Sharing sacrificial food refers to the behavior that believers share the food that has been used as sacrificial oblations This is one of the links of sacrificial rituals and has religious significance. This ritualisti...Sharing sacrificial food refers to the behavior that believers share the food that has been used as sacrificial oblations This is one of the links of sacrificial rituals and has religious significance. This ritualistic behavior can be traced back to the era when people make a living by hunting. Nowadays, such a behavior still exists in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and is also regarded as one of the ways to get blessings.展开更多
While food sharing among related individuals can be explained by kin selection, food sharing be- tween unrelated individuals has been more of an evolutionary puzzle. The food-for-sex hypothesis provides an explanation...While food sharing among related individuals can be explained by kin selection, food sharing be- tween unrelated individuals has been more of an evolutionary puzzle. The food-for-sex hypothesis provides an explanation for the occurrence of food sharing among nonkin. However, little is known about the socio-ecological factors that can promote such a commodity exchange. A species mating system is a factor potentially influencing food-for-sex patterns of behavior. Here, we compared wolves, which form pair-bonds, with dogs, which are typically promiscuous in freeranging contexts, to investigate the effect of reproductive stages on the behavior around a food source in 2 different contexts. Furthermore, we considered the roles of both the males and the fe- males in the potential food-for-sex exchange. Results indicate that in both species and for both sexes the breeding period promotes decreased aggression. Additionally, females were more per- sistent in their attempts to access the food and were able to monopolize the resource more when in heat as compared to outside the breeding period. Finally, in dogs, but not wolves, females spent more time in proximity to the male＇s bone and had a shorter latency to start eating it when in heat. Overall, this study demonstrates that the food-for-sex hypothesis plays a part in intersexual food sharing in canids, and highlights the role of females in the interaction. These effects were especially the case in dogs, suggesting a potential effect of mating system on food-for-sex responses展开更多
Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e....Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e.,loss of the food),intraspecifc food sharing occurs in various insects,fsh,birds,and aquatic,terrestrial,and arboreal mammals(Liévin‐Bazin et al.2019;Carter et al.2020).By far,most food sharing is intraspecifc,and takes place while possessors are in the process of eating.Here,we describe the remarkable case of a captive chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes,regularly dispensing food to another primate species(baboons,Papio hamadryas)in a neighboring enclosure.We discuss likely causes and functions of this interspecifc altruistic act.Observations were made in Xi’an Qinling Wildlife Park,Shaanxi Province,China(34°02ʹ56.22″N,108°51ʹ48.60″E),where two adult chimpanzees and a group of around 40-50 baboons lived in adjacent enclosures.The female chimpanzee(AiAi)was the elderly mother of the male(DuoDuo,or DD).At feeding times,AiAi usually ate near the door to the chimpanzees’indoor area,and she almost never interacted with the baboon group.The baboon group consisted of two one-male units.We recorded behaviors using focal-animal sampling(for information about subjects and methods,see Supplementary Materials).展开更多
Background:Foodborne trematodiasis(FBT)is a significant global health problem,with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini,O.felineus,and Clonorchis sinensis contributing to half of the global burden of FBT.North-east...Background:Foodborne trematodiasis(FBT)is a significant global health problem,with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini,O.felineus,and Clonorchis sinensis contributing to half of the global burden of FBT.North-eastern Thailand where O.viverrini is endemic and un-cooked fish dishes remain an integral part of the food culture has the highest reported incidence of opisthorchiasis,including associated cholangiocarcinoma.Both food sharing and eating practices are potentially important factors in FTB,suggesting an important role for the social ecology of disease transmission in these rural communities.Methods:Two rural Thai-Lao villages that were part of a 12-village project in Northeastern Thailand were selected for detailed investigation of O.viverrini infection risk associated with sharing of raw fish dishes among households.The project included screening individuals for infection and cholangiocarcinoma,a household questionnaire,and offering treatment options for positive individuals.Social network mapping was used to construct raw fish dish-sharing networks and create a proxy variable capturing variability in the degree of food sharing(DFS),measured as the number of different households with which each household shared fish dishes.Measures of associations between DFS,O.viverrini infection,the frequency of raw fish consumption,and the number of raw fish dishes consumed were generated using binary logistic regression,proportional odds ordinal logistic regression,and Poisson regression.Results:The results showed that the probability that a household has members infected with O.viverrini increased by~7%(P<0.01)for each additional household included in its network.Moreover,the frequency and number of types of raw fish dishes consumed increased significantly as the DFS increased.Of the two villages,that with the highest infection prevalence(48%versus 34.6%)had significantly higher social connectivity overall(P<0.001).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that the social ecology of human settlements may be key to understanding the transmission dynamics of some FBT.In the case of O.viverrini in Thai-Lao communities,for which food sharing is a traditional practice supporting social cohesion,food sharing network mapping should be incorporated into community-based interventions.These should encourage fish dish preparation methods that minimize infection risk by targeting households with high DFS values.展开更多
Although there are some reports that have described primates eating animals,it is unknown whether predation on vertebrates exists in herbivorous leaf-eating primates.We have witnessed firsthand wild Sichuan snub-nosed...Although there are some reports that have described primates eating animals,it is unknown whether predation on vertebrates exists in herbivorous leaf-eating primates.We have witnessed firsthand wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)preying on and consuming Eurasian blackbirds(Turdus merula)in the Qinling Mountains of China.This event suggests that R.roxellana,which has previously been described as a herbivorous leaf-eating primate,may be partially carnivorous and the correct classification of this species would be omnivorous.Furthermore,food-share behavior among higher-ranked members occurs in a one-male unit when vertebrate prey is hunted by this species.展开更多
文摘Sharing sacrificial food refers to the behavior that believers share the food that has been used as sacrificial oblations This is one of the links of sacrificial rituals and has religious significance. This ritualistic behavior can be traced back to the era when people make a living by hunting. Nowadays, such a behavior still exists in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and is also regarded as one of the ways to get blessings.
文摘While food sharing among related individuals can be explained by kin selection, food sharing be- tween unrelated individuals has been more of an evolutionary puzzle. The food-for-sex hypothesis provides an explanation for the occurrence of food sharing among nonkin. However, little is known about the socio-ecological factors that can promote such a commodity exchange. A species mating system is a factor potentially influencing food-for-sex patterns of behavior. Here, we compared wolves, which form pair-bonds, with dogs, which are typically promiscuous in freeranging contexts, to investigate the effect of reproductive stages on the behavior around a food source in 2 different contexts. Furthermore, we considered the roles of both the males and the fe- males in the potential food-for-sex exchange. Results indicate that in both species and for both sexes the breeding period promotes decreased aggression. Additionally, females were more per- sistent in their attempts to access the food and were able to monopolize the resource more when in heat as compared to outside the breeding period. Finally, in dogs, but not wolves, females spent more time in proximity to the male＇s bone and had a shorter latency to start eating it when in heat. Overall, this study demonstrates that the food-for-sex hypothesis plays a part in intersexual food sharing in canids, and highlights the role of females in the interaction. These effects were especially the case in dogs, suggesting a potential effect of mating system on food-for-sex responses
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB31020302)the Natural Science Foundation of China(32271564,31730104)“Western Young Scholars”Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XAB2020YW02).
文摘Food sharing is a prosocial behavior consisting of the unresisted transfer of monopolizable food from a possessor to another individual(Feistner and McGrew 1989;Stevens and Gilby 2004).Despite the cost for donors(i.e.,loss of the food),intraspecifc food sharing occurs in various insects,fsh,birds,and aquatic,terrestrial,and arboreal mammals(Liévin‐Bazin et al.2019;Carter et al.2020).By far,most food sharing is intraspecifc,and takes place while possessors are in the process of eating.Here,we describe the remarkable case of a captive chimpanzee,Pan troglodytes,regularly dispensing food to another primate species(baboons,Papio hamadryas)in a neighboring enclosure.We discuss likely causes and functions of this interspecifc altruistic act.Observations were made in Xi’an Qinling Wildlife Park,Shaanxi Province,China(34°02ʹ56.22″N,108°51ʹ48.60″E),where two adult chimpanzees and a group of around 40-50 baboons lived in adjacent enclosures.The female chimpanzee(AiAi)was the elderly mother of the male(DuoDuo,or DD).At feeding times,AiAi usually ate near the door to the chimpanzees’indoor area,and she almost never interacted with the baboon group.The baboon group consisted of two one-male units.We recorded behaviors using focal-animal sampling(for information about subjects and methods,see Supplementary Materials).
基金This work was partially supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand,Office of the Higher Education Commission,through the Health Cluster(SHeP-GMS)Khon Kaen University,Thailand+3 种基金the Thailand Research Fund(RTA 5680006)the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(NIAID),National Institute of Health(NIH)award number P50AI098639The content is solely the opinion of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIAID,the NIH,or the funders.
文摘Background:Foodborne trematodiasis(FBT)is a significant global health problem,with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini,O.felineus,and Clonorchis sinensis contributing to half of the global burden of FBT.North-eastern Thailand where O.viverrini is endemic and un-cooked fish dishes remain an integral part of the food culture has the highest reported incidence of opisthorchiasis,including associated cholangiocarcinoma.Both food sharing and eating practices are potentially important factors in FTB,suggesting an important role for the social ecology of disease transmission in these rural communities.Methods:Two rural Thai-Lao villages that were part of a 12-village project in Northeastern Thailand were selected for detailed investigation of O.viverrini infection risk associated with sharing of raw fish dishes among households.The project included screening individuals for infection and cholangiocarcinoma,a household questionnaire,and offering treatment options for positive individuals.Social network mapping was used to construct raw fish dish-sharing networks and create a proxy variable capturing variability in the degree of food sharing(DFS),measured as the number of different households with which each household shared fish dishes.Measures of associations between DFS,O.viverrini infection,the frequency of raw fish consumption,and the number of raw fish dishes consumed were generated using binary logistic regression,proportional odds ordinal logistic regression,and Poisson regression.Results:The results showed that the probability that a household has members infected with O.viverrini increased by~7%(P<0.01)for each additional household included in its network.Moreover,the frequency and number of types of raw fish dishes consumed increased significantly as the DFS increased.Of the two villages,that with the highest infection prevalence(48%versus 34.6%)had significantly higher social connectivity overall(P<0.001).Conclusions:Our findings suggest that the social ecology of human settlements may be key to understanding the transmission dynamics of some FBT.In the case of O.viverrini in Thai-Lao communities,for which food sharing is a traditional practice supporting social cohesion,food sharing network mapping should be incorporated into community-based interventions.These should encourage fish dish preparation methods that minimize infection risk by targeting households with high DFS values.
基金on-going operating grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30770375,No.30570312 and No.30630016)the Cosmo Oil Eco Card Fund of Japan(2005–2010).
文摘Although there are some reports that have described primates eating animals,it is unknown whether predation on vertebrates exists in herbivorous leaf-eating primates.We have witnessed firsthand wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)preying on and consuming Eurasian blackbirds(Turdus merula)in the Qinling Mountains of China.This event suggests that R.roxellana,which has previously been described as a herbivorous leaf-eating primate,may be partially carnivorous and the correct classification of this species would be omnivorous.Furthermore,food-share behavior among higher-ranked members occurs in a one-male unit when vertebrate prey is hunted by this species.
