Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’...Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we summarize the changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in various samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease,highlighting the critical role of gut homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.Focusing on the nervous system,we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which short-chain fatty acids influence the homeostasis of both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system.We identify key processes,including the activation of G protein-coupled receptors and the inhibition of histone deacetylases by short-chain fatty acids.Importantly,structural or functional disruptions in the enteric nervous system mediated by these fatty acids may lead to abnormalα-synuclein expression and gastrointestinal dysmotility,which could serve as an initiating event in Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,we propose that short-chain fatty acids help establish communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the vagal nerve,immune circulation,and endocrine signaling.This communication may shed light on their potential role in the transmission ofα-synuclein from the gut to the brain.Finally,we elucidate novel treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease that target short-chain fatty acids and examine the challenges associated with translating short-chain fatty acid-based therapies into clinical practice.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the pivotal role of short-chain fatty acids in regulating gut-brain axis integrity and their significance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease from the perspective of the nervous system.Moreover,it highlights the potential value of short-chain fatty acids in early intervention for Parkinson’s disease.Future research into the molecular mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids and their synergistic interactions with other gut metabolites is likely to advance the clinical translation of innovative short-chain fatty acid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
The mammalian gut is inhabited by a massive and complicated microbial community, in which the hostachieves a stable symbiotic environment through the interdependence, coordination, reciprocal constraintsand participat...The mammalian gut is inhabited by a massive and complicated microbial community, in which the hostachieves a stable symbiotic environment through the interdependence, coordination, reciprocal constraintsand participation in an immune response. The interaction between the host gut and themicrobiota is essential for maintaining and achieving the homeostasis of the organism. Consequently, guthomeostasis is pivotal in safeguarding the growth and development and potential productive performanceof the host. As metabolites of microorganisms, short chain fatty acids are not only the preferredenergy metabolic feedstock for host intestinal epithelial cells, but also exert vital effects on antioxidantsand the regulation of intestinal community homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the effects of intestinalmicroorganisms on the host gut and the mechanisms of action of short chain fatty acids on the fourintestinal barriers of the organism, which will shed light on the manipulation of the intestinal communityto achieve precise nutrition for specific individuals and provide a novel perspective for theprevention and treatment of diseases.展开更多
The prebiotic functions of chocolate to improve the function and health benefit of the chocolate when enriched with probiotics has not been fully investigated.This study investigated the role of chocolates enriched wi...The prebiotic functions of chocolate to improve the function and health benefit of the chocolate when enriched with probiotics has not been fully investigated.This study investigated the role of chocolates enriched with probiotics in the production of SCFAs and vitamin B_(12) during the in-vitro colonic fermentation.Seven probiotic bacteria were encapsulated using a mixture of cocoa powder(10%),FOS(2%)and Na-alginate(1%)before added to chocolates.The results revealed that encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis spp.lactis BB12 produced significantly higher amounts(1876.5±105.16 and 1348.51±77.37 mmol,respectively)of acetic acid after 48h of colonic fermentation.Chocolates with encapsulated BB12,La5,Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Streptococcus thermophilus yielded higher amounts of propionic,isobutyric,butyric and isovaleric acid.Probiotic-chocolates with 70%cocoa produced significantly more acetic,propionic,and butyric acids than that of 45%cocoa.However,Probiotic-chocolates with 45%cocoa produced greater amounts of vitamin B_(12) than 70%cocoa.These data demonstrate that probiotic-chocolate could be a functional snack with additional health benefits.展开更多
Gut inflammation is a challenging concern in humans and animals,which disturbs normal growth and leads to severe bowel diseases.Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the gut microbiota metabolites produced from fermentatio...Gut inflammation is a challenging concern in humans and animals,which disturbs normal growth and leads to severe bowel diseases.Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the gut microbiota metabolites produced from fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates,and have been reported to modulate gut inflammation.SCFA have been implicated as the potential therapeutic bioactive molecules for gut inflammatory diseases,and could be an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters(AGP).In this review,the existing knowledge about the types of SCFA,the related gut microbes producing SCFA,the roles of SCFA in maintaining gut homeostasis,and how SCFA modulate gut inflammation is summarized.The therapeutic application of SCFA in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is also highlighted展开更多
Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates undergoing bacterial fermentation in the hindgut,which are related to some physiological functions.This study was designed to investigat...Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates undergoing bacterial fermentation in the hindgut,which are related to some physiological functions.This study was designed to investigate the effects of SCFA infusion by ileum on the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid meta-bolism of growing pigs.In a 28-day study,24 growing barrows fitted with a T-cannula in distal ileum were divided into 4 treatments:1)Control,2)antibiotics(AB),3)AB+300 mL of SCFA1 solution(ABS1),4)AB+300 mL of SCFA2 solution(ABS2).The concentrations of acetate,propionate and butyrate in SCFA1 solution were respectively 61.84,18.62 and 12.55 mmol/L,and in SCFA2 were respectively 40.08,15.41 and 9.78 mmol/L The results showed that the SCFA infusion increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the SCFA treatments increased longissimus dorsi area(P<0.05)and carcass weight(P=0.058),decreased the drip loss of longissimus dorsi(P=0.059),and reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride,total cholesterol and urea nitrogen(P<0.05).Besides,the SCFA administration inhibited the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase(FAS)and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in longissimus dorsi(P<0.05),the mRNA expression of FAS in the liver(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05).Short chain fatty acid infusion also enhanced the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1αin the liver(P<0.05),the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and lipoprotein lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05),and the mRNA expressions of free fatty acid receptor 2,glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the colon(P<0.05).These results suggested that SCFA administration in the ileum could improve the carcass traits and meat quality of growing pigs,which was possibly due to the fact that SCFA modulated lipid metabolism.展开更多
Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)exist in dietary foods and are produced by the fermentation of gut microbiota,and are considered an important element for regulating host health.Through blood circulation,SCFA produced in ...Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)exist in dietary foods and are produced by the fermentation of gut microbiota,and are considered an important element for regulating host health.Through blood circulation,SCFA produced in the gut and obtained from foods have an impact on the intestinal health as well as vital organs of the host.It has been recognized that the gut is the“vital organ”in the host.As the gut microbial metabolites,SCFA could create an“axis”connecting the gut and to other organs.Therefore,the“gut-organ axes”have become a focus of research in recent years to analyze organism health.In this review,we summarized the sources,absorption properties,and the function of SCFA in both gut and other peripheral tissues(brain,kidney,liver,lung,bone and cardiovascular)in the way of“gut-organ axes”.Short chain fatty acids exert both beneficial and pathological role in gut and other organs in various ways,in which the beneficial effects are more pronounced.In addition,the beneficial effects are reflected in both preventive and therapeutic effects.More importantly,the mechanisms behinds the gut and other tissues provided insight into the function of SCFA,assisting in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for maintaining the host health.展开更多
In this study,the effects of sea buckthorn oil(SBO),fish oil(FO)and an enzymatically synthesized structured lipid(SL)on serum,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were inve...In this study,the effects of sea buckthorn oil(SBO),fish oil(FO)and an enzymatically synthesized structured lipid(SL)on serum,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were investigated.The results demonstrated that FO,SBO,and SL effectively reduced the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum of SD rats.SBO increased serum triglyceride levels,while FO elevated total cholesterol levels.Furthermore,all three dietary lipids decreased short-chain fatty acid production and enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity.FO increased the abundance of intestinal microbiota including Romboutsia,Lactobacillus,Escherichia-Shigella,and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group.Conversely,all three dietary lipids reduced the abundance of Klebsiella and Blautia.These findings provide a foundation for understanding the functionality of SBO and FO as well as their potential application in synthesizing novel SLs to regulate intestinal microbiota.展开更多
Objective:This study aimed to examine how moxibustion regulates short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production to reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic rats.Materials and Methods:An asthmatic rat model was prepared by ova...Objective:This study aimed to examine how moxibustion regulates short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production to reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic rats.Materials and Methods:An asthmatic rat model was prepared by ovalbumin(OVA)sensitization and atomization.After successful modeling,the animals were assigned to the BL13(moxibustion at the Feishu[BL13]point),ST25(moxibustion at the Tianshu[ST25]point),and BL13-ST25(moxibustion at the BL13 and ST25 points)groups.A 30-min moxibustion intervention was performed once daily for 14 consecutive days.After treatment,the levels of interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,and IL-17 proteins and m RNA in lung tissue were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,respectively.SCFA levels in bone marrow and blood were quantitated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The expression of immunocostimulatory molecules,including CD11b,CD40,CD86,and PD-L1,in bone marrow and blood was assessed by ELISA and immunoblotting.Results:Compared with the model group,the numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly reduced in the BL13-ST25 group(P<0.05).In addition,IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,and IL-17 protein and m RNA amounts were markedly decreased in the BL13-ST25 group versus the model group(P<0.05),while bone marrow and blood acetic,propionic,and butyric acid amounts were remarkably elevated(P<0.05).Finally,bone marrow and blood CD11b,CD40,CD86,and PD-L1 levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).Conclusion:Moxibustion can alleviate airway inflammation in asthmatic rats,which may be related to the regulation of SCFAs in blood and bone marrow,affecting the expression of immune cell co-stimulatory molecules,thereby influencing T-cell differentiation.展开更多
Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)have been increasingly evidenced to be important bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota and transducers in controlling diverse psychiatric or neurological disorders via the microbiot...Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)have been increasingly evidenced to be important bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota and transducers in controlling diverse psychiatric or neurological disorders via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.However,the precise mechanism by which brain SCFAs extert multiple beneficial effects is not completely understood.Our previous research has demonstrated that the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase short-chain family member 2(ACSS2)is a novel target of the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant responses.Here,we show that micromolar SCFAs significantly augment both total cellular and nuclear ACSS2 to trigger tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH2)promoter histone acetylation and its transcription in SH-SY5Y cells.In chronic-restraint-stress-induced depression mice,neuronal ACSS2 knockdown by stereotaxic injection of adeno-associated virus in the hippocampus abolished SCFA-mediated improvements in depressive-like behaviors of mice,supporting that ACSS2 is required for SCFA-mediated antidepressant responses.Mechanistically,the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ)is identified as a novel partner of ACSS2 to activate TPH2 transcription.Importantly,PPARγis also responsible for SCFA-mediated antidepressant-like effects via ACSS2-TPH2 axis.To further support brain SCFAs as a therapeutic target for antidepressant effects,d-mannose,which is a naturally present hexose,can significantly reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in the chronic-restraint-stress-exposure mice and augment brain SCFAs to protect against the depressive-like behaviors via ACSS2-PPARγ-TPH2 axis.In summary,brain SCFAs can activate ACSS2-PPARγ-TPH2 axis to play the antidepressive-like effects,and d-mannose is suggested to be an inducer of brain SCFAs in resisting depression.展开更多
Intestinal health,regulated by gut microbiota,is essential for optimal animal production performance and bone metabolism.Dietary fiber,a key modulator of gut microbiota,influences microbial composition and enhances th...Intestinal health,regulated by gut microbiota,is essential for optimal animal production performance and bone metabolism.Dietary fiber,a key modulator of gut microbiota,influences microbial composition and enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids,which in turn affect bone remodeling processes.This review examines the mechanistic links between dietary fiber,gut microbiota-derived metabolites,and bone health,highlighting their roles in mitigating oxidative stress,modulating immune responses,and regulating osteogenic and osteoclastic activities.By elucidating these interactions,we provide insights into the potential of dietary fiber as a nutritional strategy for improving bone integrity and managing bone-related disorders in animals.展开更多
In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and en...In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and enhanced antitumor immunity via the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in cytotoxic CD8+T cells.These data support the growing awareness that the clinical benefits of MVPA are achieved at least in part through enhanced immunity with support from the gut microbiome.展开更多
Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is closely associated with the pathological manifestations of multiple neurodegenerative diseases via the gut-brain axis,which refers to the crosstalk between the gut...Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is closely associated with the pathological manifestations of multiple neurodegenerative diseases via the gut-brain axis,which refers to the crosstalk between the gut and the central nervous system.More importantly,mitochondria have been considered prominent mediators of the interplay between the gut microbiota and the brain.Intestinal microbes may modulate mitochondrial function in the central nervous system to affect the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.Mitochondria are essential for meeting the host’s substantial neuronal metabolic demands,maintaining excitability,and facilitating synaptic transmission.Dysfunctional mitochondria are considered critical hallmarks of various neurodegenerative diseases.Therefore,this review provides novel insights into the intricate roles of gut microbiota-mitochondrial crosstalk in the underlying mechanisms during the progression of neurodegeneration,as well as the existing potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.These suggest intestinal microbiota-mitochondrial interaction play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases,and targeting this interaction may be a promising therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases.However,this review found that there was relatively little research on the effect of this crosstalk on other neurodegenerative diseases,such as Huntington’s disease and Multiple sclerosis,and the potential therapeutic strategies were translated into clinical trials,which face many challenges in developing personalized treatment plans based on the unique gut microbiota of different individuals.展开更多
African breadfruit seeds were subjected to three processing methods—parboiling, cooking and toasting, and the raw was used as control. The purpose of this research was to extract the oil from the seed and to determin...African breadfruit seeds were subjected to three processing methods—parboiling, cooking and toasting, and the raw was used as control. The purpose of this research was to extract the oil from the seed and to determine the effect of processing on the oil for physicochemical properties and volatile fatty acid profile. Physicochemical properties showed that the colour of the oil varied from golden yellow to brownish yellow with specific gravity varying between 0.802 g/cm3 and 0.813 g/cm3. Percentage yield of oil was 6.14% for raw extract, 6.62% for parboiled extract, 7.56% for toasted extract, and 5.01% for cooked extract. Acid, peroxide and saponification value for oil extracted from the raw seed varied with the processed samples value. The Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), also known as Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) found inherent in varying concentration, were formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, isocarproic, hexanoic and heptanoic acid. Overall results prove that heat results in increases in the VFA concentration of the processed oil.展开更多
The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promis...The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promise.While changes in dietary intake can rapidly change the GI microbiota,the impact of dietary changes during acute critical illness on the microbiota remain uncertain.Dietary fibre is metabolised by carbohydrate-active enzymes and,in health,can alter GI microbiota.The aim of this scoping review was to describe the effects of dietary fibre supplementation in health and disease states,specifically during critical illness.Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that include adults(>18 years age)and reported changes to GI microbiota as one of the study outcomes using non-culture methods,were identified.Studies show dietary fibres have an impact on faecal microbiota in health and disease.The fibre,inulin,has a marked and specific effect on increasing the abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria.Short chain fatty acids produced by Bifidobacteria have been shown to be beneficial in other patient populations.Very few trials have evaluated the effect of dietary fibre on the GI microbiota during critical illness.More research is necessary to establish optimal fibre type,doses,duration of intervention in critical illness.展开更多
Impaired healing of diabetic wounds is one of the most important complications of diabetes,often leading to lower limb amputations and incurring significant economic and psychosocial costs.Unfortunately,there are curr...Impaired healing of diabetic wounds is one of the most important complications of diabetes,often leading to lower limb amputations and incurring significant economic and psychosocial costs.Unfortunately,there are currently no effective prevention or treatment strategies available.Recent research has reported that an imbalance in the gut microbiota,known as dysbiosis,was linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes,as well as the development and progression of diabetic complications.Indeed,the gut microbiota has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating type 2 diabetes and related diseases.However,there is few of literatures specifically discussing the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetic wounds.This review aims to explore the potential role of the gut microbiota,especially probiotics,and its associated byproducts such as short chain fatty acids,bile acids,hydrogen sulfide,and tryptophan metabolites on wound healing to provide fresh insights and novel perspectives for the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes.展开更多
With emerging scientific breakthroughs,it has been established that gut microbiome dysbiosis has an undeniable correlation with hepatic diseases through complex interlinked metabolic pathways.There’s always been a ne...With emerging scientific breakthroughs,it has been established that gut microbiome dysbiosis has an undeniable correlation with hepatic diseases through complex interlinked metabolic pathways.There’s always been a need for new therapeutic options to deal with the rising prevalence of metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease,liver cirrhosis,alcoholic liver disease,hepatocellular carcinoma etc.Several researchers have studied the role of probiotics and prebiotics in altering gut microbiome to tackle microbial dysbiosis which has been proven to be the cause of several metabolic disorders.However,postbiotics remain an untapped potential due to the limited literature on their intake and associated benefits.These bioactive compounds include short chain fatty acids such as butyrate,propionate and acetate,exopolysaccharides,inactivated strains such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacillus coagulans etc.,have hepatoprotective effects which are highlighted in this article.This review aims to discuss the findings of postbiotics research,their classification and their diverse role in serving as a therapeutic option for liver diseases.展开更多
Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antio...Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antioxidant activity,and anti-inflammatory activity.In addition,whether and how consuming dried black wolfberry affects gut microbiota has not been reported.This study assessed the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of black wolfberry dried through different methods,and subsequently characterized changes in human fecal microbiota associated with freeze-dried black wolfberry in vitro.The results showed that freeze-dried samples retained higher total phenolics((49.68±1.62)mg GAE/g DM),tannins((38.64±1.35)mg GAE/g DM),and proanthocyanidins((3.35±0.30)mg/g DM)compared to sun drying or hot air drying(P<0.05),and exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.In human fecal inoculum bioreactor fermentations,freeze-dried black wolfberry was associated with increased species richness andα-diversity.At the genus level,fermentations treated with black wolfberry had a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus,Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Pediococcus,and Weissella,as well as butyrate-producing bacteria compared to the untreated samples,suggesting enrichment for taxa associated with a healthy gut microbiome.In addition,the black wolfberry treatment group had higher levels of short-chain fatty acids,which were consistent with PICRUSt2 inference.This study defines an optimal method for black wolfberry preservation to retain the beneficial compounds,and provides a foundation for further exploration of its potential benefits for human gut microbiota.展开更多
Background Despite growing concerns about the adverse effects of antibiotics in farm animals,there has been little investigation of the effects of florfenicol in laying hens.This study examined the effect of florfenic...Background Despite growing concerns about the adverse effects of antibiotics in farm animals,there has been little investigation of the effects of florfenicol in laying hens.This study examined the effect of florfenicol on the intestinal homeostasis,immune system,and pathogen susceptibility of laying hens.Results The oral administration of florfenicol at field-relevant levels for 5 d resulted in a decrease in the gut microbiota genera Lactobacillus,Bacillus,and Bacteroides,indicating the development of intestinal dysbiosis.The dysbiosis led to decreased mRNA levels of key regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR-γ)and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),compromising intestinal hypoxia.Intestinal homeostasis was also disrupted,with decreased expression of Occludin and Mucin 2(Muc2)genes combined with increased gut epithelial permeability.The breakdown in intestinal homeostasis and immune function provided a favorable environment for opportunistic bacteria like avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC),culminating in systemic infection.Immunologically,florfenicol treatment resulted in increased proportion and absolute number of MRC1L-B^(+)monocytes/macrophages in the spleen,indicating an exacerbated infection.Furthermore,both the proportion and absolute number ofγδT cells in the lamina propria of the cecum decreased.Treatment with florfenicol reduced butyrate levels in the cecum.However,the administration of butyrate before and during florfenicol treatment restored factors associated with intestinal homeostasis,including PPAR-γ,Occludin,and Muc2,while partially restoring HIF-1α,normalized intestinal hypoxia and gut permeability,and reversed immune cell changes,suppressing APEC systemic infection.Conclusion The uncontrolled and widespread use of florfenicol can negatively affect intestinal health in chickens.Specifically,florfenicol was found to impair intestinal homeostasis and immune function in laying hens,including by reducing butyrate levels,thereby increasing their susceptibility to systemic APEC infection.The development of strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of florfenicol on gut health and pathogen susceptibility in laying hens is therefore essential.展开更多
Red wine has a good potential for alleviating atherosclerosis,but the mechanisms related to hepatointestinal circulation remain to be elucidated.This study showed that administration of a high-polyphenol red wine(16 m...Red wine has a good potential for alleviating atherosclerosis,but the mechanisms related to hepatointestinal circulation remain to be elucidated.This study showed that administration of a high-polyphenol red wine(16 mL/(kg·day))for 16 weeks significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion in high-fat diet-fed ApoE^(-/-)mice.The total cholesterol(TC)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels of plasma were lowered by 11.54%and 18.98%.The pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)levels were decreased by 27.59%and 31.92%.Red wine also reduced triglyceride(TG)level and lipid deposition in the liver,and increased the concentration of total bile acids(TBA).Untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that red wine modulated the disorder of liver metabolism by regulating sphingolipid signaling pathway,sphingolipid metabolism,glycerophosphlipid metabolism,choline metabolism and bile secretion.16S rRNA sequencing revealed that red wine increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium and reduced the abundance of Mucispirillum,Romboutsia,Lactobacillus,Bilophila and Blautia,along with the increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in feces.These findings indicated that red wine could exert anti-atherosclerotic effect by regulating gut microbiota,restoring SCFAs,alleviating liver metabolic disorders.展开更多
Subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE) causes devastating economic losses in the broiler chicken industry,especially in birds raised free of in-feed antibiotics. Prebiotics are potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotic...Subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE) causes devastating economic losses in the broiler chicken industry,especially in birds raised free of in-feed antibiotics. Prebiotics are potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Yeast cell wall extract(YCW) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a prebiotic with known immune modulating effects. This study examined the effects of YCW and antibiotics(AB) during subclinical NE on broiler growth performance, intestinal lesions, humoral immune response and gut microflora metabolites. The study employed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were:NE challenge(yes or no) and feed additive(control, AB, or YCW). Each treatment was replicated in 8 floor pens with 15 birds per pen. Challenged birds had higher feed conversion ratio(FCR) than unchallenged birds on d 35(P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of AB decreased FCR regardless of challenge(P < 0.05) on d 24 and 35. Inclusion of YCW reduced serum interleukin-1(IL-1) concentration in NE challenged birds(P < 0.01) and increased immunoglobulin(Ig) G(P < 0.05) and Ig M(P < 0.05) levels compared to other dietary treatments regardless of challenge. Yeast cell wall extract increased formic acid concentration in cecal contents during challenge and increased butyric acid concentration in unchallenged birds on d 16.This study indicates YCW suppressed inflammatory response, promoted generation of immunoglobulin and increased short chain fatty acid production suggesting potential benefits to bird health.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China,No.2021YFC2501200(to PC).
文摘Short-chain fatty acids,metabolites produced by the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota,have garnered significant attention due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases,particularly Parkinson’s disease.In this review,we summarize the changes in short-chain fatty acid levels and the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria in various samples from patients with Parkinson’s disease,highlighting the critical role of gut homeostasis imbalance in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease.Focusing on the nervous system,we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which short-chain fatty acids influence the homeostasis of both the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system.We identify key processes,including the activation of G protein-coupled receptors and the inhibition of histone deacetylases by short-chain fatty acids.Importantly,structural or functional disruptions in the enteric nervous system mediated by these fatty acids may lead to abnormalα-synuclein expression and gastrointestinal dysmotility,which could serve as an initiating event in Parkinson’s disease.Furthermore,we propose that short-chain fatty acids help establish communication between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the vagal nerve,immune circulation,and endocrine signaling.This communication may shed light on their potential role in the transmission ofα-synuclein from the gut to the brain.Finally,we elucidate novel treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease that target short-chain fatty acids and examine the challenges associated with translating short-chain fatty acid-based therapies into clinical practice.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the pivotal role of short-chain fatty acids in regulating gut-brain axis integrity and their significance in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease from the perspective of the nervous system.Moreover,it highlights the potential value of short-chain fatty acids in early intervention for Parkinson’s disease.Future research into the molecular mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids and their synergistic interactions with other gut metabolites is likely to advance the clinical translation of innovative short-chain fatty acid-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772612)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6202019).
文摘The mammalian gut is inhabited by a massive and complicated microbial community, in which the hostachieves a stable symbiotic environment through the interdependence, coordination, reciprocal constraintsand participation in an immune response. The interaction between the host gut and themicrobiota is essential for maintaining and achieving the homeostasis of the organism. Consequently, guthomeostasis is pivotal in safeguarding the growth and development and potential productive performanceof the host. As metabolites of microorganisms, short chain fatty acids are not only the preferredenergy metabolic feedstock for host intestinal epithelial cells, but also exert vital effects on antioxidantsand the regulation of intestinal community homeostasis. Herein, we summarize the effects of intestinalmicroorganisms on the host gut and the mechanisms of action of short chain fatty acids on the fourintestinal barriers of the organism, which will shed light on the manipulation of the intestinal communityto achieve precise nutrition for specific individuals and provide a novel perspective for theprevention and treatment of diseases.
文摘The prebiotic functions of chocolate to improve the function and health benefit of the chocolate when enriched with probiotics has not been fully investigated.This study investigated the role of chocolates enriched with probiotics in the production of SCFAs and vitamin B_(12) during the in-vitro colonic fermentation.Seven probiotic bacteria were encapsulated using a mixture of cocoa powder(10%),FOS(2%)and Na-alginate(1%)before added to chocolates.The results revealed that encapsulated Lactobacillus plantarum and Bifidobacterium animalis spp.lactis BB12 produced significantly higher amounts(1876.5±105.16 and 1348.51±77.37 mmol,respectively)of acetic acid after 48h of colonic fermentation.Chocolates with encapsulated BB12,La5,Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Streptococcus thermophilus yielded higher amounts of propionic,isobutyric,butyric and isovaleric acid.Probiotic-chocolates with 70%cocoa produced significantly more acetic,propionic,and butyric acids than that of 45%cocoa.However,Probiotic-chocolates with 45%cocoa produced greater amounts of vitamin B_(12) than 70%cocoa.These data demonstrate that probiotic-chocolate could be a functional snack with additional health benefits.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0113700)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2017CFB514)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30800808).
文摘Gut inflammation is a challenging concern in humans and animals,which disturbs normal growth and leads to severe bowel diseases.Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the gut microbiota metabolites produced from fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates,and have been reported to modulate gut inflammation.SCFA have been implicated as the potential therapeutic bioactive molecules for gut inflammatory diseases,and could be an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters(AGP).In this review,the existing knowledge about the types of SCFA,the related gut microbes producing SCFA,the roles of SCFA in maintaining gut homeostasis,and how SCFA modulate gut inflammation is summarized.The therapeutic application of SCFA in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is also highlighted
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672436)the earmarked fund for the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-35)+2 种基金Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Project(2016NYZ0052)the National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB531406)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2014AA022209).
文摘Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)are the main products of indigestible carbohydrates undergoing bacterial fermentation in the hindgut,which are related to some physiological functions.This study was designed to investigate the effects of SCFA infusion by ileum on the carcass traits,meat quality and lipid meta-bolism of growing pigs.In a 28-day study,24 growing barrows fitted with a T-cannula in distal ileum were divided into 4 treatments:1)Control,2)antibiotics(AB),3)AB+300 mL of SCFA1 solution(ABS1),4)AB+300 mL of SCFA2 solution(ABS2).The concentrations of acetate,propionate and butyrate in SCFA1 solution were respectively 61.84,18.62 and 12.55 mmol/L,and in SCFA2 were respectively 40.08,15.41 and 9.78 mmol/L The results showed that the SCFA infusion increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of pigs(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the SCFA treatments increased longissimus dorsi area(P<0.05)and carcass weight(P=0.058),decreased the drip loss of longissimus dorsi(P=0.059),and reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride,total cholesterol and urea nitrogen(P<0.05).Besides,the SCFA administration inhibited the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthase(FAS)and acetyl-CoA carboxylase in longissimus dorsi(P<0.05),the mRNA expression of FAS in the liver(P<0.05),and the mRNA expression of hormone-sensitive lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05).Short chain fatty acid infusion also enhanced the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1αin the liver(P<0.05),the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and lipoprotein lipase in abdominal fat(P<0.05),and the mRNA expressions of free fatty acid receptor 2,glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 in the colon(P<0.05).These results suggested that SCFA administration in the ileum could improve the carcass traits and meat quality of growing pigs,which was possibly due to the fact that SCFA modulated lipid metabolism.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1600104)the earmarked fund for CARS (CARS-36)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-IAS12).
文摘Short chain fatty acids(SCFA)exist in dietary foods and are produced by the fermentation of gut microbiota,and are considered an important element for regulating host health.Through blood circulation,SCFA produced in the gut and obtained from foods have an impact on the intestinal health as well as vital organs of the host.It has been recognized that the gut is the“vital organ”in the host.As the gut microbial metabolites,SCFA could create an“axis”connecting the gut and to other organs.Therefore,the“gut-organ axes”have become a focus of research in recent years to analyze organism health.In this review,we summarized the sources,absorption properties,and the function of SCFA in both gut and other peripheral tissues(brain,kidney,liver,lung,bone and cardiovascular)in the way of“gut-organ axes”.Short chain fatty acids exert both beneficial and pathological role in gut and other organs in various ways,in which the beneficial effects are more pronounced.In addition,the beneficial effects are reflected in both preventive and therapeutic effects.More importantly,the mechanisms behinds the gut and other tissues provided insight into the function of SCFA,assisting in the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for maintaining the host health.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B02005-2-3)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2022CFB458)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B02018-3)the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022B02045-3)the Innovation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region University Students(S202310758031).
文摘In this study,the effects of sea buckthorn oil(SBO),fish oil(FO)and an enzymatically synthesized structured lipid(SL)on serum,short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were investigated.The results demonstrated that FO,SBO,and SL effectively reduced the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum of SD rats.SBO increased serum triglyceride levels,while FO elevated total cholesterol levels.Furthermore,all three dietary lipids decreased short-chain fatty acid production and enhanced intestinal microbiota diversity.FO increased the abundance of intestinal microbiota including Romboutsia,Lactobacillus,Escherichia-Shigella,and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group.Conversely,all three dietary lipids reduced the abundance of Klebsiella and Blautia.These findings provide a foundation for understanding the functionality of SBO and FO as well as their potential application in synthesizing novel SLs to regulate intestinal microbiota.
基金financially supported by the Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Project(No.2024XJZA008)Research Project on Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hunan Province(No.B2023063)+1 种基金The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2024JK213,No.2024RC1061)2021 Hunan Province Young Backbone Teacher Training Object Project(No.2021)。
文摘Objective:This study aimed to examine how moxibustion regulates short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)production to reduce airway inflammation in asthmatic rats.Materials and Methods:An asthmatic rat model was prepared by ovalbumin(OVA)sensitization and atomization.After successful modeling,the animals were assigned to the BL13(moxibustion at the Feishu[BL13]point),ST25(moxibustion at the Tianshu[ST25]point),and BL13-ST25(moxibustion at the BL13 and ST25 points)groups.A 30-min moxibustion intervention was performed once daily for 14 consecutive days.After treatment,the levels of interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-13,and IL-17 proteins and m RNA in lung tissue were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,respectively.SCFA levels in bone marrow and blood were quantitated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The expression of immunocostimulatory molecules,including CD11b,CD40,CD86,and PD-L1,in bone marrow and blood was assessed by ELISA and immunoblotting.Results:Compared with the model group,the numbers of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly reduced in the BL13-ST25 group(P<0.05).In addition,IL-4,IL-5,IL-13,and IL-17 protein and m RNA amounts were markedly decreased in the BL13-ST25 group versus the model group(P<0.05),while bone marrow and blood acetic,propionic,and butyric acid amounts were remarkably elevated(P<0.05).Finally,bone marrow and blood CD11b,CD40,CD86,and PD-L1 levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).Conclusion:Moxibustion can alleviate airway inflammation in asthmatic rats,which may be related to the regulation of SCFAs in blood and bone marrow,affecting the expression of immune cell co-stimulatory molecules,thereby influencing T-cell differentiation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82101606,82173105,81771775,81971471,and 32270800)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2022HWYQ-028)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022MC012).
文摘Short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)have been increasingly evidenced to be important bioactive metabolites of the gut microbiota and transducers in controlling diverse psychiatric or neurological disorders via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.However,the precise mechanism by which brain SCFAs extert multiple beneficial effects is not completely understood.Our previous research has demonstrated that the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase short-chain family member 2(ACSS2)is a novel target of the rapid and long-lasting antidepressant responses.Here,we show that micromolar SCFAs significantly augment both total cellular and nuclear ACSS2 to trigger tryptophan hydroxylase 2(TPH2)promoter histone acetylation and its transcription in SH-SY5Y cells.In chronic-restraint-stress-induced depression mice,neuronal ACSS2 knockdown by stereotaxic injection of adeno-associated virus in the hippocampus abolished SCFA-mediated improvements in depressive-like behaviors of mice,supporting that ACSS2 is required for SCFA-mediated antidepressant responses.Mechanistically,the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ)is identified as a novel partner of ACSS2 to activate TPH2 transcription.Importantly,PPARγis also responsible for SCFA-mediated antidepressant-like effects via ACSS2-TPH2 axis.To further support brain SCFAs as a therapeutic target for antidepressant effects,d-mannose,which is a naturally present hexose,can significantly reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota in the chronic-restraint-stress-exposure mice and augment brain SCFAs to protect against the depressive-like behaviors via ACSS2-PPARγ-TPH2 axis.In summary,brain SCFAs can activate ACSS2-PPARγ-TPH2 axis to play the antidepressive-like effects,and d-mannose is suggested to be an inducer of brain SCFAs in resisting depression.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent in Central Plains(No.244200510010)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(No.CARS-34)the Program for Science&Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province(No.25HASTIT045).
文摘Intestinal health,regulated by gut microbiota,is essential for optimal animal production performance and bone metabolism.Dietary fiber,a key modulator of gut microbiota,influences microbial composition and enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids,which in turn affect bone remodeling processes.This review examines the mechanistic links between dietary fiber,gut microbiota-derived metabolites,and bone health,highlighting their roles in mitigating oxidative stress,modulating immune responses,and regulating osteogenic and osteoclastic activities.By elucidating these interactions,we provide insights into the potential of dietary fiber as a nutritional strategy for improving bone integrity and managing bone-related disorders in animals.
文摘In a series of experiments,Phelps et al.1provided novel data linking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA),gut microbiota composition changes and the release of the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) formate,and enhanced antitumor immunity via the transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in cytotoxic CD8+T cells.These data support the growing awareness that the clinical benefits of MVPA are achieved at least in part through enhanced immunity with support from the gut microbiome.
基金supported by General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82370986(to LAW)Shaanxi Provincial NaturalScience Foundation Key Project,No.2023-JC-ZD-56(to SS).
文摘Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is closely associated with the pathological manifestations of multiple neurodegenerative diseases via the gut-brain axis,which refers to the crosstalk between the gut and the central nervous system.More importantly,mitochondria have been considered prominent mediators of the interplay between the gut microbiota and the brain.Intestinal microbes may modulate mitochondrial function in the central nervous system to affect the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.Mitochondria are essential for meeting the host’s substantial neuronal metabolic demands,maintaining excitability,and facilitating synaptic transmission.Dysfunctional mitochondria are considered critical hallmarks of various neurodegenerative diseases.Therefore,this review provides novel insights into the intricate roles of gut microbiota-mitochondrial crosstalk in the underlying mechanisms during the progression of neurodegeneration,as well as the existing potential therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders.These suggest intestinal microbiota-mitochondrial interaction play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases,and targeting this interaction may be a promising therapeutic approach to neurodegenerative diseases.However,this review found that there was relatively little research on the effect of this crosstalk on other neurodegenerative diseases,such as Huntington’s disease and Multiple sclerosis,and the potential therapeutic strategies were translated into clinical trials,which face many challenges in developing personalized treatment plans based on the unique gut microbiota of different individuals.
文摘African breadfruit seeds were subjected to three processing methods—parboiling, cooking and toasting, and the raw was used as control. The purpose of this research was to extract the oil from the seed and to determine the effect of processing on the oil for physicochemical properties and volatile fatty acid profile. Physicochemical properties showed that the colour of the oil varied from golden yellow to brownish yellow with specific gravity varying between 0.802 g/cm3 and 0.813 g/cm3. Percentage yield of oil was 6.14% for raw extract, 6.62% for parboiled extract, 7.56% for toasted extract, and 5.01% for cooked extract. Acid, peroxide and saponification value for oil extracted from the raw seed varied with the processed samples value. The Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), also known as Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) found inherent in varying concentration, were formic, acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, isocarproic, hexanoic and heptanoic acid. Overall results prove that heat results in increases in the VFA concentration of the processed oil.
文摘The systemic effects of gastrointestinal(GI)microbiota in health and during chronic diseases is increasingly recognised.Dietary strategies to modulate the GI microbiota during chronic diseases have demonstrated promise.While changes in dietary intake can rapidly change the GI microbiota,the impact of dietary changes during acute critical illness on the microbiota remain uncertain.Dietary fibre is metabolised by carbohydrate-active enzymes and,in health,can alter GI microbiota.The aim of this scoping review was to describe the effects of dietary fibre supplementation in health and disease states,specifically during critical illness.Randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that include adults(>18 years age)and reported changes to GI microbiota as one of the study outcomes using non-culture methods,were identified.Studies show dietary fibres have an impact on faecal microbiota in health and disease.The fibre,inulin,has a marked and specific effect on increasing the abundance of faecal Bifidobacteria.Short chain fatty acids produced by Bifidobacteria have been shown to be beneficial in other patient populations.Very few trials have evaluated the effect of dietary fibre on the GI microbiota during critical illness.More research is necessary to establish optimal fibre type,doses,duration of intervention in critical illness.
基金Supported by Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Youth Fund Project,No.2024NSFSC1609Sichuan Province Postdoctoral Special Funding Project,No.TB2023046。
文摘Impaired healing of diabetic wounds is one of the most important complications of diabetes,often leading to lower limb amputations and incurring significant economic and psychosocial costs.Unfortunately,there are currently no effective prevention or treatment strategies available.Recent research has reported that an imbalance in the gut microbiota,known as dysbiosis,was linked to the onset of type 2 diabetes,as well as the development and progression of diabetic complications.Indeed,the gut microbiota has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for treating type 2 diabetes and related diseases.However,there is few of literatures specifically discussing the relationship between gut microbiota and diabetic wounds.This review aims to explore the potential role of the gut microbiota,especially probiotics,and its associated byproducts such as short chain fatty acids,bile acids,hydrogen sulfide,and tryptophan metabolites on wound healing to provide fresh insights and novel perspectives for the treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes.
文摘With emerging scientific breakthroughs,it has been established that gut microbiome dysbiosis has an undeniable correlation with hepatic diseases through complex interlinked metabolic pathways.There’s always been a need for new therapeutic options to deal with the rising prevalence of metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease,liver cirrhosis,alcoholic liver disease,hepatocellular carcinoma etc.Several researchers have studied the role of probiotics and prebiotics in altering gut microbiome to tackle microbial dysbiosis which has been proven to be the cause of several metabolic disorders.However,postbiotics remain an untapped potential due to the limited literature on their intake and associated benefits.These bioactive compounds include short chain fatty acids such as butyrate,propionate and acetate,exopolysaccharides,inactivated strains such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacillus coagulans etc.,have hepatoprotective effects which are highlighted in this article.This review aims to discuss the findings of postbiotics research,their classification and their diverse role in serving as a therapeutic option for liver diseases.
基金supported by Key Research and Development Program in Xizang Autonomous Region(XZ202301ZY0018N)Xizang Autonomous Region financial special project(XZCZ-SS-2024)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(22JR5RA463)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2023A0505050104)。
文摘Black wolfberry(Lycium ruthenicum)is enriched in phytochemical metabolites which can benefit human health.However,few studies have examined the effects of different fruit drying methods on its polyphenol content,antioxidant activity,and anti-inflammatory activity.In addition,whether and how consuming dried black wolfberry affects gut microbiota has not been reported.This study assessed the phytochemical profile and bioactivities of black wolfberry dried through different methods,and subsequently characterized changes in human fecal microbiota associated with freeze-dried black wolfberry in vitro.The results showed that freeze-dried samples retained higher total phenolics((49.68±1.62)mg GAE/g DM),tannins((38.64±1.35)mg GAE/g DM),and proanthocyanidins((3.35±0.30)mg/g DM)compared to sun drying or hot air drying(P<0.05),and exhibited higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.In human fecal inoculum bioreactor fermentations,freeze-dried black wolfberry was associated with increased species richness andα-diversity.At the genus level,fermentations treated with black wolfberry had a higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria including Lactococcus,Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Pediococcus,and Weissella,as well as butyrate-producing bacteria compared to the untreated samples,suggesting enrichment for taxa associated with a healthy gut microbiome.In addition,the black wolfberry treatment group had higher levels of short-chain fatty acids,which were consistent with PICRUSt2 inference.This study defines an optimal method for black wolfberry preservation to retain the beneficial compounds,and provides a foundation for further exploration of its potential benefits for human gut microbiota.
基金supported by a the National Research Foundation(NRF),funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(RS-2023-00218476,RS-2024-00454619)the Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development(RS-2022-RD010165)+1 种基金the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(RS-2022-KH128577)the BK21 FOUR Program of the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,Seoul National University,Seoul,Korea.
文摘Background Despite growing concerns about the adverse effects of antibiotics in farm animals,there has been little investigation of the effects of florfenicol in laying hens.This study examined the effect of florfenicol on the intestinal homeostasis,immune system,and pathogen susceptibility of laying hens.Results The oral administration of florfenicol at field-relevant levels for 5 d resulted in a decrease in the gut microbiota genera Lactobacillus,Bacillus,and Bacteroides,indicating the development of intestinal dysbiosis.The dysbiosis led to decreased mRNA levels of key regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR-γ)and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α),compromising intestinal hypoxia.Intestinal homeostasis was also disrupted,with decreased expression of Occludin and Mucin 2(Muc2)genes combined with increased gut epithelial permeability.The breakdown in intestinal homeostasis and immune function provided a favorable environment for opportunistic bacteria like avian pathogenic Escherichia coli(APEC),culminating in systemic infection.Immunologically,florfenicol treatment resulted in increased proportion and absolute number of MRC1L-B^(+)monocytes/macrophages in the spleen,indicating an exacerbated infection.Furthermore,both the proportion and absolute number ofγδT cells in the lamina propria of the cecum decreased.Treatment with florfenicol reduced butyrate levels in the cecum.However,the administration of butyrate before and during florfenicol treatment restored factors associated with intestinal homeostasis,including PPAR-γ,Occludin,and Muc2,while partially restoring HIF-1α,normalized intestinal hypoxia and gut permeability,and reversed immune cell changes,suppressing APEC systemic infection.Conclusion The uncontrolled and widespread use of florfenicol can negatively affect intestinal health in chickens.Specifically,florfenicol was found to impair intestinal homeostasis and immune function in laying hens,including by reducing butyrate levels,thereby increasing their susceptibility to systemic APEC infection.The development of strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of florfenicol on gut health and pathogen susceptibility in laying hens is therefore essential.
基金the research funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272294)。
文摘Red wine has a good potential for alleviating atherosclerosis,but the mechanisms related to hepatointestinal circulation remain to be elucidated.This study showed that administration of a high-polyphenol red wine(16 mL/(kg·day))for 16 weeks significantly reduced the atherosclerotic lesion in high-fat diet-fed ApoE^(-/-)mice.The total cholesterol(TC)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)levels of plasma were lowered by 11.54%and 18.98%.The pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)levels were decreased by 27.59%and 31.92%.Red wine also reduced triglyceride(TG)level and lipid deposition in the liver,and increased the concentration of total bile acids(TBA).Untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that red wine modulated the disorder of liver metabolism by regulating sphingolipid signaling pathway,sphingolipid metabolism,glycerophosphlipid metabolism,choline metabolism and bile secretion.16S rRNA sequencing revealed that red wine increased the abundance of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium and reduced the abundance of Mucispirillum,Romboutsia,Lactobacillus,Bilophila and Blautia,along with the increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in feces.These findings indicated that red wine could exert anti-atherosclerotic effect by regulating gut microbiota,restoring SCFAs,alleviating liver metabolic disorders.
基金Alltech (USA) is gratefully acknowledged for funding this project(13-E-9150)
文摘Subclinical necrotic enteritis(NE) causes devastating economic losses in the broiler chicken industry,especially in birds raised free of in-feed antibiotics. Prebiotics are potential alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Yeast cell wall extract(YCW) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a prebiotic with known immune modulating effects. This study examined the effects of YCW and antibiotics(AB) during subclinical NE on broiler growth performance, intestinal lesions, humoral immune response and gut microflora metabolites. The study employed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were:NE challenge(yes or no) and feed additive(control, AB, or YCW). Each treatment was replicated in 8 floor pens with 15 birds per pen. Challenged birds had higher feed conversion ratio(FCR) than unchallenged birds on d 35(P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of AB decreased FCR regardless of challenge(P < 0.05) on d 24 and 35. Inclusion of YCW reduced serum interleukin-1(IL-1) concentration in NE challenged birds(P < 0.01) and increased immunoglobulin(Ig) G(P < 0.05) and Ig M(P < 0.05) levels compared to other dietary treatments regardless of challenge. Yeast cell wall extract increased formic acid concentration in cecal contents during challenge and increased butyric acid concentration in unchallenged birds on d 16.This study indicates YCW suppressed inflammatory response, promoted generation of immunoglobulin and increased short chain fatty acid production suggesting potential benefits to bird health.
