inflammatory condition of the intestine.Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)therapy for IBD has made significant progress in recent years.To better exploit the ...BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,progressive inflammatory condition of the intestine.Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)therapy for IBD has made significant progress in recent years.To better exploit the therapeutic potential of MSCs,pretreatment strategies are employed to enhance their therapeutic capabilities.As a compound with diverse pharmacological effects,quercetin(QUR)is applied to pretreat human umbilical cord-derived MSCs(hUCMSCs)in this study,thereby augmenting their immunotherapeutic potential.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of QUR-pretreated hUCMSCs.METHODS We induced colitis in a mouse model using a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution.Intraperitoneal injection of QUR-pretreated hUCMSCs significantly improved clinical and pathological manifestations of colitis compared to the model group.Interestingly,the therapeutic effect was superior to that of untreated hUCMSCs.Mice exhibited significantly reduced weight loss,diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells observed in hematoxylin and eosin staining,improved Disease Activity Index and Histological Activity Index scores.Furthermore,colonic tissue analysis revealed a significant upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10(IL-10),accompanied by a downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.Further tests also suggested that QUR pretreatment led to inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)phosphorylation.RESULTS Our study demonstrated that QUR pretreatment of hUCMSCs significantly enhanced their immune-regulatory capacity.This approach effectively mitigated colonic inflammation in a mouse colitis model by modulating the IL-10/Janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that QUR pretreatment acts synergistically to augment the inherent anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties of hUCMSCs,resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy for IBD treatment.展开更多
Non-cooperative communication detection is a key technology for locating radio interfer-ence sources and conducting reconnaissance on adversary radiation sources.To meet the require-ments of wide-area monitoring,a sin...Non-cooperative communication detection is a key technology for locating radio interfer-ence sources and conducting reconnaissance on adversary radiation sources.To meet the require-ments of wide-area monitoring,a single interception channel often contains mixed multi-source sig-nals and interference,resulting in generally low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the received signals;meanwhile,improving detection quality urgently requires either high frequency resolution or high-time resolution,which poses severe challenges to detection techniques based on time-frequency rep-resentations(TFR).To address this issue,this paper proposes a fixed-frame-structure signal detec-tion algorithm that integrates image enhancement and multi-scale template matching:first,the Otsu-Sauvola hybrid thresholding algorithm is employed to enhance TFR features,suppress noise interference,and extract time-frequency parameters of potential target signals(such as bandwidth and occurrence time);then,by exploiting the inherent time-frequency characteristics of the fixed-frame structure,the signal is subjected to multi-scale transformation(with either high-frequency resolution or high-time resolution),and accurate detection is achieved through the corresponding multi-scale template matching.Experimental results demonstrate that under 0 dB SNR conditions,the proposed algorithm achieves a detection rate greater than 87%,representing a significant improvement over traditional methods.展开更多
This thesis addresses the issues existing in traditional laser tracking displacement measurement technology in the field of ultraprecision metrology by designing a differential signal processing circuit for high-preci...This thesis addresses the issues existing in traditional laser tracking displacement measurement technology in the field of ultraprecision metrology by designing a differential signal processing circuit for high-precision laser interferometric displacement measurement.A stable power supply module is designed to provide low-noise voltage to the entire circuit.An analog circuit system is constructed,including key circuits such as photoelectric sensors,I-V amplification,zero adjustment,fully differential amplification,and amplitude modulation filtering.To acquire and process signals,the PMAC Acc24E3 data acquisition card is selected,which realizes phase demodulation through reversible square wave counting,inverts displacement information,and a visual interface for the host computer is designed.Experimental verification shows that the designed system achieves micrometer-level measurement accuracy within a range of 0-10mm,with a maximum measurement error of less than 1.2μm,a maximum measurement speed of 6m/s,and a resolution better than 0.158μm.展开更多
The phytohormone auxin exerts control over remarkable developmental processes in plants.It moves from cell to cell,resulting in the creation of both extracellular auxin and intracellular auxin,which are recognized by ...The phytohormone auxin exerts control over remarkable developmental processes in plants.It moves from cell to cell,resulting in the creation of both extracellular auxin and intracellular auxin,which are recognized by distinct auxin receptors.These two auxin signaling systems govern different auxin responses while working together to regulate plant development.In this review,we outline the latest research advancements in unraveling these auxin signaling pathways,encompassing auxin perception and signaling transductions.We emphasize the interaction between extracellular and intracellular auxin,which contributes to the intricate role of auxin in plant development.展开更多
The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory si...The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.展开更多
Reliable detection of weak phase signals under significant channel loss and complex noise environments is a crucial step for practical applications of optical integrated communication and sensing systems. In this lett...Reliable detection of weak phase signals under significant channel loss and complex noise environments is a crucial step for practical applications of optical integrated communication and sensing systems. In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an enhanced long-distance weak signal transmission method assisted by weak measurement. Performing heterodyne detection and light intensity compensation on two nearly symmetric post-selected paths, the method enables real-time estimation of a time-varying phase while maintaining robustness against technical noises proportional to light intensity or photon number, detector common-mode noise, and significant attenuation over long-distance transmission. Experimental results indicate a potential phase sensitivity at the level of 10-8rad even with a signal light intensity attenuation of 48.1 d B. Potentially, combining the adaptive adjustment strategy, the method may provide a viable solution in remote weak signal detection and extraction,thereby contributing to optical integrated communication and sensing.展开更多
Objectives:PI3K plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory response by modulating the production and release of inflammatory factors.Pik3cb is one of the subunits of PI3K,and its specific role in myocardium inflammation...Objectives:PI3K plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory response by modulating the production and release of inflammatory factors.Pik3cb is one of the subunits of PI3K,and its specific role in myocardium inflammation remains unelucidated.This study aimed to investigate the role of Pik3cb in the inflammatory response and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:An inflammation model was established using H9c2 cells treated with LPS and ATP,and Pik3cb expression was evaluated in this model system.Subsequently,an overexpression model was constructed by transfecting cells with a Pik3cb overexpression plasmid,after which the effects of Pik3cb overexpression on the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathways were assessed.Results:These analyses revealed that the expression and distribution of Pik3cb were significantly reduced in the LPS/ATP-induced cellular inflammation model group,whereas plasmid-mediated overexpression of Pik3cb significantly inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in response to LPS/ATP stimulation.Additionally,the LPS/ATP-induced activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 axis was significantly inhibited following Pik3cb overexpression.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that Pik3cb acts as a negative regulator of LPS/ATP-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes,exerting anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis.These findings provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of myocardial inflammation.展开更多
The canonical signaling of interferon gamma(IFN-γ)through the Janus kinase 1 and 2–signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)axis leads to the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes(ISGs),w...The canonical signaling of interferon gamma(IFN-γ)through the Janus kinase 1 and 2–signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)axis leads to the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes(ISGs),which have diverse effects depending on the cellular context.In glioblastoma,a highly aggressive primary brain tumor in adults,elements of IFN-γcanonical signaling are deregulated,resulting in the overexpression of STAT1-target ISGs associated with tumor progression.This mini-review highlights key ISGs,including STAT1,interferon regulatory factor 1,programmed death-ligand 1,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1,and interferon-stimulated gene 15,involved in the pathology of glioblastoma.These genes may serve as valuable biomarkers and have therapeutic potential for targeting IFN-γsignaling in this malignancy.展开更多
According to the measurement principle of the traditional interferometer,a narrowband signal model is established and used,however,for wideband signals or multiple signals,this model is invalid.For the problems of dir...According to the measurement principle of the traditional interferometer,a narrowband signal model is established and used,however,for wideband signals or multiple signals,this model is invalid.For the problems of direction finding with interferometer for wideband signals and multiple signals scene,a frequency domain phase interferometer is proposed and the concrete implementation scheme is given.The proposed method computes the phase difference in frequency domain,and finds multi-target results with judging the spectrum amplitude changing,and uses the frequency phase difference to compute the arrival angle.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method effectively solves the problem of the angle estimation with phase interferometer for wideband signals,and has good performance in multiple signals scene with nonoverlapping spectrum or partially overlapping.In addition,the wider the signal bandwidth,the better direction finding performance of this algorithm.展开更多
基金the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Qassim University for financial support(QU-APC-2024-9/1).
文摘Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.
基金support from various sources,including the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81570774,82070872,92049118,and 82370854)the Junior Thousand Talents Program of China,and the Nanjing Medical University Startup Fund(All awarded to J.L.)support provided by Jiangsu Province's Innovation Personal as well as Innovative and Entrepreneurial Team of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.JSSCTD2021)(All awarded to J.L.).
文摘V-raf-leukemia viral oncogene 1(RAF1),a serine/threonine protein kinase,is well established to play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cell development.However,the specific role of hypothalamic RAF1 in regulating energy metabolism remains unknown.In this study,we found that the expression of RAF1 was significantly increased in hypothalamic AgRP neurons of diet-induced obesity(DIO)mice.Under normal chow diet feeding,overexpression of Raf1 in AgRP neurons led to obesity in mice characterized by increased body weight,fat mass,and impaired glucose tolerance.Conversely,Raf1 knockout in AgRP neurons protected against diet-induced obesity,reducing fat mass and improving glucose tolerance.Mechanistically,Raf1 activated the MAPK signaling pathway,culminating in the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein(CREB),which enhanced transcription of Agrp and Npy.Insulin stimulation further potentiated the RAF1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2-CREB axis,highlighting RAF1's role in integrating hormonal and nutritional signals to regulate energy balance.Collectively,these findings underscore the important role of RAF1 in AgRP neurons in maintaining energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis,positioning it and its downstream pathways as potential therapeutic targets for innovative strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases.
基金supported by the Wellcome Trust(grant No.103852).
文摘The nervous system function requires a precise but plastic neural architecture.The neuronal shape dictates how neurons interact with each other and with other cells,being the morphology of dendrites and axons the central determinant of the functional properties of neurons and neural circuits.The topological and structural morphology of axons and dendrites defines and determines how synapses are conformed.The morphological diversity of axon and dendrite arborization governs the neuron’s inputs,synaptic integration,neuronal computation,signal transmission,and network circuitry,hence defining the particular connectivity and function of the different brain areas.
基金supported by the College of Oral Medicine,Taipei Medical University,Taipei,Taiwan(Grant No.TMUCOM202502)supported by Taipei Medical University Hospital,Taipei,Taiwan(Grant No.114TMUH-NE-05).
文摘This narrative review examines recent advances in salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),a major subtype of oral cancer with persistently low five-year survival rates due to delayed diagnosis.Saliva has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic medium capable of reflecting both local tumor activity and systemic physiological changes.Various salivary biomarkers,including microRNAs,cytokines,proteins,metabolites,and exosomes,have been linked to oncogenic signaling pathways involved in tumor progression,immune modulation,and therapeutic resistance.Advances in quantitative polymerase chain reaction,mass spectrometry,and next-generation sequencing have enabled comprehensive biomarker profiling,while point-of-care detection systems and saliva-based omics platforms are accelerating clinical translation.Remaining challenges include variability in salivary composition,lack of standardized collection protocols,and insufficient validation across large patient cohorts.This review highlights the mechanistic relevance,diagnostic potential,and translational challenges of salivary biomarkers in OSCC.
基金funded by the Yancheng Municipal Health Commission 2024 Medical Research Project(YK2024166).
文摘Objective:To investigate the anti-atherosclerosis effect of chikusetsusaponinⅣ(CSⅣ)against high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats.Methods:A high-fat diet was used for the induction of atherosclerosis in rats,and the rats received oral CSⅣor atorvastatin.The body weight,organ weights,food intake,calorie intake,lipid parameters,3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A(HMG-CoA)/mevalonate ratio,collagen,free fatty acid,cardiac parameters,apolipoprotein(A and B),antioxidant parameters,inflammatory cytokines,and inflammatory parameters were assessed.The mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-6,IL-17,PI3K,AKT,and mTOR were estimated.Results:CSⅣsignificantly modulated food intake,body weight,organ weight(liver,kidney,and heart),and calories(P<0.05).Total cholesterol,triglycerides,very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,cardiovascular risk index-1,and cardiovascular risk index-2 were decreased,while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and anti-atherogenic index were increased significantly in the CSⅣgroup(P<0.05).Besides,CSⅣsignificantly restored the level of HMG-CoA/mevalonate ratio,collagen,free fatty acid,cardiac parameters(creatinine kinase-MB,lactate dehydrogenase,cTnT,cTnI),apolipoprotein(apolipoprotein A and apolipoprotein B),antioxidant parameters(MDA,CAT,GPx,GSH,SOD),inflammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10),inflammatory parameters(COX-2,TGF-β,NF-κB),intercellular adhesion molecule-1,vascular cell adhesion molecule-1,and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.CSⅣalso decreased the mRNA expression of IL-1β,TNF-α,IL-6,IL-17,PI3K,AKT,and mTOR.Conclusions:This study showed the anti-atherosclerosis effect of CSⅣagainst high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in rats via alteration of NF-κB/COX-2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Acoustics and Marine Information Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKL A202507).
文摘Accurate time delay estimation of target echo signals is a critical component of underwater target localization.In active sonar systems,echo signal processing is vulnerable to the effects of reverberation and noise in the maritime environment.This paper proposes a novel method for estimating target time delay using multi-bright spot echoes,assuming the target’s size and depth are known.Aiming to effectively enhance the extraction of geometric features from the target echoes and mitigate the impact of reverberation and noise,the proposed approach employs the fractional order Fourier transform-frequency sliced wavelet transform to extract multi-bright spot echoes.Using the highlighting model theory and the target size information,an observation matrix is constructed to represent multi-angle incident signals and obtain the theoretical scattered echo signals from different angles.Aiming to accurately estimate the target’s time delay,waveform similarity coefficients and mean square error values between the theoretical return signals and received signals are computed across various incident angles and time delays.Simulation results show that,compared to the conventional matched filter,the proposed algorithm reduces the relative error by 65.9%-91.5%at a signal-to noise ratio of-25 dB,and by 66.7%-88.9%at a signal-to-reverberation ratio of−10 dB.This algorithm provides a new approach for the precise localization of submerged targets in shallow water environments.
基金supported by grants from NIH T32(DK007260,to WC)the Steno North American Fellowship awarded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation(NNF23OC0087108,to WC)+6 种基金STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0202700,to HY)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241004,to HY)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(LR24C090001,to HY)Key R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2024SSYS0017,to HY)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2019-12M-5-057,to HY)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2022-00193,to HY)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2023-PT310-01,to HY)。
文摘Type 2 diabetes mellitus has central complications:Diabetes,a metabolic disorder primarily characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin secretion,or impaired insulin signaling,has significant central complications.Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),the most prevalent type of diabetes,affects more than 38 million individuals in the United States(approximately 1 in 10)and is defined by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance,which refers to a reduced cellular response to insulin.
文摘Protein aggregates,mitochondrial import stress and neurodegenerative disorders:A salient hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases,including Parkinson’s disease,is the abundance of protein aggregates(Goiran et al.,2022).This molecular event is believed to lead to activation of stress pathways ultimately resulting in cellular dysfunction(Eldeeb et al.,2022).Accordingly,many lines of research investigations focused on dampening the formation of protein aggregates or augmenting the clearance of protein aggregates as a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the progression of neurodegenerative diseases,albeit with little success(Costa-Mattioli and Walter,2020).Cell stress cues such as the accumulation of protein aggregates lead to the activation of stress response pathways that aid cells in responding to the damage.Despite the notion that the transient activation of these pathways helps cells cope with stressors,persistent activation can induce unwanted apoptosis of cells and reduce overall tissue strength as well as lead to an accumulation of aggregation-prone proteins(Hetz and Papa,2018).Mutations in proteins involved in stress signaling termination can cause conditions like ataxia and early-onset dementia(Conroy et al.,2014).Therefore,it is crucial for stress response signaling to be turned off once conditions have improved.Nevertheless,the mechanisms by which cells silence these signals are still elusive.
基金The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)funded this review study.
文摘This reviewpresents a comprehensive technical analysis of deep learning(DL)methodologies in biomedical signal processing,focusing on architectural innovations,experimental validation,and evaluation frameworks.We systematically evaluate key deep learning architectures including convolutional neural networks(CNNs),recurrent neural networks(RNNs),transformer-based models,and hybrid systems across critical tasks such as arrhythmia classification,seizure detection,and anomaly segmentation.The study dissects preprocessing techniques(e.g.,wavelet denoising,spectral normalization)and feature extraction strategies(time-frequency analysis,attention mechanisms),demonstrating their impact on model accuracy,noise robustness,and computational efficiency.Experimental results underscore the superiority of deep learning over traditional methods,particularly in automated feature extraction,real-time processing,cross-modal generalization,and achieving up to a 15%increase in classification accuracy and enhanced noise resilience across electrocardiogram(ECG),electroencephalogram(EEG),and electromyogram(EMG)signals.Performance is rigorously benchmarked using precision,recall,F1-scores,area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC-ROC),and computational complexitymetrics,providing a unified framework for comparing model efficacy.Thesurvey addresses persistent challenges:synthetic data generationmitigates limited training samples,interpretability tools(e.g.,Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping(Grad-CAM),Shapley values)resolve model opacity,and federated learning ensures privacy-compliant deployments.Distinguished from prior reviews,this work offers a structured taxonomy of deep learning architectures,integrates emerging paradigms like transformers and domain-specific attention mechanisms,and evaluates preprocessing pipelines for spectral-temporal trade-offs.It advances the field by bridging technical advancements with clinical needs,such as scalability in real-world settings(e.g.,wearable devices)and regulatory alignment with theHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act(HIPAA)and General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR).By synthesizing technical rigor,ethical considerations,and actionable guidelines for model selection,this survey establishes a holistic reference for developing robust,interpretable biomedical artificial intelligence(AI)systems,accelerating their translation into personalized and equitable healthcare solutions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20199)Yunnan Revitalization Talent Support Program“Yunling Scholar”and Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202201AS070056)。
文摘Ca^(2+)signaling plays crucial roles in plant stress responses,including defense against insects.To counteract insect feeding,different parts of a plant deploy systemic signaling to communicate and coordinate defense responses,but little is known about the underlying mechanisms.In this study,micrografting,in vivo imaging of Ca^(2+)and reactive oxygen species(ROS),quantification of jasmonic acid(JA)and defensive metabolites,and bioassay were used to study how Arabidopsis seedlings regulate systemic responses in leaves after hypocotyls are wounded.We show that wounding hypocotyls rapidly activated both Ca^(2+)and ROS signals in leaves.RBOHD,which functions to produce ROS,along with two glutamate receptors GLR3.3 and GLR3.6,but not individually RBOHD or GLR3.3 and GLR3.6,in hypocotyls regulate the dynamics of systemic Ca^(2+)signals in leaves.In line with the systemic Ca^(2+)signals,after wounding hypocotyl,RBOHD,GLR3.3,and GLR3.6 in hypocotyl also cooperatively regulate the transcriptome,hormone jasmonic acid,and defensive secondary metabolites in leaves of Arabidopsis seedlings,thus controlling the systemic resistance to insects.Unlike leaf-to-leaf systemic signaling,this study reveals the unique regulation of wounding-induced hypocotyl-to-leaf systemic signaling and sheds new light on how different plant organs use complex signaling pathways to modulate defense responses.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Nos.52272144 and 22205048)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.JQ2022E001)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2022M710931 and 2023T160154)Heilongjiang Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.LBH-Z22010)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2020ZD42)the Fundamental Research funds for the Central Universities are greatly acknowledged.
文摘Lateral flow immunoassay(LFIA),a rapid detection technique noted for simplicity and economy,has showcased indispensable applicability in diverse domains such as disease screening,food safety,and environmental monitoring.Nevertheless,challenges still exist in detecting ultra-low concentration analytes due to the inherent sensitivity limitations of LFIA.Recently,significant advances have been achieved by integrating enzyme activity probes and transforming LFIA into a highly sensitive tool for rapidly detecting trace analyte concentrations.Specifically,modifying natural enzymes or engineered nanozymes allows them to function as immune probes,directly catalyzing the production of signal molecules or indirectly initiating enzyme activity.Therefore,the signal intensity and detection sensitivity of LFIA are markedly elevated.The present review undertakes a comprehensive examination of pertinent research literature,offering a systematic analysis of recently proposed enzyme-based signal amplification strategies.By way of comparative assessment,the merits and demerits of current approaches are delineated,along with the identification of research avenues that still need to be explored.It is anticipated that this critical overview will garner considerable attention within the biomedical and materials science communities,providing valuable direction and insight toward the advancement of high-performance LFIA technologies.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Province,No.2021CFB210Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(Science and Technology Department of Xizang Autonomous Region),No.XZ202401YD0002C。
文摘BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a chronic,progressive inflammatory condition of the intestine.Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)therapy for IBD has made significant progress in recent years.To better exploit the therapeutic potential of MSCs,pretreatment strategies are employed to enhance their therapeutic capabilities.As a compound with diverse pharmacological effects,quercetin(QUR)is applied to pretreat human umbilical cord-derived MSCs(hUCMSCs)in this study,thereby augmenting their immunotherapeutic potential.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of QUR-pretreated hUCMSCs.METHODS We induced colitis in a mouse model using a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution.Intraperitoneal injection of QUR-pretreated hUCMSCs significantly improved clinical and pathological manifestations of colitis compared to the model group.Interestingly,the therapeutic effect was superior to that of untreated hUCMSCs.Mice exhibited significantly reduced weight loss,diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells observed in hematoxylin and eosin staining,improved Disease Activity Index and Histological Activity Index scores.Furthermore,colonic tissue analysis revealed a significant upregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10(IL-10),accompanied by a downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.Further tests also suggested that QUR pretreatment led to inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)phosphorylation.RESULTS Our study demonstrated that QUR pretreatment of hUCMSCs significantly enhanced their immune-regulatory capacity.This approach effectively mitigated colonic inflammation in a mouse colitis model by modulating the IL-10/Janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway.CONCLUSION These findings suggest that QUR pretreatment acts synergistically to augment the inherent anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties of hUCMSCs,resulting in enhanced therapeutic efficacy for IBD treatment.
文摘Non-cooperative communication detection is a key technology for locating radio interfer-ence sources and conducting reconnaissance on adversary radiation sources.To meet the require-ments of wide-area monitoring,a single interception channel often contains mixed multi-source sig-nals and interference,resulting in generally low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of the received signals;meanwhile,improving detection quality urgently requires either high frequency resolution or high-time resolution,which poses severe challenges to detection techniques based on time-frequency rep-resentations(TFR).To address this issue,this paper proposes a fixed-frame-structure signal detec-tion algorithm that integrates image enhancement and multi-scale template matching:first,the Otsu-Sauvola hybrid thresholding algorithm is employed to enhance TFR features,suppress noise interference,and extract time-frequency parameters of potential target signals(such as bandwidth and occurrence time);then,by exploiting the inherent time-frequency characteristics of the fixed-frame structure,the signal is subjected to multi-scale transformation(with either high-frequency resolution or high-time resolution),and accurate detection is achieved through the corresponding multi-scale template matching.Experimental results demonstrate that under 0 dB SNR conditions,the proposed algorithm achieves a detection rate greater than 87%,representing a significant improvement over traditional methods.
文摘This thesis addresses the issues existing in traditional laser tracking displacement measurement technology in the field of ultraprecision metrology by designing a differential signal processing circuit for high-precision laser interferometric displacement measurement.A stable power supply module is designed to provide low-noise voltage to the entire circuit.An analog circuit system is constructed,including key circuits such as photoelectric sensors,I-V amplification,zero adjustment,fully differential amplification,and amplitude modulation filtering.To acquire and process signals,the PMAC Acc24E3 data acquisition card is selected,which realizes phase demodulation through reversible square wave counting,inverts displacement information,and a visual interface for the host computer is designed.Experimental verification shows that the designed system achieves micrometer-level measurement accuracy within a range of 0-10mm,with a maximum measurement error of less than 1.2μm,a maximum measurement speed of 6m/s,and a resolution better than 0.158μm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32130010).
文摘The phytohormone auxin exerts control over remarkable developmental processes in plants.It moves from cell to cell,resulting in the creation of both extracellular auxin and intracellular auxin,which are recognized by distinct auxin receptors.These two auxin signaling systems govern different auxin responses while working together to regulate plant development.In this review,we outline the latest research advancements in unraveling these auxin signaling pathways,encompassing auxin perception and signaling transductions.We emphasize the interaction between extracellular and intracellular auxin,which contributes to the intricate role of auxin in plant development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11633001,11920101003,and 12205222 for S.H.)the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12433001)+1 种基金the Strate-gic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB23000000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2203001 for Z.C.Z.).
文摘The gravitational memory effect manifests gravitational nonlinearity,degenerate vacua,and asymptotic symmetries;its detection is considered challenging.We propose using a space-borne interferometer to detect memory signals from stellar-mass binary black holes(BBHs),typically targeted by ground-based detectors.We use DECIGO detector as an example.Over 5 years,DECIGO is estimated to detect approximately 2,036 memory signals(SNRs>3)from stellar-mass BBHs.Simulations used frequency-domain memory waveforms for direct SNR estimation.Predictions utilized a GWTC-3 constrained BBH population model(Power law+Peak mass,DEFAULT spin,Madau-Dickinson merger rate).The analysis used conservative lower merger rate limits and considered orbital eccentricity.The high detection rate stems from strong memory signals within DECIGO’s bandwidth and the abundance of stellar-mass BBHs.This substantial and conservative detection count enables statistical use of the memory effect for fundamental physics and astrophysics.DECIGO exemplifies that space interferometers may better detect memory signals from smaller mass binaries than their typical targets.Detectors in lower frequency bands are expected to find strong memory signals from∼10^(4)M⊙binaries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62471289)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No.24ZR1432900)+1 种基金the Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No.2021ZD0300703)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2019SHZDZX01)。
文摘Reliable detection of weak phase signals under significant channel loss and complex noise environments is a crucial step for practical applications of optical integrated communication and sensing systems. In this letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate an enhanced long-distance weak signal transmission method assisted by weak measurement. Performing heterodyne detection and light intensity compensation on two nearly symmetric post-selected paths, the method enables real-time estimation of a time-varying phase while maintaining robustness against technical noises proportional to light intensity or photon number, detector common-mode noise, and significant attenuation over long-distance transmission. Experimental results indicate a potential phase sensitivity at the level of 10-8rad even with a signal light intensity attenuation of 48.1 d B. Potentially, combining the adaptive adjustment strategy, the method may provide a viable solution in remote weak signal detection and extraction,thereby contributing to optical integrated communication and sensing.
基金supported by Medical and Health Technology Project of Shandong Province(202402020509)20 New Universities Funding Project of Jinan(202228121).
文摘Objectives:PI3K plays a pivotal role in the inflammatory response by modulating the production and release of inflammatory factors.Pik3cb is one of the subunits of PI3K,and its specific role in myocardium inflammation remains unelucidated.This study aimed to investigate the role of Pik3cb in the inflammatory response and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:An inflammation model was established using H9c2 cells treated with LPS and ATP,and Pik3cb expression was evaluated in this model system.Subsequently,an overexpression model was constructed by transfecting cells with a Pik3cb overexpression plasmid,after which the effects of Pik3cb overexpression on the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathways were assessed.Results:These analyses revealed that the expression and distribution of Pik3cb were significantly reduced in the LPS/ATP-induced cellular inflammation model group,whereas plasmid-mediated overexpression of Pik3cb significantly inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in response to LPS/ATP stimulation.Additionally,the LPS/ATP-induced activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 axis was significantly inhibited following Pik3cb overexpression.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that Pik3cb acts as a negative regulator of LPS/ATP-induced inflammation in cardiomyocytes,exerting anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling axis.These findings provide a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of myocardial inflammation.
基金Supported by Colegio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México,No.CCYT-2025-CON-11.
文摘The canonical signaling of interferon gamma(IFN-γ)through the Janus kinase 1 and 2–signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)axis leads to the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes(ISGs),which have diverse effects depending on the cellular context.In glioblastoma,a highly aggressive primary brain tumor in adults,elements of IFN-γcanonical signaling are deregulated,resulting in the overexpression of STAT1-target ISGs associated with tumor progression.This mini-review highlights key ISGs,including STAT1,interferon regulatory factor 1,programmed death-ligand 1,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1,and interferon-stimulated gene 15,involved in the pathology of glioblastoma.These genes may serve as valuable biomarkers and have therapeutic potential for targeting IFN-γsignaling in this malignancy.
文摘According to the measurement principle of the traditional interferometer,a narrowband signal model is established and used,however,for wideband signals or multiple signals,this model is invalid.For the problems of direction finding with interferometer for wideband signals and multiple signals scene,a frequency domain phase interferometer is proposed and the concrete implementation scheme is given.The proposed method computes the phase difference in frequency domain,and finds multi-target results with judging the spectrum amplitude changing,and uses the frequency phase difference to compute the arrival angle.Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method effectively solves the problem of the angle estimation with phase interferometer for wideband signals,and has good performance in multiple signals scene with nonoverlapping spectrum or partially overlapping.In addition,the wider the signal bandwidth,the better direction finding performance of this algorithm.
