The damage evolution of polycrystalline Al with helium(He)bubbles under strongly decaying shock waves is studied by molecular dynamics simulations.A new damage region is observed near the loading side of the sample,an...The damage evolution of polycrystalline Al with helium(He)bubbles under strongly decaying shock waves is studied by molecular dynamics simulations.A new damage region is observed near the loading side of the sample,and the evolution characteristics and underlying mechanisms are elucidated.The development of damage in the new damage region begins after complete unloading of the incident shock wave and is further enhanced when the tensile stress arrives later.The damage evolution is completely controlled by the expansion-merging of He bubbles,without nucleation–growth of voids.This new damage region can be divided into two sections,each of which exhibits a unique dominant mechanism.The damage in the section closer to the loading side is due to the reverse velocity gradient formed after complete unloading of the incident shock wave,depending on the rate of decrease and the amplitude of the initial peak pressure.A high initial peak pressure that can lead to melting of material near the loading side is a necessary condition for the formation of the new damage region,since a significant reverse velocity gradient can only be established if melting occurs.The dominant mechanism in the section distant from the loading side is the action of tensile stress,associated with the profile of the incident shock wave upon reaching the free surface,which determines the material phase near the free surface.Moreover,the presence of He bubbles is another critical factor for formation of the new damage region,which does not occur in pure Al samples.展开更多
The manipulation of intense shock waves to either attenuate or enhance damage has long been a key goal in the domain of impact dynamics.Effective methods for such manipulation,however,remain elusive owing to the wide ...The manipulation of intense shock waves to either attenuate or enhance damage has long been a key goal in the domain of impact dynamics.Effective methods for such manipulation,however,remain elusive owing to the wide spectrum and irreversible destructive nature of intense shock waves.This work proposes a novel approach for actively controlling intense shock waves in solids,inspired by the principles of optical and explosive lenses.Specifically,by designing a shock wave convex lens composed of a low-shock-impedance material embedded in a high-shock-impedance matrix,we prove the feasibility of transforming a planar shock into a spherically converging shock.This is based on oblique shock theory,according to which shock waves pass through an oblique interface and then undergo deflection.Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that,as expected,the obtained local spherical shock wave has a wavefront that is nearly perfectly spherical and uniform in pressure.Thus,this work proves the possibility of generating spherical shock waves using plate-impact experiments and highlights the potential of further exploration of the manipulation of shock waves in solids.It also contributes an innovative perspective for both armor penetration technologies and shock wave mitigation strategies.展开更多
As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises s...As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises structural concerns,and the latter is of aerodynamic interest.Thus,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow represents a vital topic for the development and optimization of supersonic vehicles and propulsion systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the methodologies applied to capture structural and fluid dynamics,including theoretical models,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.The application of data-driven modal decomposition,an advanced technique to extract physically crucial features,on the topic is introduced.From the perspective of FSIs,the distinctive aeroelastic behaviors in shock-dominated flow,including hysteresis phenomena and nonlinear responses,are highlighted.From the perspective of SBLIs,the modifications in their spatial and temporal characteristics imposed by the aeroelastic responses are emphasized.Motivated by the interaction between the shock waves and structural response,different strategies have been proposed to implement aeroelastic suppression and shock control,which have the potential to enhance structural safety and aerodynamic performance in the next generation of high-speed flight vehicles.展开更多
Traffic engineering such as tunnels in various altitudinal gradient zone are at risk of accidental explosion,which can damage personnel and equipment.Accurate prediction of the distribution pattern of explosive loads ...Traffic engineering such as tunnels in various altitudinal gradient zone are at risk of accidental explosion,which can damage personnel and equipment.Accurate prediction of the distribution pattern of explosive loads and shock wave propagation process in semi-enclosed structures at various altitude environment is key research focus in the fields of explosion shock and fluid dynamics.The effect of altitude on the propagation of shock waves in tunnels was investigated by conducting explosion test and numerical simulation.Based on the experimental and numerical simulation results,a prediction model for the attenuation of the peak overpressure of tunnel shock waves at different altitudes was established.The results showed that the peak overpressure decreased at the same measurement points in the tunnel entrance under the high altitude condition.In contrast,an increase in altitude accelerated the propagation speed of the shock wave in the tunnel.The average error between the peak shock wave overpressure obtained using the overpressure prediction formula and the measured test data was less than15%,the average error between the propagation velocity of shock waves predicted values and the test data is less than 10%.The method can effectively predict the overpressure attenuation of blast wave in tunnel at various altitudes.展开更多
Three-dimensional curved shock wave/boundary layer interaction with streamwise and spanwise curvatures widely exists in practical aerodynamic design.To explore the effects of composite shock curvatures on boundary lay...Three-dimensional curved shock wave/boundary layer interaction with streamwise and spanwise curvatures widely exists in practical aerodynamic design.To explore the effects of composite shock curvatures on boundary layer separation,a canonical model with a cone placed above plate was utilized as a reference.Configurations of straight,convex,and concave conical shock waves inducing the curved conical shock wave/boundary layer interactions were studied,using CFD based on Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation method.The flow structure and separation region of each case were discussed quantitively on the symmetry plane,flat plate,and plane perpendicular to flow direction,respectively.The focus of the analysis was on the characteristic patterns of separation scale variation in the streamwise and spanwise directions,which were observed to consistently change with respect to both directions with alterations in the incident shock wave shape.A simplified control volume model was established to qualitatively discuss the influence source of curved shock waves on separation scales,based on mass conservation equations.The results suggest that the curved shock wave has a holistic effect on separation,which is not solely dependent on the shock foot strength.展开更多
The thermochemical non-equilibrium phenomena encountered by hypersonic vehicles present significant challenges in their design.To investigate the thermochemical reaction flow behind shock waves,the non-equilibrium rad...The thermochemical non-equilibrium phenomena encountered by hypersonic vehicles present significant challenges in their design.To investigate the thermochemical reaction flow behind shock waves,the non-equilibrium radiation in the visible range using a shock tube was studied.Experiments were conducted with a shock velocity of 4.7 km/s,using nitrogen at a pressure of 20 Pa.To address measurement difficulties associated with weak radiation,a special square section shock tube with a side length of 380 mm was utilized.A high-speed camera characterized the shock wave’s morphology,and a spectrograph and a monochromator captured the radiation.The spectra were analyzed,and the numerical spectra were compared with experimental results,showing a close match.Temperature changes behind the shock wave were obtained and compared with numerical predictions.The findings indicate that the vibrational temperatures are overestimated,while the vibrational relaxation time is likely underestimated,due to the oversimplified portrayals of the non-equilibrium relaxation process in the models.Additionally,both experimental and simulated time-resolved profiles of radiation intensity at specific wavelengths were analyzed.The gathered data aims to enhance computational fluid dynamics codes and radiation models,improving their predictive accuracy.展开更多
To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study ana...To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study analyzes the propagation and interaction processes of detonation waves in composite charges with different structural dimensions and explosive combinations. It also investigates the spatial distribution characteristics of the resulting shock wave loads. Based on dimensional analysis theory, a theoretical analysis of the shock wave overpressure distribution in free air fields is conducted. Utilizing the derived dimensionless function relationships, the hydrocode AUTODYN is employed to investigate the effects of charge structure parameters and explosive combinations on the internal overdriven detonation phenomena and the distribution of shock wave loads. It is found that the overdriven detonation phenomenon in the inner layer of composite charges increases the strength of the axial detonation wave,thereby enhancing the intensity of the primary end wave formed upon refraction into the air, which affects the distribution characteristics of the shock wave overpressure. Research has shown that increasing the thickness ratio and detonation velocity ratio of composite charges is beneficial for exacerbating the phenomenon of overdriven detonation, improving the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure. This gain effect gradually weakens with the propagation of shock waves. When overdriven detonation occurs inside the composite charge, the detonation pressure first increases and then decreases. The Mach reflection pressure of the composite charge with a larger aspect ratio is attenuated to a greater extent. In addition, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the shock wave energy gradually flows from the axial direction to the radial direction. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure gradually decrease.展开更多
The stability of supersonic inlets faces challenges due to various changes in flight conditions,and flow control methods that address shock wave/boundary layer interactions under only one set of conditions cannot meet...The stability of supersonic inlets faces challenges due to various changes in flight conditions,and flow control methods that address shock wave/boundary layer interactions under only one set of conditions cannot meet developmental requirements.This paper proposes an adaptive bump control scheme and employs dynamic mesh technology for numerical simulation to investigate the unsteady control effects of adaptive bumps.The obtained results indicate that the use of moving bumps to control shock wave/boundary layer interactions is feasible.The adaptive control effects of five different bump speeds are evaluated.Within the range of bump speeds studied,the analysis of the flow field structure reveals the patterns of change in the separation zone area during the control process,as well as the relationship between the bump motion speed and the control effect on the separation zone.It is concluded that the moving bump endows the boundary layer with additional energy.展开更多
BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free r...BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.展开更多
This paper focuses on the application of the adaptive mesh method in the study of underwater shock waves near the water surface.By integrating theoretical analysis with a five-equation model under axisymmetric coordin...This paper focuses on the application of the adaptive mesh method in the study of underwater shock waves near the water surface.By integrating theoretical analysis with a five-equation model under axisymmetric coordinates,we developed an optimized computational framework for multi-material fluid simulations.The moving mesh method(r-method)is used to accurately capture complex underwater shock wave systems.Multiple numerical experiments are conducted,including deep-water explosions,near-surface explosions for both spherical charge and cylindrical charge,and regular–irregular reflection interface calculations.The results show that compared to the fixed mesh method,the adaptive mesh method provides results closer to the theoretical values and achieves local high-resolution computation of multi-material fluids.By adjusting the adaptive function,different mesh refinement effects can be obtained.This method also has certain advantages in calculating the regular–irregular reflection interface in underwater explosions.This study establishes a validated computational framework for underwater explosion research,enhancing the predictive accuracy for underwater shock wave propagation in engineering assessments and providing new insights into the fundamental physics of multi-material explosion phenomena.展开更多
This study focuses on High-Amplitude Wall Heat Flux events(HAWHFs) occurring during the interaction between a supersonic flat-plate Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) at a Mach number of2.25 and an oblique shock wave impin...This study focuses on High-Amplitude Wall Heat Flux events(HAWHFs) occurring during the interaction between a supersonic flat-plate Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) at a Mach number of2.25 and an oblique shock wave impinging at 33.2.. A database from a validated direct numerical simulation is analyzed using conditional averaging and a two-dimensional clustering methodology to elucidate the statistical characteristics of both positive and negative HAWHFs within the interaction region. The results reveal that the interaction considerably affects the temporal attributes of the HAWHFs, leading to an extended lifespan for the positive HAWHFs and an increased interval between the occurrences of negative HAWHFs. The structural characteristics of the identified HAWHFs are delineated based on the evolution of population density, aspect ratio, and both absolute and relative distances throughout the interaction. The joint probability density functions of the relative positioning of two adjacent structures indicate that, away from the reattachment point, the positive HAWHFs align in the spanwise direction, displaying similarities with the negative HAWHFs. Moreover, a conditional analysis of flow structures associated with HAWHFs is conducted. This analysis of the conditionally averaged three-dimensional fields reveals that the interaction fosters larger-scale organizational patterns in the downstream region. However, the formation of positive and negative HAWHFs remains largely unaffected by the interaction, with the former predominantly linked to a two-layer temperature structure and the latter primarily associated with a pair of oblique vortices.展开更多
Evacuated tube transportation(ETT)offers a promising high-speed transport solution,but trains operating at supersonic speeds within a sealed tube can induce complex aerodynamic phenomena that impact safety and reliabi...Evacuated tube transportation(ETT)offers a promising high-speed transport solution,but trains operating at supersonic speeds within a sealed tube can induce complex aerodynamic phenomena that impact safety and reliability.This study utilized the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)shear stress transport k-ω(SST k-ω)turbulence model for steady-state simulations and the improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)SST k-ωmodel for unsteady state simulations,both coupled with the advection upstream splitting method(AUSM).Four tunnel cross-sectional areas(49 m^(2),64 m^(2),81 m^(2),and 100 m^(2))with corresponding blockage ratios(β)(0.253,0.192,0.150,0.121)were analyzed to explore shock wave formation and its dependence on blockage ratios,along with surface pressure distribution and aerodynamic loading.Results show that higher blockage ratios increase shock wave intensity,while larger tunnel areas reduce this intensity,improving flow structure and wake effects.Moreover,as the blockage ratio decreases,the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases linearly.When the blockage ratio decreases from 0.253 to 0.121,the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases by 46.2%,with the head carriage and tail carriage drag coefficients decreasing by 23.3%and 32.7%,respectively,while the drag coefficient of the middle carriage remains nearly unchanged.The percentage of the total drag coefficient contributed by the head carriage decreases from 51.1%to 40.9%,while the percentage for the tail carriage increases from 47.0%to 56.6%.These findings enhance understanding of ETT fluid dynamics and performance.展开更多
A Discrete Boltzmann Method(DBM)with a Maxwell-type boundary condition is constructed to investigate the influence of rarefaction on laminar Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI).Due to the complexity of compre...A Discrete Boltzmann Method(DBM)with a Maxwell-type boundary condition is constructed to investigate the influence of rarefaction on laminar Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI).Due to the complexity of compressible flow,a Knudsen number vector Kn,whose components include the local Knudsen numbers such as Kn_(ρ)and Kn_(U),is introduced to characterize the local structures,where Kn_(ρ)and Kn_(U)are Knudsen numbers defined in terms of the density and velocity interfaces,respectively.Since first focusing on the steady state of SWBLI,the DBM considers up to the second-order Kn_(ρ)(rarefaction/non-equilibrium)effects.The model is validated using Mach number 2 SWBLI and the necessity of using DBM with sufficient physical accuracy is confirmed by the shock collision problem.Key findings include the following:the leading-edge shock wave increases the local density Knudsen number Kn_(ρ)and eventually leads to the failure of linear constitutive relations in the Navier-Stokes(N-S)model and surely also in the lower-order DBM;the non-equilibrium effect differences in regions behind the leading-edge shock wave are primarily correlated with Kn_(ρ),while in the separation region are primarily correlated with Kn_(U);the non-equilibrium quantities D_(2)and D_(4,2),as well as the viscous entropy production rate S_(NOMF)can be used to identify the separation zone.The findings clarify various effects and main mechanisms in different regions associated with SWBLI,which are concealed in N-S model.展开更多
[Objectives]To quantify the efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy(ESWT)for upper limb spasticity in stroke patients using Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS)across three timeframes:immediate,short-term(24 h-4 wks),an...[Objectives]To quantify the efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy(ESWT)for upper limb spasticity in stroke patients using Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS)across three timeframes:immediate,short-term(24 h-4 wks),and long-term(>4 wks).[Methods]Six databases(PubMed,EMBASE,CENTRAL,CINAHL,Scopus,Web of Science)until May 2025,were systematically searched,identifying 11 RCTs(n=505)meeting inclusion criteria(adults≥18 yrs old with stroke-related spasticity[MAS≥1]).Risk of bias was rigorously assessed using Cochrane criteria,revealing uniformly low risk across all domains.Random-effects meta-analyses(REML model)calculated Hedges'g with 95%CI for MAS outcomes,with subgroup analyses for joint-specific effects.[Results]ESWT demonstrated non-significant immediate MAS reduction(g=-0.69,p=0.07;=93.95%),but statistically significant short-term(g=-0.58,p=0.02;I^(2)=89.64%)and long-term effects(g=-0.52,p=0.02;I^(2)=78.72%).Effects were driven by composite MAS scores(short-term g=-0.63;long-term g=-0.56,both p<0.05)rather than isolated joints(elbow/finger/wrist all non-significant).Substantial heterogeneity persisted across analyses,particularly in joint-specific subgroups(I^(2)>90%).[Conclusions]ESWT provides statistically significant,clinically relevant reductions in global upper limb spasticity with durable efficacy beyond four weeks,supporting its use as a non-invasive adjunct therapy despite substantial heterogeneity warranting protocol standardization.展开更多
Cowl-induced incident Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions (SWBLI) under the influence of gradual expansion waves are frequently observed in supersonic inlets. However, the analysis and prediction of interaction len...Cowl-induced incident Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions (SWBLI) under the influence of gradual expansion waves are frequently observed in supersonic inlets. However, the analysis and prediction of interaction lengths have not been sufficiently investigated. First, this study presents a theoretical scaling analysis and validates it through wind tunnel experiments. It conducts detailed control volume analysis of mass conservation, considering the differences between inviscid and viscous cases. Then, three models for analysing interaction length under gradual expansion waves are derived. Related experiments using schlieren photography are conducted to validate the models in a Mach 2.73 flow. The interaction scales are captured at various relative distances between the shock impingement location and the expansion regions with wedge angles ranging from 12° to 15° and expansion angles of 9°, 12°, and 15°. Three trend lines are plotted based on different expansion angles to depict the relationship between normalised interaction length and normalised interaction strength metric. In addition, the relationship between the coefficients of the trend line and the expansion angles is introduced to predict the interaction length influenced by gradual expansion waves. Finally, the estimation of normalised interaction length is derived for various coefficients within a unified form.展开更多
One of the more severe fluctuating pressure environments encountered in supersonic or hypersonic flows is the shock wave oscillation driven by interaction of a shock wave with boundary layer. The high intensity oscill...One of the more severe fluctuating pressure environments encountered in supersonic or hypersonic flows is the shock wave oscillation driven by interaction of a shock wave with boundary layer. The high intensity oscillating shock wave may induce structure resonance of a high speed vehicle. The research for the shock oscillation used to adopt empirical or semiempirical methods because the phenomenon is very complex. In this paper a theoretical solution on shock oscillating frequency due to turbulent shear layer fluctuations has been obtained from basic conservation equations. Moreover, we have attained the regularity of the frequency of oscillating shock varying with incoming flow Much numbers M and turning angle . The calculating results indicate excellent agreement with measurements. This paper has supplied a valuable analytical method to study aeroelastic problems produced by shock wave oscillation.展开更多
A numerical simulation of the toroidal shock wave focusing in a co-axial cylindrical shock tube is inves- tigated by using discontinuous Galerkin （DG） finite element method to solve the axisymmetric Euler equations....A numerical simulation of the toroidal shock wave focusing in a co-axial cylindrical shock tube is inves- tigated by using discontinuous Galerkin （DG） finite element method to solve the axisymmetric Euler equations. For validating the numerical method, the shock-tube problem with exact solution is computed, and the computed results agree well with the exact cases. Then, several cases with higher incident Mach numbers varying from 2.0 to 5.0 are simulated. Simulation results show that complicated flow-field structures of toroidal shock wave diffraction, reflection, and focusing in a co-axial cylindrical shock tube can be obtained at different incident Mach numbers and the numerical solutions appear steep gradients near the focusing point, which illustrates the DG method has higher accuracy and better resolution near the discontinuous point. Moreover, the focusing peak pres- sure with different grid scales is compared.展开更多
Computational simulations on structurally different detonation generator are carried out to study the phenomena,the mechanism and the gas dynamics characteristics of flame implosion and shock wave focusing.Two-dimensi...Computational simulations on structurally different detonation generator are carried out to study the phenomena,the mechanism and the gas dynamics characteristics of flame implosion and shock wave focusing.Two-dimensional axisymmetric and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved and detailed chemical reaction kinetics of hydrogen/air mixture is used.The simulation results show that the laminar flame generated by low energy spark in the jet flame burner is accelerated under the narrow channel,the jet flame impinging on the axis strengthens shock wave and the shock wave enhances flame acceleration.Under the function of multiple shock waves and flame,a number of hot spots appear between the wave and the surface.The spots enlarge rapidly,thus forming an over-drive detonation with high pressure,and then declining to stable detonation.Through calculation and analysis,the length of detonation initiation and stable detonation are obtained,thus providing the useful information for further experimental investigations.展开更多
A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation...A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation,a criterion which is associated with the ratio Φ （u 2 /u CJ） of existence or inexistence of the transverse shock wave at the region of the primary triple was deduced systematically by 38 cases.It is observed that for abrupt oblique shock wave （OSW）/oblique detonation wave （ODW） transition,a transverse shock wave is generated at the region of the primary triple when Φ 〈 1,however,such a transverse shock wave does not take place for the smooth OSW/ODW transition when Φ 〉 1.The parameter Φ can be expressed as the Mach number behind the ODW front for stable CJ detonation.When 0.9 〈 Φ 〈 1.0,the reflected shock wave can pass across the contact discontinuity and interact with transverse waves which are originating from the ODW front.When 0.8 〈 Φ 〈 0.9,the reflected shock wave can not pass across the contact discontinuity and only reflects at the contact discontinuity.The condition （0.8 〈 Φ 〈 0.9） agrees well with the ratio （D ave /D CJ） in the critical detonation.展开更多
Considering that it is difficult to monitor the measurement system and amend the test parameters on the scene in shock wave overpressure measurement and it is inconvenient to operate and carry traditional PC in outdoo...Considering that it is difficult to monitor the measurement system and amend the test parameters on the scene in shock wave overpressure measurement and it is inconvenient to operate and carry traditional PC in outdoor experiments, a new handheld terminal for shock wave pressure measurement system based on ARM is designed, The handheld terminal, whose ap- plication program is developed by the software of Qt, can control the measurement system by Wi-Fi and perform the functions of monitoring the system state, transmitting the data by wireless and displaying waveforms. To prevent data loss, USB inter- face is designed to read the data The test results show that the designed handheld terminal has good stability and reliability in several explosion experiments.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172063).
文摘The damage evolution of polycrystalline Al with helium(He)bubbles under strongly decaying shock waves is studied by molecular dynamics simulations.A new damage region is observed near the loading side of the sample,and the evolution characteristics and underlying mechanisms are elucidated.The development of damage in the new damage region begins after complete unloading of the incident shock wave and is further enhanced when the tensile stress arrives later.The damage evolution is completely controlled by the expansion-merging of He bubbles,without nucleation–growth of voids.This new damage region can be divided into two sections,each of which exhibits a unique dominant mechanism.The damage in the section closer to the loading side is due to the reverse velocity gradient formed after complete unloading of the incident shock wave,depending on the rate of decrease and the amplitude of the initial peak pressure.A high initial peak pressure that can lead to melting of material near the loading side is a necessary condition for the formation of the new damage region,since a significant reverse velocity gradient can only be established if melting occurs.The dominant mechanism in the section distant from the loading side is the action of tensile stress,associated with the profile of the incident shock wave upon reaching the free surface,which determines the material phase near the free surface.Moreover,the presence of He bubbles is another critical factor for formation of the new damage region,which does not occur in pure Al samples.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2021YFB3802303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12302493 and 12525211).
文摘The manipulation of intense shock waves to either attenuate or enhance damage has long been a key goal in the domain of impact dynamics.Effective methods for such manipulation,however,remain elusive owing to the wide spectrum and irreversible destructive nature of intense shock waves.This work proposes a novel approach for actively controlling intense shock waves in solids,inspired by the principles of optical and explosive lenses.Specifically,by designing a shock wave convex lens composed of a low-shock-impedance material embedded in a high-shock-impedance matrix,we prove the feasibility of transforming a planar shock into a spherically converging shock.This is based on oblique shock theory,according to which shock waves pass through an oblique interface and then undergo deflection.Both experimental and simulation results demonstrate that,as expected,the obtained local spherical shock wave has a wavefront that is nearly perfectly spherical and uniform in pressure.Thus,this work proves the possibility of generating spherical shock waves using plate-impact experiments and highlights the potential of further exploration of the manipulation of shock waves in solids.It also contributes an innovative perspective for both armor penetration technologies and shock wave mitigation strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12372233)the Innovation Foundation for Doctor Dissertation of Northwestern Polytechnical University,China(No.25GH01020005)the“111 Project”of China(No.B17037)。
文摘As a multidisciplinary phenomenon,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow is featured by two primary interactions:Fluid-Structure Interactions(FSIs)and Shock-Boundary Layer Interactions(SBLIs).The former raises structural concerns,and the latter is of aerodynamic interest.Thus,panel aeroelasticity in shock-dominated flow represents a vital topic for the development and optimization of supersonic vehicles and propulsion systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the methodologies applied to capture structural and fluid dynamics,including theoretical models,numerical simulations,and wind tunnel experiments.The application of data-driven modal decomposition,an advanced technique to extract physically crucial features,on the topic is introduced.From the perspective of FSIs,the distinctive aeroelastic behaviors in shock-dominated flow,including hysteresis phenomena and nonlinear responses,are highlighted.From the perspective of SBLIs,the modifications in their spatial and temporal characteristics imposed by the aeroelastic responses are emphasized.Motivated by the interaction between the shock waves and structural response,different strategies have been proposed to implement aeroelastic suppression and shock control,which have the potential to enhance structural safety and aerodynamic performance in the next generation of high-speed flight vehicles.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52378401,52278504)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30922010918)。
文摘Traffic engineering such as tunnels in various altitudinal gradient zone are at risk of accidental explosion,which can damage personnel and equipment.Accurate prediction of the distribution pattern of explosive loads and shock wave propagation process in semi-enclosed structures at various altitude environment is key research focus in the fields of explosion shock and fluid dynamics.The effect of altitude on the propagation of shock waves in tunnels was investigated by conducting explosion test and numerical simulation.Based on the experimental and numerical simulation results,a prediction model for the attenuation of the peak overpressure of tunnel shock waves at different altitudes was established.The results showed that the peak overpressure decreased at the same measurement points in the tunnel entrance under the high altitude condition.In contrast,an increase in altitude accelerated the propagation speed of the shock wave in the tunnel.The average error between the peak shock wave overpressure obtained using the overpressure prediction formula and the measured test data was less than15%,the average error between the propagation velocity of shock waves predicted values and the test data is less than 10%.The method can effectively predict the overpressure attenuation of blast wave in tunnel at various altitudes.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12372295,U21B6003,U20A2069,12302389 and 123B2037)。
文摘Three-dimensional curved shock wave/boundary layer interaction with streamwise and spanwise curvatures widely exists in practical aerodynamic design.To explore the effects of composite shock curvatures on boundary layer separation,a canonical model with a cone placed above plate was utilized as a reference.Configurations of straight,convex,and concave conical shock waves inducing the curved conical shock wave/boundary layer interactions were studied,using CFD based on Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation method.The flow structure and separation region of each case were discussed quantitively on the symmetry plane,flat plate,and plane perpendicular to flow direction,respectively.The focus of the analysis was on the characteristic patterns of separation scale variation in the streamwise and spanwise directions,which were observed to consistently change with respect to both directions with alterations in the incident shock wave shape.A simplified control volume model was established to qualitatively discuss the influence source of curved shock waves on separation scales,based on mass conservation equations.The results suggest that the curved shock wave has a holistic effect on separation,which is not solely dependent on the shock foot strength.
基金supported by the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021B0909060004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12072355 and 92271117)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB0620202).
文摘The thermochemical non-equilibrium phenomena encountered by hypersonic vehicles present significant challenges in their design.To investigate the thermochemical reaction flow behind shock waves,the non-equilibrium radiation in the visible range using a shock tube was studied.Experiments were conducted with a shock velocity of 4.7 km/s,using nitrogen at a pressure of 20 Pa.To address measurement difficulties associated with weak radiation,a special square section shock tube with a side length of 380 mm was utilized.A high-speed camera characterized the shock wave’s morphology,and a spectrograph and a monochromator captured the radiation.The spectra were analyzed,and the numerical spectra were compared with experimental results,showing a close match.Temperature changes behind the shock wave were obtained and compared with numerical predictions.The findings indicate that the vibrational temperatures are overestimated,while the vibrational relaxation time is likely underestimated,due to the oversimplified portrayals of the non-equilibrium relaxation process in the models.Additionally,both experimental and simulated time-resolved profiles of radiation intensity at specific wavelengths were analyzed.The gathered data aims to enhance computational fluid dynamics codes and radiation models,improving their predictive accuracy.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 12302437)Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.SBK2023045424)。
文摘To explore the design criteria for composite charges and reveal the intrinsic relationship between the detonation wave propagation in composite charges and the overall energy distribution of shock waves,this study analyzes the propagation and interaction processes of detonation waves in composite charges with different structural dimensions and explosive combinations. It also investigates the spatial distribution characteristics of the resulting shock wave loads. Based on dimensional analysis theory, a theoretical analysis of the shock wave overpressure distribution in free air fields is conducted. Utilizing the derived dimensionless function relationships, the hydrocode AUTODYN is employed to investigate the effects of charge structure parameters and explosive combinations on the internal overdriven detonation phenomena and the distribution of shock wave loads. It is found that the overdriven detonation phenomenon in the inner layer of composite charges increases the strength of the axial detonation wave,thereby enhancing the intensity of the primary end wave formed upon refraction into the air, which affects the distribution characteristics of the shock wave overpressure. Research has shown that increasing the thickness ratio and detonation velocity ratio of composite charges is beneficial for exacerbating the phenomenon of overdriven detonation, improving the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure. This gain effect gradually weakens with the propagation of shock waves. When overdriven detonation occurs inside the composite charge, the detonation pressure first increases and then decreases. The Mach reflection pressure of the composite charge with a larger aspect ratio is attenuated to a greater extent. In addition, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the shock wave energy gradually flows from the axial direction to the radial direction. Therefore, as the aspect ratio of the composite charge increases, the primary end wave intensity and axial overpressure gradually decrease.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFA0405300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11972368)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2021JJ10045).
文摘The stability of supersonic inlets faces challenges due to various changes in flight conditions,and flow control methods that address shock wave/boundary layer interactions under only one set of conditions cannot meet developmental requirements.This paper proposes an adaptive bump control scheme and employs dynamic mesh technology for numerical simulation to investigate the unsteady control effects of adaptive bumps.The obtained results indicate that the use of moving bumps to control shock wave/boundary layer interactions is feasible.The adaptive control effects of five different bump speeds are evaluated.Within the range of bump speeds studied,the analysis of the flow field structure reveals the patterns of change in the separation zone area during the control process,as well as the relationship between the bump motion speed and the control effect on the separation zone.It is concluded that the moving bump endows the boundary layer with additional energy.
文摘BACKGROUND Various stone factors can affect the net results of shock wave lithotripsy(SWL).Recently a new factor called variation coefficient of stone density(VCSD)is being considered to have an impact on stone free rates.AIM To assess the role of VCSD in determining success of SWL in urinary calculi.METHODS Charts review was utilized for collection of data variables.The patients were subjected to SWL,using an electromagnetic lithotripter.Mean stone density(MSD),stone heterogeneity index(SHI),and VCSD were calculated by generating regions of interest on computed tomography(CT)images.Role of these factors were determined by applying the relevant statistical tests for continuous and categorical variables and a P value of<0.05 was gauged to be statistically significant.RESULTS There were a total of 407 patients included in the analysis.The mean age of the subjects in this study was 38.89±14.61 years.In total,165 out of the 407 patients could not achieve stone free status.The successful group had a significantly lower stone volume as compared to the unsuccessful group(P<0.0001).Skin to stone distance was not dissimilar among the two groups(P=0.47).MSD was significantly lower in the successful group(P<0.0001).SHI and VCSD were both significantly higher in the successful group(P<0.0001).CONCLUSION VCSD,a useful CT based parameter,can be utilized to gauge stone fragility and hence the prediction of SWL outcomes.
基金supported by the Overall Planning and Development Project of China Academy of Engineering Physics(CAEP)(Grant No.TCGH0909)the Science and Technology Development Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS)(Grant No.2023KJ048)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(Grant No.2023Z001)。
文摘This paper focuses on the application of the adaptive mesh method in the study of underwater shock waves near the water surface.By integrating theoretical analysis with a five-equation model under axisymmetric coordinates,we developed an optimized computational framework for multi-material fluid simulations.The moving mesh method(r-method)is used to accurately capture complex underwater shock wave systems.Multiple numerical experiments are conducted,including deep-water explosions,near-surface explosions for both spherical charge and cylindrical charge,and regular–irregular reflection interface calculations.The results show that compared to the fixed mesh method,the adaptive mesh method provides results closer to the theoretical values and achieves local high-resolution computation of multi-material fluids.By adjusting the adaptive function,different mesh refinement effects can be obtained.This method also has certain advantages in calculating the regular–irregular reflection interface in underwater explosions.This study establishes a validated computational framework for underwater explosion research,enhancing the predictive accuracy for underwater shock wave propagation in engineering assessments and providing new insights into the fundamental physics of multi-material explosion phenomena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12232018,12072360)The authors are very grateful to Dr.DONG Siwei for his helpful recommendation on the clustering method.
文摘This study focuses on High-Amplitude Wall Heat Flux events(HAWHFs) occurring during the interaction between a supersonic flat-plate Turbulent Boundary Layer(TBL) at a Mach number of2.25 and an oblique shock wave impinging at 33.2.. A database from a validated direct numerical simulation is analyzed using conditional averaging and a two-dimensional clustering methodology to elucidate the statistical characteristics of both positive and negative HAWHFs within the interaction region. The results reveal that the interaction considerably affects the temporal attributes of the HAWHFs, leading to an extended lifespan for the positive HAWHFs and an increased interval between the occurrences of negative HAWHFs. The structural characteristics of the identified HAWHFs are delineated based on the evolution of population density, aspect ratio, and both absolute and relative distances throughout the interaction. The joint probability density functions of the relative positioning of two adjacent structures indicate that, away from the reattachment point, the positive HAWHFs align in the spanwise direction, displaying similarities with the negative HAWHFs. Moreover, a conditional analysis of flow structures associated with HAWHFs is conducted. This analysis of the conditionally averaged three-dimensional fields reveals that the interaction fosters larger-scale organizational patterns in the downstream region. However, the formation of positive and negative HAWHFs remains largely unaffected by the interaction, with the former predominantly linked to a two-layer temperature structure and the latter primarily associated with a pair of oblique vortices.
基金Project(JZ202201)supported by the Key Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Jiangmen,ChinaProject(2021WGALH15)supported by the Hong Kong and Macao Joint Research and Development Fund of Wuyi University,China+2 种基金Project(S202411349091)supported by the University Students'Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Guangdong,ChinaProject(52202426)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(15205723,15226424)supported by the Research Grants Council(RGC)of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China。
文摘Evacuated tube transportation(ETT)offers a promising high-speed transport solution,but trains operating at supersonic speeds within a sealed tube can induce complex aerodynamic phenomena that impact safety and reliability.This study utilized the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)shear stress transport k-ω(SST k-ω)turbulence model for steady-state simulations and the improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)SST k-ωmodel for unsteady state simulations,both coupled with the advection upstream splitting method(AUSM).Four tunnel cross-sectional areas(49 m^(2),64 m^(2),81 m^(2),and 100 m^(2))with corresponding blockage ratios(β)(0.253,0.192,0.150,0.121)were analyzed to explore shock wave formation and its dependence on blockage ratios,along with surface pressure distribution and aerodynamic loading.Results show that higher blockage ratios increase shock wave intensity,while larger tunnel areas reduce this intensity,improving flow structure and wake effects.Moreover,as the blockage ratio decreases,the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases linearly.When the blockage ratio decreases from 0.253 to 0.121,the total drag coefficient of the entire train decreases by 46.2%,with the head carriage and tail carriage drag coefficients decreasing by 23.3%and 32.7%,respectively,while the drag coefficient of the middle carriage remains nearly unchanged.The percentage of the total drag coefficient contributed by the head carriage decreases from 51.1%to 40.9%,while the percentage for the tail carriage increases from 47.0%to 56.6%.These findings enhance understanding of ETT fluid dynamics and performance.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC2201100)the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics,China(No.JCKYS2023212003)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12172061)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Beijing Institute of Technology)(No.KFJJ25-02M).
文摘A Discrete Boltzmann Method(DBM)with a Maxwell-type boundary condition is constructed to investigate the influence of rarefaction on laminar Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interaction(SWBLI).Due to the complexity of compressible flow,a Knudsen number vector Kn,whose components include the local Knudsen numbers such as Kn_(ρ)and Kn_(U),is introduced to characterize the local structures,where Kn_(ρ)and Kn_(U)are Knudsen numbers defined in terms of the density and velocity interfaces,respectively.Since first focusing on the steady state of SWBLI,the DBM considers up to the second-order Kn_(ρ)(rarefaction/non-equilibrium)effects.The model is validated using Mach number 2 SWBLI and the necessity of using DBM with sufficient physical accuracy is confirmed by the shock collision problem.Key findings include the following:the leading-edge shock wave increases the local density Knudsen number Kn_(ρ)and eventually leads to the failure of linear constitutive relations in the Navier-Stokes(N-S)model and surely also in the lower-order DBM;the non-equilibrium effect differences in regions behind the leading-edge shock wave are primarily correlated with Kn_(ρ),while in the separation region are primarily correlated with Kn_(U);the non-equilibrium quantities D_(2)and D_(4,2),as well as the viscous entropy production rate S_(NOMF)can be used to identify the separation zone.The findings clarify various effects and main mechanisms in different regions associated with SWBLI,which are concealed in N-S model.
文摘[Objectives]To quantify the efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy(ESWT)for upper limb spasticity in stroke patients using Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS)across three timeframes:immediate,short-term(24 h-4 wks),and long-term(>4 wks).[Methods]Six databases(PubMed,EMBASE,CENTRAL,CINAHL,Scopus,Web of Science)until May 2025,were systematically searched,identifying 11 RCTs(n=505)meeting inclusion criteria(adults≥18 yrs old with stroke-related spasticity[MAS≥1]).Risk of bias was rigorously assessed using Cochrane criteria,revealing uniformly low risk across all domains.Random-effects meta-analyses(REML model)calculated Hedges'g with 95%CI for MAS outcomes,with subgroup analyses for joint-specific effects.[Results]ESWT demonstrated non-significant immediate MAS reduction(g=-0.69,p=0.07;=93.95%),but statistically significant short-term(g=-0.58,p=0.02;I^(2)=89.64%)and long-term effects(g=-0.52,p=0.02;I^(2)=78.72%).Effects were driven by composite MAS scores(short-term g=-0.63;long-term g=-0.56,both p<0.05)rather than isolated joints(elbow/finger/wrist all non-significant).Substantial heterogeneity persisted across analyses,particularly in joint-specific subgroups(I^(2)>90%).[Conclusions]ESWT provides statistically significant,clinically relevant reductions in global upper limb spasticity with durable efficacy beyond four weeks,supporting its use as a non-invasive adjunct therapy despite substantial heterogeneity warranting protocol standardization.
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12172175)the National Science and Technology Major Project, China (No. J2019-II0014-0035)the Science Center for Gas Turbine Project, China (Nos. P2022-C-II-002-001, P2022-A-II-002-001)
文摘Cowl-induced incident Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions (SWBLI) under the influence of gradual expansion waves are frequently observed in supersonic inlets. However, the analysis and prediction of interaction lengths have not been sufficiently investigated. First, this study presents a theoretical scaling analysis and validates it through wind tunnel experiments. It conducts detailed control volume analysis of mass conservation, considering the differences between inviscid and viscous cases. Then, three models for analysing interaction length under gradual expansion waves are derived. Related experiments using schlieren photography are conducted to validate the models in a Mach 2.73 flow. The interaction scales are captured at various relative distances between the shock impingement location and the expansion regions with wedge angles ranging from 12° to 15° and expansion angles of 9°, 12°, and 15°. Three trend lines are plotted based on different expansion angles to depict the relationship between normalised interaction length and normalised interaction strength metric. In addition, the relationship between the coefficients of the trend line and the expansion angles is introduced to predict the interaction length influenced by gradual expansion waves. Finally, the estimation of normalised interaction length is derived for various coefficients within a unified form.
基金The Project Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘One of the more severe fluctuating pressure environments encountered in supersonic or hypersonic flows is the shock wave oscillation driven by interaction of a shock wave with boundary layer. The high intensity oscillating shock wave may induce structure resonance of a high speed vehicle. The research for the shock oscillation used to adopt empirical or semiempirical methods because the phenomenon is very complex. In this paper a theoretical solution on shock oscillating frequency due to turbulent shear layer fluctuations has been obtained from basic conservation equations. Moreover, we have attained the regularity of the frequency of oscillating shock varying with incoming flow Much numbers M and turning angle . The calculating results indicate excellent agreement with measurements. This paper has supplied a valuable analytical method to study aeroelastic problems produced by shock wave oscillation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(50976072,51106099,10902070)the Leading Academic Discipline Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(J50501)the Science Foundation for the Excellent Youth Scholar of Higher Education of Shanghai(slg09003)~~
文摘A numerical simulation of the toroidal shock wave focusing in a co-axial cylindrical shock tube is inves- tigated by using discontinuous Galerkin （DG） finite element method to solve the axisymmetric Euler equations. For validating the numerical method, the shock-tube problem with exact solution is computed, and the computed results agree well with the exact cases. Then, several cases with higher incident Mach numbers varying from 2.0 to 5.0 are simulated. Simulation results show that complicated flow-field structures of toroidal shock wave diffraction, reflection, and focusing in a co-axial cylindrical shock tube can be obtained at different incident Mach numbers and the numerical solutions appear steep gradients near the focusing point, which illustrates the DG method has higher accuracy and better resolution near the discontinuous point. Moreover, the focusing peak pres- sure with different grid scales is compared.
文摘Computational simulations on structurally different detonation generator are carried out to study the phenomena,the mechanism and the gas dynamics characteristics of flame implosion and shock wave focusing.Two-dimensional axisymmetric and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved and detailed chemical reaction kinetics of hydrogen/air mixture is used.The simulation results show that the laminar flame generated by low energy spark in the jet flame burner is accelerated under the narrow channel,the jet flame impinging on the axis strengthens shock wave and the shock wave enhances flame acceleration.Under the function of multiple shock waves and flame,a number of hot spots appear between the wave and the surface.The spots enlarge rapidly,thus forming an over-drive detonation with high pressure,and then declining to stable detonation.Through calculation and analysis,the length of detonation initiation and stable detonation are obtained,thus providing the useful information for further experimental investigations.
文摘A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation,a criterion which is associated with the ratio Φ （u 2 /u CJ） of existence or inexistence of the transverse shock wave at the region of the primary triple was deduced systematically by 38 cases.It is observed that for abrupt oblique shock wave （OSW）/oblique detonation wave （ODW） transition,a transverse shock wave is generated at the region of the primary triple when Φ 〈 1,however,such a transverse shock wave does not take place for the smooth OSW/ODW transition when Φ 〉 1.The parameter Φ can be expressed as the Mach number behind the ODW front for stable CJ detonation.When 0.9 〈 Φ 〈 1.0,the reflected shock wave can pass across the contact discontinuity and interact with transverse waves which are originating from the ODW front.When 0.8 〈 Φ 〈 0.9,the reflected shock wave can not pass across the contact discontinuity and only reflects at the contact discontinuity.The condition （0.8 〈 Φ 〈 0.9） agrees well with the ratio （D ave /D CJ） in the critical detonation.
基金The 11th Postgraduate Technology Innovation Project of North University of China(No.20141147)
文摘Considering that it is difficult to monitor the measurement system and amend the test parameters on the scene in shock wave overpressure measurement and it is inconvenient to operate and carry traditional PC in outdoor experiments, a new handheld terminal for shock wave pressure measurement system based on ARM is designed, The handheld terminal, whose ap- plication program is developed by the software of Qt, can control the measurement system by Wi-Fi and perform the functions of monitoring the system state, transmitting the data by wireless and displaying waveforms. To prevent data loss, USB inter- face is designed to read the data The test results show that the designed handheld terminal has good stability and reliability in several explosion experiments.
