Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’...Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we summarize the changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in various samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease,highlighting the critical role of gut homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.Focusing on the nervous system,we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which short-chain fatty acids influence the homeostasis of both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system.We identify key processes,including the activation of G protein-coupled receptors and the inhibition of histone deacetylases by short-chain fatty acids.Importantly,structural or functional disruptions in the enteric nervous system mediated by these fatty acids may lead to abnormalα-synuclein expression and gastrointestinal dysmotility,which could serve as an initiating event in Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,we propose that short-chain fatty acids help establish communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the vagal nerve,immune circulation,and endocrine signaling.This communication may shed light on their potential role in the transmission ofα-synuclein from the gut to the brain.Finally,we elucidate novel treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease that target short-chain fatty acids and examine the challenges associated with translating short-chain fatty acid-based therapies into clinical practice.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the pivotal role of short-chain fatty acids in regulating gut-brain axis integrity and their significance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease from the perspective of the nervous system.Moreover,it highlights the potential value of short-chain fatty acids in early intervention for Parkinson’s disease.Future research into the molecular mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids and their synergistic interactions with other gut metabolites is likely to advance the clinical translation of innovative short-chain fatty acid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,affecting more than 30%of adults and 7%-14%of youths globally.MASLD and its advanced form of metabolic dysfunctio...Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,affecting more than 30%of adults and 7%-14%of youths globally.MASLD and its advanced form of metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatohepatitis(MASH)can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Despite its growing burden,effective therapies for MASLD and MASH remain limited.Accumulating evidence indicates that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)modulate the activation of hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells,influencing liver inflammation and fibrosis.Moreover,SCFAs modulate liver lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity,affecting MASLD progression.This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which SCFAs impact liver inflammation,fibrosis,and energy metabolism.Several key molecular signaling pathways are discussed.Clinical trials aiming to modulate SCFA production through different treatments are reviewed.Collectively,emerging evidence supports that targeting SCFA-mediated function represents a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD and MASH.展开更多
During obesity treatment,clinicians have been burdened by the ever-increasing number of patients and the side effects of drug treatment.Finding new plant-derived active ingredients as an intervention for obesity has b...During obesity treatment,clinicians have been burdened by the ever-increasing number of patients and the side effects of drug treatment.Finding new plant-derived active ingredients as an intervention for obesity has become a research focus.In this study,Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Design experiments,plant-wide target metabolomics technology,simulated human colon fermentation test,and cell experiment in vitro were successively used to investigate the effects of fermented and unfermented polyphenols(FP and UP,respectively)of blue honeysuckle on obesity.After the optimization of the response surface method,polyphenol content((1878.08±14.53)mg/100 g)increased by 2.63 times after Lactobacillus rhamnosus 6224 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae W5 mixed fermentation.There were 23 significantly different metabolites were observed in FP and UP.Of them,7 different metabolites were significantly and positively correlated with short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),whereas negatively correlated with lipopolysaccharides(LPS).The contents of these 7 metabolites were significantly increased in FP.Furthermore,the effects of FP and UP on the SCFA biosynthesis pathway were different.Cell experiments revealed that polyphenols can significantly promote the secretion of gastrointestinal endogenous hormones and insulin and inhibit interleukin-6 levels.Linear regression analysis revealed SCFAs had a positive regulatory effect on glycolipid metabolism,whereas LPS had a negative effect.Overall,these crucial findings provide an economical and simple method for obtaining blue honeysuckle polyphenols and laying a theoretical foundation for its application in the therapeutic intervention against obesity.展开更多
Numerous studies have established a link between hypertension(HTN)and a high-salt diet(HSD).However,the precise mechanisms are still being investigated,with increasing evidence suggesting that HSD can alter the gut mi...Numerous studies have established a link between hypertension(HTN)and a high-salt diet(HSD).However,the precise mechanisms are still being investigated,with increasing evidence suggesting that HSD can alter the gut microbiome balance,influence the production of microbiome metabolites and potentially lead to high blood pressure,presenting a promising avenue for targeting specific microbiota in HTN treatment.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are produced by gut bacteria and are associated with blood pressure regulation.Thus,the relationships among HSD,SCFAs,and blood pressure could provide valuable information on the pathophysiology of HTN.This study aimed to assess the impact of HSD on HTN by investigating its influence on the gut microbiota composition and SCFA levels in a rat model of HTN.展开更多
Marine fauna provides a plentiful repository of peptides and bioactive proteins.Peptides and proteins isolated from marine animals have been studied and applied in the development of food supplements,drugs,and cosmece...Marine fauna provides a plentiful repository of peptides and bioactive proteins.Peptides and proteins isolated from marine animals have been studied and applied in the development of food supplements,drugs,and cosmeceutical products because of their special bioactivities,such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.This study focused on exploring the alleviating effects of five major marine animal-derived peptides(Apostichopus japonicus,Acaudina leucoprocta,Melanogrammus aeglefinus,Phascolosoma esculenta and Rhopilema esculentum)on adjuvant-induced arthritis(AIA).The treatment with five marine animals-derived peptides downregulated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in the bones of the mice with AIA and alleviated the rough surface of bone tissues significantly.A.japonicus-treatment ameliorates inflammation by restoring nuclear factor-κB pathway in AIA mice.High-throughput sequencing of the gut microbiota based on 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that A.japonicus peptide-treated AIA mice showed alterations and imbalance of intestinal flora and an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Clostridium.Furthermore,metabolomic analysis showed that the level of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the feces was enhanced to different degrees in mice treated with five major marine animal-derived peptides.Taken together,we propose that major marine animal-derived peptides can alleviate arthritis by improving the imbalance in the gut flora and increasing SCFAs production to varying degrees.展开更多
AIM： To compare the anti-inflammatory properties of butyrate with two other SCFAs, namely acetate and propionate, which have less well-documented effects on inflammation. METHODS： The effect of SCFAs on cytokine rel...AIM： To compare the anti-inflammatory properties of butyrate with two other SCFAs, namely acetate and propionate, which have less well-documented effects on inflammation. METHODS： The effect of SCFAs on cytokine release from human neutrophils was studied with EHSA. SCFA- dependent modulation of NF-κB reporter activity was assessed in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Colo320DM. Finally, the effect of SCFAs on gene expression and cytokine release, measured with RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, was studied in mouse colon organ cultures established from colitic mice. RESULTS： Acetate, propionate and butyrate at 30 mmol/L decreased LPS-stimulated TNFα release from neutrophils, without affecting IL-8 protein release. All SCFAs dose dependently inhibited NF-κB reporter activity in Colo320DM cells. Propionate dose-dependently suppressed IL-6 mRNA and protein release from colon organ cultures and comparative studies revealed that propionate and butyrate at 30 mmol/L caused a strong inhibition of immune-related gene expression, whereas acetate was less effective. A similar inhibition was achieved with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, but not the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. All SCFAs decreased IL-6 protein release from organ cultures. CONCLUSION： In the present study propionate and butyrate were equipotent, whereas acetate was less effective, at suppressing NF-κB reporter activity, immune-related gene expression and cytokine release in vitro. Our findings suggest that propionate and acetate, in addition to butyrate, could be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including IBD.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the effect of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） on production of prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, cytokines and chemokines in human monocytes. METHODS： Human neutrophils and monocytes were isolated fro...AIM： To investigate the effect of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） on production of prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, cytokines and chemokines in human monocytes. METHODS： Human neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from human whole blood by using 1-Step Polymorph and RosetteSep Human Monocyte Enrichment Cocktail, respectively. Human GPR41 and GPR43 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction, The calcium flux assay was used to examine the biological activities of SCFAs in human neutrophils and monocytes. The effect of SCFAs on human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was studied by measuring PGE2, cytokines and chemokines in the supernatant. The effect of SCFAs in vivo was examined by intraplantar injection into rat paws. RESULTS： Human GPR43 is highly expressed in human neutrophils and monocytes. SCFAs induce robust calcium flux in human neutrophils, but not in human monocytes. In this study, we show that SCFAs can induce human monocyte release of PGE2 and that this effect can be enhanced in the presence of lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. In addition, we demonstrate that PGE2 production induced by SCFA was inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting the involvement of a receptor-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, SCFAs can specifically inhibit constitutive monocyte chemotactic protein-1 （MCP-1） production and LPS-induced interleukin-10 （IL-10） production in human monocytes without affecting the secretion of other cytokines and chemokines examined. Similar activities were observed in human PBMC for the release of PGE2, MCP-1 and IL-10 after 5CFA treatment. In addition, SCFAs inhibit LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-7 in human PBIVlC. Finally, we show that SCFAs and LPS can induce PGE2 production in vivo by intraplantar injection into rat paws （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： SCFAs can have distinct antiinflammatory activities due to their regulation of PGE2, cytokine and chemokine release from human immune cells.展开更多
AIM： To assess the effects of Sb on fecal flora and shortchain fatty acids （SCFA） in patients on long-term TEN. METHODS： Ten patients （3 females, 7 males, 59±5.5 years）, on TEN for a median of 13 mo （1-125...AIM： To assess the effects of Sb on fecal flora and shortchain fatty acids （SCFA） in patients on long-term TEN. METHODS： Ten patients （3 females, 7 males, 59±5.5 years）, on TEN for a median of 13 mo （1-125）, and 15 healthy volunteers （4 females, 11 males, 32±2.0 years） received Sb （0.5 g bid PO） for 6 d. Two stool samples were taken before, on the last 2 d and 9-10 d after treatment, for SCFA measurement and for culture and bacterial identification. Values （mean4-SE） were compared using sign tests and ANOVA. RESULTS： Fecal butyrate levels were lower in patients （10.1±2.9 mmol/kg） than in controls （19.2±3.9, P= 0.02）. Treatment with Sb increased total fecal SCFA levels in patients （150.2＋27.2 vs 107.5±18.2 mmol/kg, P= 0.02） but not in controls （129.0±28.6 vs 113.0±15.2 mmol/kg, NS）. At the end of treatment with Sb, patients had higher fecal butyrate（16.0±4.4 vs 10.1 [2.9] mmol/kg, P= 0.004）. Total SCFAs remained high 9 d after treatment was discontinued. Before the treatment, the anaerobe to aerobe ratio was lower in patients compared to controls （2.4±2.3 vs 69.8±1.8, P= 0.003）. There were no significant changes in the fecal flora of TEN patients. CONCLUSION： Sb-induced increase of fecal SCFA concentrations （especially butyrate） may explain the preventive effects of this yeast on TEN-induced diarrhea.展开更多
The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, a preferred carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbes, was significantly improved when waste activated sludge （WAS） was fermented at pH ...The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, a preferred carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbes, was significantly improved when waste activated sludge （WAS） was fermented at pH 10. The kinetics of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs production at pH 10 was investigated. It was observed that during WAS anaerobic fermentation the accumulation of SCFAs was limited by the hydrolysis process, and both the hydrolysis of WAS particulate COD and the accumulation of SCFAs followed first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation rate constants increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 35℃, which could be described by the Arrhenius equation. The kinetic data further indicated that SCFAs production at pH 10 was a biological process. Compared with the experiment of pH uncontrolled （blank test）, both the rate constants of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation at 20℃ were improved significantly when WAS was fermented at pH 10.展开更多
Background:Previous studies have shown that exogenous short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)introduction attenuated the body fat deposition in conventional mice and pigs.However,limited studies have evaluated the effects of e...Background:Previous studies have shown that exogenous short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)introduction attenuated the body fat deposition in conventional mice and pigs.However,limited studies have evaluated the effects of exogenously introduced SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the gut microbiota.This study was to investigate the effects of exogenous introduction of SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism in a germ-free(GF)pig model.Methods:Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn pigs were reared in six sterile isolators.All pigs were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 d,then the sterile feed was introduced to pigs for another 21 d.In the second 21-d period,six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day and considered as the GF group,while the other six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture(acetic,propionic,and butyric acids,45,15,and 11 mmol/L,respectively)per day and regarded as FA group.Results:Orally administrated with SCFAs tended to increase the adiponectin concentration in serum,enhance the CPT-1 activity in longissimus dorsi,and upregulate the ANGPTL4 mRNA expression level in colon(P<0.10).Meanwhile,the mRNA abundances of ACC,FAS,and SREBP-1C in liver and CD36 in longissimus dorsi of the FA group were decreased(P<0.05)compared with those in the GF group.Besides,the mRNA expression of PGC-1αin liver and LPL in longissimus dorsi tended to(P<0.10)upregulate and downregulate respectively in the FA group.Moreover,oral administration of SCFAs tended to increase the protein level of GPR43(P<0.10)and decrease the protein level of ACC(P<0.10)in liver.Also,oral administration of SCFAs upregulated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and the mRNA expressions of GLUT-2 and GYS2 in liver(P<0.05).In addition,the metabolic pathway associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was most significantly promoted(P<0.05)by oral administration of SCFAs.Conclusions:Exogenous introduction of SCFAs might attenuate the fat deposition and to some extent improve the glucose control in the pig model,which occurred independently of the gut microbiota.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in ...The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.展开更多
Spinal cord injury(SCI)causes motor,sensory,and autonomic dysfunctions.The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI,while short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota.In the p...Spinal cord injury(SCI)causes motor,sensory,and autonomic dysfunctions.The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI,while short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota.In the present study,we explored the effects of oral administration of exogenous SCFAs on the recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair in SCI.Allen’s method was utilized to establish an SCI model in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.The animals received water containing a mixture of 150 mmol/L SCFAs after SCI.After 21 d of treatment,the Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan(BBB)score increased,the regularity index improved,and the base of support(BOS)value declined.Spinal cord tissue inflammatory infiltration was alleviated,the spinal cord necrosis cavity was reduced,and the numbers of motor neurons and Nissl bodies were elevated.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),and immunohistochemistry assay revealed that the expression of interleukin(IL)-10 increased and that of IL-17 decreased in the spinal cord.SCFAs promoted gut homeostasis,induced intestinal T cells to shift toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype,and promoted regulatory T(Treg)cells to secrete IL-10,affecting Treg cells and IL-17^(+)γδT cells in the spinal cord.Furthermore,we observed that Treg cells migrated from the gut to the spinal cord region after SCI.The above findings confirm that SCFAs can regulate Treg cells in the gut and affect the balance of Treg and IL-17^(+)γδT cells in the spinal cord,which inhibits the inflammatory response and promotes the motor function in SCI rats.Our findings suggest that there is a relationship among gut,spinal cord,and immune cells,and the“gut-spinal cord-immune”axis may be one of the mechanisms regulating neural repair after SCI.展开更多
Emerging evidence indicated that the increase in food allergy(FA)over the past few decades was associated with the abnormal compositional and metabolic changes of gut microbiota.Gut microbiota played a vital role in m...Emerging evidence indicated that the increase in food allergy(FA)over the past few decades was associated with the abnormal compositional and metabolic changes of gut microbiota.Gut microbiota played a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota promoted the occurrence of FA.Recent research suggested that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the main metabolites derived from gut microbiota,contributed to FA protection.Herein,we provided a comprehensive review on the relationship between gut microbiota and FA.The multifaceted mechanisms underlymg beneficial effects of gut microbiota composition/metabolites on the regulation of diverse cellular pathways in intestinal epithelial cells,dendritic cells,innate lymphoid cells,T cells,B cells and mast cells in the immune system were discussed systematically.These findings emphasized the positive function of gut microbiota in FA and provided novel ideas for the treatment or prevention of FA in the future.展开更多
Emerging evidence supports that the gut microbiome,reconsidered as a new organ in the human body,can not only affect the local gut,but also communicate with the brain via multiple pathways related to neuroendocrine,im...Emerging evidence supports that the gut microbiome,reconsidered as a new organ in the human body,can not only affect the local gut,but also communicate with the brain via multiple pathways related to neuroendocrine,immune,and neural pathways,thereby proposing the new concept of the microbiome-gut-brain(MGB)axis.Recently,the role of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),which are the main anaerobic fermented metabolites of the gut microbiota in the MGB axis,has garnered significant attention.SCFAs are involved in a broad range of central neurological diseases,including neurodegenerative diseases,cerebral vascular diseases,epilepsy,neuroimmune inflammatory diseases,and mood disorders.However,the underlying mechanism of SCFA-related distant organ crosstalk is yet to be elucidated.Herein,we summarize current knowledge regarding interactions between SCFAs and the MGB axis,as well as their protective effects against central neurological diseases.展开更多
Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber,and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health...Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber,and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health.As important mediators between the gut microbiota and the host,SCFAs serve as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells and maintain homeostasis in host immune and energy metabolism by influencing host epigenetics,activating G protein-coupled receptors,and inhibiting pathogenic microbial infections.This review provides a comprehensive summary of SCFAs synthesis and metabolism and offering an overview of the latest research progress on their roles in protecting gut health,enhancing energy metabolism,mitigating diseases such as cancer,obesity,and diabetes,modulating the gut-brain axis and gut-l ung axis,and promoting bone health.展开更多
The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology.Recently,a connection has been m...The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology.Recently,a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise.Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota,with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exerciseassociated states,and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa.More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship:the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance.Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism.Further,short-chain fatty acids—which modulate metabolism at various organ sites,including within skeletal muscle—have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice.This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise,with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a complicated neurodegenerative disease,characterized by the accumulation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)in Lewy bodies and neurites,and massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons.Increasing evidence ...Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a complicated neurodegenerative disease,characterized by the accumulation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)in Lewy bodies and neurites,and massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons.Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota and microbial metabolites are involved in the development of PD.Among these,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the most abundant microbial metabolites,have been proven to play a key role in brain-gut communication.In this review,we analyze the role of SCFAs in the pathology of PD from multiple dimensions and summarize the alterations of SCFAs in PD patients as well as their correlation with motor and non-motor symptoms.Future research should focus on further elucidating the role of SCFAs in neuroinflammation,as well as developing novel strategies employing SCFAs and their derivatives to treat PD.展开更多
Background:Research on nutrition in early-life commonly focuses on the maturation of the intestine because the intestinal system is crucial for ensuring continued growth.To explore the importance of early nutrition re...Background:Research on nutrition in early-life commonly focuses on the maturation of the intestine because the intestinal system is crucial for ensuring continued growth.To explore the importance of early nutrition regulation in animals,soy protein concentrate(SPC)was added to the early diet of broilers to investigate its effects on amino acid digestibility,intestinal development,especially intestinal microorganisms,and broiler metabolites.A total of 192 oneday-old Arbor Acres(AA)male broilers were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds.The control group was fed a basal diet(control),and the treatment group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 12%SPC(SPC12)during the first 10 d(starter phase).From d 11 to 21(grower phase)and d 22 to 42(finisher phase),a basal diet was fed to both treatment groups.Results:SPC reduced the pH value and acid-binding capacity of the starter diet(P<0.05,d 10);SPC in the early diet enhanced the gizzard weight(P<0.05,d 10 and d 42)and the ileum weight(P<0.05,d 10)and decreased the weight and length of the jejunum(P<0.05,d 10)and the relative length of the duodenum and jejunum(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,SPC enhanced villus height(P<0.05,d 10)and muscle thickness in the jejunum and ileum(P<0.05,d 10)and increased the number of goblet cells in the duodenum(P<0.05,d 10).Meanwhile,SPC increased the Chao1 index and the ACE index(P<0.05,d 10)and altered the composition of caecal microflora at d 10.SPC also increased the relative abundance of Alistipes,Anaerotruncus,Erysipelatoclostridium,Intestinimonas and Flavonifractor bacteria(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,the concentrations of caecal butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)were also increased in the SPC12 group(P<0.05,d 10).Conclusions:In summary,the results showed that supplementing the starter diet of broilers with SPC has a significant effect on the early development of the intestine and the microflora.展开更多
As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids（SCFAs） can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion...As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids（SCFAs） can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS（6.8 times higher than the blank test） and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.展开更多
BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)is a disorder with delayed colonic transit.Cinnamic acid(CA)is an organic acid in natural plants,such as Radix Scrophulariae(Xuan Shen),with low toxicity and biological activit...BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)is a disorder with delayed colonic transit.Cinnamic acid(CA)is an organic acid in natural plants,such as Radix Scrophulariae(Xuan Shen),with low toxicity and biological activities to modulate the intestinal microbiome.AIM To explore the potential effects of CA on the intestinal microbiome and the primary endogenous metabolites-short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and evaluate the therapeutic effects of CA in STC.METHODS Loperamide was applied to induce STC in mice.The treatment effects of CA on STC mice were assessed from the 24 h defecations,fecal moisture and intestinal transit rate.The enteric neurotransmitters:5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff staining were used to evaluate intestinal mucosa's histopathological performance and secretory function.16S rDNA was employed to analyze the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome.The SCFAs in stool samples were quantitatively detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS CA ameliorated the symptoms of STC and treated STC effectively.CA ameliorated the infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes,increased the number of goblet cells and acidic mucus secretion of the mucosa.In addition,CA significantly increased the concentration of 5-HT and reduced VIP.CA significantly improved the diversity and abundance of the beneficial microbiome.Furthermore,the production of SCFAs[including acetic acid(AA),butyric acid(BA),propionic acid(PA)and valeric acid(VA)]was significantly promoted by CA.The changed abundance of Firmicutes,Akkermansia,Lachnoclostridium,Monoglobus,UCG.005,Paenalcaligenes,Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were involved in the production of AA,BA,PA and VA.CONCLUSION CA could treat STC effectively by ameliorating the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome to regulate the production of SCFAs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2021YFC2501200(to PC).
文摘Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we summarize the changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in various samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease,highlighting the critical role of gut homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.Focusing on the nervous system,we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which short-chain fatty acids influence the homeostasis of both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system.We identify key processes,including the activation of G protein-coupled receptors and the inhibition of histone deacetylases by short-chain fatty acids.Importantly,structural or functional disruptions in the enteric nervous system mediated by these fatty acids may lead to abnormalα-synuclein expression and gastrointestinal dysmotility,which could serve as an initiating event in Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,we propose that short-chain fatty acids help establish communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the vagal nerve,immune circulation,and endocrine signaling.This communication may shed light on their potential role in the transmission ofα-synuclein from the gut to the brain.Finally,we elucidate novel treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease that target short-chain fatty acids and examine the challenges associated with translating short-chain fatty acid-based therapies into clinical practice.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the pivotal role of short-chain fatty acids in regulating gut-brain axis integrity and their significance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease from the perspective of the nervous system.Moreover,it highlights the potential value of short-chain fatty acids in early intervention for Parkinson’s disease.Future research into the molecular mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids and their synergistic interactions with other gut metabolites is likely to advance the clinical translation of innovative short-chain fatty acid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
文摘Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)is the most common chronic liver disease,affecting more than 30%of adults and 7%-14%of youths globally.MASLD and its advanced form of metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatohepatitis(MASH)can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Despite its growing burden,effective therapies for MASLD and MASH remain limited.Accumulating evidence indicates that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)modulate the activation of hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells,influencing liver inflammation and fibrosis.Moreover,SCFAs modulate liver lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity,affecting MASLD progression.This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which SCFAs impact liver inflammation,fibrosis,and energy metabolism.Several key molecular signaling pathways are discussed.Clinical trials aiming to modulate SCFA production through different treatments are reviewed.Collectively,emerging evidence supports that targeting SCFA-mediated function represents a promising therapeutic strategy for MASLD and MASH.
基金supported by the Key Program of Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(ZD2020C008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071519)+2 种基金the Heilongjiang University Graduate Innovation Research Project(YJSCX2022-031HLJU)the Qiqihar Science and Technology Plan Joint Guidance Project(LSFGG-2022037)Scientific Research Project of Ecological Environment Protection of Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Ecological Environment(HST2022TR004)。
文摘During obesity treatment,clinicians have been burdened by the ever-increasing number of patients and the side effects of drug treatment.Finding new plant-derived active ingredients as an intervention for obesity has become a research focus.In this study,Plackett-Burman and Central Composite Design experiments,plant-wide target metabolomics technology,simulated human colon fermentation test,and cell experiment in vitro were successively used to investigate the effects of fermented and unfermented polyphenols(FP and UP,respectively)of blue honeysuckle on obesity.After the optimization of the response surface method,polyphenol content((1878.08±14.53)mg/100 g)increased by 2.63 times after Lactobacillus rhamnosus 6224 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae W5 mixed fermentation.There were 23 significantly different metabolites were observed in FP and UP.Of them,7 different metabolites were significantly and positively correlated with short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),whereas negatively correlated with lipopolysaccharides(LPS).The contents of these 7 metabolites were significantly increased in FP.Furthermore,the effects of FP and UP on the SCFA biosynthesis pathway were different.Cell experiments revealed that polyphenols can significantly promote the secretion of gastrointestinal endogenous hormones and insulin and inhibit interleukin-6 levels.Linear regression analysis revealed SCFAs had a positive regulatory effect on glycolipid metabolism,whereas LPS had a negative effect.Overall,these crucial findings provide an economical and simple method for obtaining blue honeysuckle polyphenols and laying a theoretical foundation for its application in the therapeutic intervention against obesity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82305092,No.82274412 and No.82274411)the National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(No.2023JJ30453)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of Changsha(No.kq2208185)the Hunan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(No.2022RC1021)the Foundation of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine(No.Z2023XJYQ03).
文摘Numerous studies have established a link between hypertension(HTN)and a high-salt diet(HSD).However,the precise mechanisms are still being investigated,with increasing evidence suggesting that HSD can alter the gut microbiome balance,influence the production of microbiome metabolites and potentially lead to high blood pressure,presenting a promising avenue for targeting specific microbiota in HTN treatment.Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are produced by gut bacteria and are associated with blood pressure regulation.Thus,the relationships among HSD,SCFAs,and blood pressure could provide valuable information on the pathophysiology of HTN.This study aimed to assess the impact of HSD on HTN by investigating its influence on the gut microbiota composition and SCFA levels in a rat model of HTN.
基金sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD0900101)One Health Interdisciplinary Research Project,Ningbo University,KC Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42106122)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LGC22C190002)。
文摘Marine fauna provides a plentiful repository of peptides and bioactive proteins.Peptides and proteins isolated from marine animals have been studied and applied in the development of food supplements,drugs,and cosmeceutical products because of their special bioactivities,such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.This study focused on exploring the alleviating effects of five major marine animal-derived peptides(Apostichopus japonicus,Acaudina leucoprocta,Melanogrammus aeglefinus,Phascolosoma esculenta and Rhopilema esculentum)on adjuvant-induced arthritis(AIA).The treatment with five marine animals-derived peptides downregulated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in the bones of the mice with AIA and alleviated the rough surface of bone tissues significantly.A.japonicus-treatment ameliorates inflammation by restoring nuclear factor-κB pathway in AIA mice.High-throughput sequencing of the gut microbiota based on 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that A.japonicus peptide-treated AIA mice showed alterations and imbalance of intestinal flora and an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Clostridium.Furthermore,metabolomic analysis showed that the level of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the feces was enhanced to different degrees in mice treated with five major marine animal-derived peptides.Taken together,we propose that major marine animal-derived peptides can alleviate arthritis by improving the imbalance in the gut flora and increasing SCFAs production to varying degrees.
文摘AIM： To compare the anti-inflammatory properties of butyrate with two other SCFAs, namely acetate and propionate, which have less well-documented effects on inflammation. METHODS： The effect of SCFAs on cytokine release from human neutrophils was studied with EHSA. SCFA- dependent modulation of NF-κB reporter activity was assessed in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Colo320DM. Finally, the effect of SCFAs on gene expression and cytokine release, measured with RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, was studied in mouse colon organ cultures established from colitic mice. RESULTS： Acetate, propionate and butyrate at 30 mmol/L decreased LPS-stimulated TNFα release from neutrophils, without affecting IL-8 protein release. All SCFAs dose dependently inhibited NF-κB reporter activity in Colo320DM cells. Propionate dose-dependently suppressed IL-6 mRNA and protein release from colon organ cultures and comparative studies revealed that propionate and butyrate at 30 mmol/L caused a strong inhibition of immune-related gene expression, whereas acetate was less effective. A similar inhibition was achieved with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, but not the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. All SCFAs decreased IL-6 protein release from organ cultures. CONCLUSION： In the present study propionate and butyrate were equipotent, whereas acetate was less effective, at suppressing NF-κB reporter activity, immune-related gene expression and cytokine release in vitro. Our findings suggest that propionate and acetate, in addition to butyrate, could be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including IBD.
文摘AIM： To investigate the effect of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs） on production of prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, cytokines and chemokines in human monocytes. METHODS： Human neutrophils and monocytes were isolated from human whole blood by using 1-Step Polymorph and RosetteSep Human Monocyte Enrichment Cocktail, respectively. Human GPR41 and GPR43 mRNA expression was examined by quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction, The calcium flux assay was used to examine the biological activities of SCFAs in human neutrophils and monocytes. The effect of SCFAs on human monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC） was studied by measuring PGE2, cytokines and chemokines in the supernatant. The effect of SCFAs in vivo was examined by intraplantar injection into rat paws. RESULTS： Human GPR43 is highly expressed in human neutrophils and monocytes. SCFAs induce robust calcium flux in human neutrophils, but not in human monocytes. In this study, we show that SCFAs can induce human monocyte release of PGE2 and that this effect can be enhanced in the presence of lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. In addition, we demonstrate that PGE2 production induced by SCFA was inhibited by pertussis toxin, suggesting the involvement of a receptor-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, SCFAs can specifically inhibit constitutive monocyte chemotactic protein-1 （MCP-1） production and LPS-induced interleukin-10 （IL-10） production in human monocytes without affecting the secretion of other cytokines and chemokines examined. Similar activities were observed in human PBMC for the release of PGE2, MCP-1 and IL-10 after 5CFA treatment. In addition, SCFAs inhibit LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-7 in human PBIVlC. Finally, we show that SCFAs and LPS can induce PGE2 production in vivo by intraplantar injection into rat paws （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： SCFAs can have distinct antiinflammatory activities due to their regulation of PGE2, cytokine and chemokine release from human immune cells.
基金Supported by a research grant from Laboratoires Biocodex,Montrouge, France, EU
文摘AIM： To assess the effects of Sb on fecal flora and shortchain fatty acids （SCFA） in patients on long-term TEN. METHODS： Ten patients （3 females, 7 males, 59±5.5 years）, on TEN for a median of 13 mo （1-125）, and 15 healthy volunteers （4 females, 11 males, 32±2.0 years） received Sb （0.5 g bid PO） for 6 d. Two stool samples were taken before, on the last 2 d and 9-10 d after treatment, for SCFA measurement and for culture and bacterial identification. Values （mean4-SE） were compared using sign tests and ANOVA. RESULTS： Fecal butyrate levels were lower in patients （10.1±2.9 mmol/kg） than in controls （19.2±3.9, P= 0.02）. Treatment with Sb increased total fecal SCFA levels in patients （150.2＋27.2 vs 107.5±18.2 mmol/kg, P= 0.02） but not in controls （129.0±28.6 vs 113.0±15.2 mmol/kg, NS）. At the end of treatment with Sb, patients had higher fecal butyrate（16.0±4.4 vs 10.1 [2.9] mmol/kg, P= 0.004）. Total SCFAs remained high 9 d after treatment was discontinued. Before the treatment, the anaerobe to aerobe ratio was lower in patients compared to controls （2.4±2.3 vs 69.8±1.8, P= 0.003）. There were no significant changes in the fecal flora of TEN patients. CONCLUSION： Sb-induced increase of fecal SCFA concentrations （especially butyrate） may explain the preventive effects of this yeast on TEN-induced diarrhea.
基金supported by the Hi-TechResearch and Development Program (863) of China(No. 2007AA06Z326)the Key Projects of National Wa-ter Pollution Control and Management of China (No.2008ZX07315-003, 2008ZX07316-002)the Key Lab-oratory of Environmental Science and Engineering ofJiangsu Province (No. ZD071201).
文摘The accumulation of short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, a preferred carbon source for enhanced biological phosphorus removal microbes, was significantly improved when waste activated sludge （WAS） was fermented at pH 10. The kinetics of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs production at pH 10 was investigated. It was observed that during WAS anaerobic fermentation the accumulation of SCFAs was limited by the hydrolysis process, and both the hydrolysis of WAS particulate COD and the accumulation of SCFAs followed first-order kinetics. The hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation rate constants increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 35℃, which could be described by the Arrhenius equation. The kinetic data further indicated that SCFAs production at pH 10 was a biological process. Compared with the experiment of pH uncontrolled （blank test）, both the rate constants of WAS hydrolysis and SCFAs accumulation at 20℃ were improved significantly when WAS was fermented at pH 10.
基金study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730091)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0500503).
文摘Background:Previous studies have shown that exogenous short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)introduction attenuated the body fat deposition in conventional mice and pigs.However,limited studies have evaluated the effects of exogenously introduced SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the gut microbiota.This study was to investigate the effects of exogenous introduction of SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism in a germ-free(GF)pig model.Methods:Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn pigs were reared in six sterile isolators.All pigs were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 d,then the sterile feed was introduced to pigs for another 21 d.In the second 21-d period,six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day and considered as the GF group,while the other six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture(acetic,propionic,and butyric acids,45,15,and 11 mmol/L,respectively)per day and regarded as FA group.Results:Orally administrated with SCFAs tended to increase the adiponectin concentration in serum,enhance the CPT-1 activity in longissimus dorsi,and upregulate the ANGPTL4 mRNA expression level in colon(P<0.10).Meanwhile,the mRNA abundances of ACC,FAS,and SREBP-1C in liver and CD36 in longissimus dorsi of the FA group were decreased(P<0.05)compared with those in the GF group.Besides,the mRNA expression of PGC-1αin liver and LPL in longissimus dorsi tended to(P<0.10)upregulate and downregulate respectively in the FA group.Moreover,oral administration of SCFAs tended to increase the protein level of GPR43(P<0.10)and decrease the protein level of ACC(P<0.10)in liver.Also,oral administration of SCFAs upregulated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and the mRNA expressions of GLUT-2 and GYS2 in liver(P<0.05).In addition,the metabolic pathway associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was most significantly promoted(P<0.05)by oral administration of SCFAs.Conclusions:Exogenous introduction of SCFAs might attenuate the fat deposition and to some extent improve the glucose control in the pig model,which occurred independently of the gut microbiota.
基金Project (No. 2006C12098) supported by the Bureau of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province, China
文摘The purpose of this study was to clarify effects of selected oligosaccharides on concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids （SCFAs）, total large bowel wet weight and wall weight, and cecal microbiota levels in mice. Mice were respectively given gavage of selected fructooligosaccharides （FOS）, galactooligosaccharides （GOS）, mannanoligosaccharides （MOS）, and ehitooligosaccharides （COS） [1000 mg/（kg body weightd）]. Control group was given physiological saline solution. After 14 d treatment, SCFAs and lactate in mice cecum were significantly increased （P〈0.05） by intake of oligosaccharides, especially FOS and GOS. Thus, providing these oligosaccharides as ingredients in nutritional formulas may benefit the gastrointestinal tract.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82060399)Guangxi Medical High-level Key Talents Training“139”Program Training Project(No.[2020]15),China.
文摘Spinal cord injury(SCI)causes motor,sensory,and autonomic dysfunctions.The gut microbiome has an important role in SCI,while short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are one of the main bioactive mediators of microbiota.In the present study,we explored the effects of oral administration of exogenous SCFAs on the recovery of locomotor function and tissue repair in SCI.Allen’s method was utilized to establish an SCI model in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats.The animals received water containing a mixture of 150 mmol/L SCFAs after SCI.After 21 d of treatment,the Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan(BBB)score increased,the regularity index improved,and the base of support(BOS)value declined.Spinal cord tissue inflammatory infiltration was alleviated,the spinal cord necrosis cavity was reduced,and the numbers of motor neurons and Nissl bodies were elevated.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),and immunohistochemistry assay revealed that the expression of interleukin(IL)-10 increased and that of IL-17 decreased in the spinal cord.SCFAs promoted gut homeostasis,induced intestinal T cells to shift toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype,and promoted regulatory T(Treg)cells to secrete IL-10,affecting Treg cells and IL-17^(+)γδT cells in the spinal cord.Furthermore,we observed that Treg cells migrated from the gut to the spinal cord region after SCI.The above findings confirm that SCFAs can regulate Treg cells in the gut and affect the balance of Treg and IL-17^(+)γδT cells in the spinal cord,which inhibits the inflammatory response and promotes the motor function in SCI rats.Our findings suggest that there is a relationship among gut,spinal cord,and immune cells,and the“gut-spinal cord-immune”axis may be one of the mechanisms regulating neural repair after SCI.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2019YFC1605000)the National Natural Science Foundation(31872904)。
文摘Emerging evidence indicated that the increase in food allergy(FA)over the past few decades was associated with the abnormal compositional and metabolic changes of gut microbiota.Gut microbiota played a vital role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota promoted the occurrence of FA.Recent research suggested that short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the main metabolites derived from gut microbiota,contributed to FA protection.Herein,we provided a comprehensive review on the relationship between gut microbiota and FA.The multifaceted mechanisms underlymg beneficial effects of gut microbiota composition/metabolites on the regulation of diverse cellular pathways in intestinal epithelial cells,dendritic cells,innate lymphoid cells,T cells,B cells and mast cells in the immune system were discussed systematically.These findings emphasized the positive function of gut microbiota in FA and provided novel ideas for the treatment or prevention of FA in the future.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81800510Shanghai Sailing Program,No.18YF1415900.
文摘Emerging evidence supports that the gut microbiome,reconsidered as a new organ in the human body,can not only affect the local gut,but also communicate with the brain via multiple pathways related to neuroendocrine,immune,and neural pathways,thereby proposing the new concept of the microbiome-gut-brain(MGB)axis.Recently,the role of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),which are the main anaerobic fermented metabolites of the gut microbiota in the MGB axis,has garnered significant attention.SCFAs are involved in a broad range of central neurological diseases,including neurodegenerative diseases,cerebral vascular diseases,epilepsy,neuroimmune inflammatory diseases,and mood disorders.However,the underlying mechanism of SCFA-related distant organ crosstalk is yet to be elucidated.Herein,we summarize current knowledge regarding interactions between SCFAs and the MGB axis,as well as their protective effects against central neurological diseases.
基金supported by the Hebei Medical Science Research Project(20242002)S&T Program of Hebei(21377722D)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82001145)。
文摘Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)are major metabolites produced by the gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber,and they have garnered significant attention due to their close association with host health.As important mediators between the gut microbiota and the host,SCFAs serve as energy substrates for intestinal epithelial cells and maintain homeostasis in host immune and energy metabolism by influencing host epigenetics,activating G protein-coupled receptors,and inhibiting pathogenic microbial infections.This review provides a comprehensive summary of SCFAs synthesis and metabolism and offering an overview of the latest research progress on their roles in protecting gut health,enhancing energy metabolism,mitigating diseases such as cancer,obesity,and diabetes,modulating the gut-brain axis and gut-l ung axis,and promoting bone health.
基金supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Grant(PJT-159626).
文摘The gut microbiota refers to the collection of trillions of intestinal microorganisms that modulate central aspects of health and disease through influential effects on host physiology.Recently,a connection has been made between the gut microbiota and exercise.Initial investigations demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on the gut microbiota,with cross-sectional studies revealing positive correlations between exerciseassociated states,and healthy gut microbiota and exercise interventions showed post-intervention increases in the abundance of beneficial bacterial taxa.More recent investigations have focused on exploring the reverse relationship:the influence of the gut microbiota on exercise performance.Murine investigations have revealed that certain bacterial taxa may enhance endurance exercise performance by augmenting various aspects of lactate metabolism.Further,short-chain fatty acids—which modulate metabolism at various organ sites,including within skeletal muscle—have been shown to enhance endurance exercise capacity in mice.This review highlights what is currently known about the connection between the gut microbiota and exercise,with a particular focus on the ergogenic potential of the gut microbiota and how it may be leveraged to enhance endurance exercise performance.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Key R&D Program(BE2018658)Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline(ZDXK202217)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘Parkinson’s disease(PD)is a complicated neurodegenerative disease,characterized by the accumulation ofα-synuclein(α-syn)in Lewy bodies and neurites,and massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons.Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota and microbial metabolites are involved in the development of PD.Among these,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs),the most abundant microbial metabolites,have been proven to play a key role in brain-gut communication.In this review,we analyze the role of SCFAs in the pathology of PD from multiple dimensions and summarize the alterations of SCFAs in PD patients as well as their correlation with motor and non-motor symptoms.Future research should focus on further elucidating the role of SCFAs in neuroinflammation,as well as developing novel strategies employing SCFAs and their derivatives to treat PD.
基金the earmarked fund for Jiangsu Agricultural Industry Technology System(JATS[2021]403)Su Xi Broiler Industry Cluster Project(2022)。
文摘Background:Research on nutrition in early-life commonly focuses on the maturation of the intestine because the intestinal system is crucial for ensuring continued growth.To explore the importance of early nutrition regulation in animals,soy protein concentrate(SPC)was added to the early diet of broilers to investigate its effects on amino acid digestibility,intestinal development,especially intestinal microorganisms,and broiler metabolites.A total of 192 oneday-old Arbor Acres(AA)male broilers were randomly assigned to two experimental treatments with 8 replicates of 12 birds.The control group was fed a basal diet(control),and the treatment group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 12%SPC(SPC12)during the first 10 d(starter phase).From d 11 to 21(grower phase)and d 22 to 42(finisher phase),a basal diet was fed to both treatment groups.Results:SPC reduced the pH value and acid-binding capacity of the starter diet(P<0.05,d 10);SPC in the early diet enhanced the gizzard weight(P<0.05,d 10 and d 42)and the ileum weight(P<0.05,d 10)and decreased the weight and length of the jejunum(P<0.05,d 10)and the relative length of the duodenum and jejunum(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,SPC enhanced villus height(P<0.05,d 10)and muscle thickness in the jejunum and ileum(P<0.05,d 10)and increased the number of goblet cells in the duodenum(P<0.05,d 10).Meanwhile,SPC increased the Chao1 index and the ACE index(P<0.05,d 10)and altered the composition of caecal microflora at d 10.SPC also increased the relative abundance of Alistipes,Anaerotruncus,Erysipelatoclostridium,Intestinimonas and Flavonifractor bacteria(P<0.05,d 10).At the same time,the concentrations of caecal butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)were also increased in the SPC12 group(P<0.05,d 10).Conclusions:In summary,the results showed that supplementing the starter diet of broilers with SPC has a significant effect on the early development of the intestine and the microflora.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51408419)the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant nos. 2014BAL02B02-03 and 2014BAC29B01)the Key Program for International S&T Cooperation Projects of China (Grant no. 2012DFG91380)
文摘As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids（SCFAs） can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS（6.8 times higher than the blank test） and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.
基金Supported by the "333 Scientific Project" of Jiangsu Province in 2020, No. BRA2020237the Science and Technology Project of Suqian, Jiangsu Province in 2020, No. Z2020057
文摘BACKGROUND Slow transit constipation(STC)is a disorder with delayed colonic transit.Cinnamic acid(CA)is an organic acid in natural plants,such as Radix Scrophulariae(Xuan Shen),with low toxicity and biological activities to modulate the intestinal microbiome.AIM To explore the potential effects of CA on the intestinal microbiome and the primary endogenous metabolites-short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and evaluate the therapeutic effects of CA in STC.METHODS Loperamide was applied to induce STC in mice.The treatment effects of CA on STC mice were assessed from the 24 h defecations,fecal moisture and intestinal transit rate.The enteric neurotransmitters:5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)and vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Hematoxylin-eosin and Alcian blue and Periodic acid Schiff staining were used to evaluate intestinal mucosa's histopathological performance and secretory function.16S rDNA was employed to analyze the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome.The SCFAs in stool samples were quantitatively detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.RESULTS CA ameliorated the symptoms of STC and treated STC effectively.CA ameliorated the infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes,increased the number of goblet cells and acidic mucus secretion of the mucosa.In addition,CA significantly increased the concentration of 5-HT and reduced VIP.CA significantly improved the diversity and abundance of the beneficial microbiome.Furthermore,the production of SCFAs[including acetic acid(AA),butyric acid(BA),propionic acid(PA)and valeric acid(VA)]was significantly promoted by CA.The changed abundance of Firmicutes,Akkermansia,Lachnoclostridium,Monoglobus,UCG.005,Paenalcaligenes,Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter were involved in the production of AA,BA,PA and VA.CONCLUSION CA could treat STC effectively by ameliorating the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiome to regulate the production of SCFAs.
