In this paper, we attempt to quantify the shadow price of an additional inch of groundwater resource left in situ for the Southern Ogallala Aquifer. Previous authors have shown the degree to which the optimal resource...In this paper, we attempt to quantify the shadow price of an additional inch of groundwater resource left in situ for the Southern Ogallala Aquifer. Previous authors have shown the degree to which the optimal resource extraction path may diverge from the competitive extraction path based upon varying assumptions. We utilize high-quality data over an unconfined groundwater resource to evaluate the validity of these results. We find that the size of the existing groundwater resource is sufficiently small to result in a divergence between the competitive and socially optimal solutions. We are also able to confirm that the model responds to changes in the parameters in a manner consistent with previous research. Finally, we arrive at a marginal user cost for an additional acre-inch of water which is relatively low, but reasonable given uncertainty about future technological improvements.展开更多
The marginal abatement cost(MAC)of CO_(2)emissions is one of the most critical indicators used to assess energy conservation and emission reduction.Although extensively measured,few studies have incorporated the influ...The marginal abatement cost(MAC)of CO_(2)emissions is one of the most critical indicators used to assess energy conservation and emission reduction.Although extensively measured,few studies have incorporated the influence of policy constraints when evaluating MAC.To address this gap,this paper proposes a nonparametric directional distance function approach under policy regulations to estimate the CO_(2)shadow price in the construction industry across 30 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2017.Based on this enhanced method,four key findings emerge:①the annual CO_(2)shadow price exhibits an overall upward trend during the observation period;②regional shadow prices display marked variation across provinces;③regional heterogeneity in shadow prices has increased steadily over time;and④both urbanization rate and energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product are significantly negatively correlated with the CO_(2)shadow price.Finally,the paper offers several policy recommendations for CO_(2)emissions reduction in the Chinese construction industry at the national,industry,and enterprise levels.展开更多
In this paper,the relation between the shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier for nonsmooth optimization problem is explored.It is obtained that the Lagrange multipliers are upper bounds of the shadow price for a co...In this paper,the relation between the shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier for nonsmooth optimization problem is explored.It is obtained that the Lagrange multipliers are upper bounds of the shadow price for a convex optimization problem and a class of Lipschtzian optimization problems.This result can be used in pricing mechanisms for nonsmooth situation.Several nonsmooth functions involved in this class of Lipschtzian optimizations are listed.Finally,an application to electricity pricing is discussed.展开更多
China is experienciug from serious water issues. There are many differences among the Nine Major Rivers basins of China in the construction of dikes, reservoirs, floodgates, flood discharge projects, flood diversion p...China is experienciug from serious water issues. There are many differences among the Nine Major Rivers basins of China in the construction of dikes, reservoirs, floodgates, flood discharge projects, flood diversion projects, water ecological constructions, water conservancy management, etc. The shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers can provide suggestions to the Chinese goverument. This article develops a dynamic shadow prices approach based on a multipeziod input-output optimizing model. Unlike previous approaches, the new model is based on the dynamic computable general equilibrium （DCGE） model to solve the problem of marginal long-term prices of water resources. First, definitions and algorithms of DCGE are elaborated. Second, the results of shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers in 1949-2050 in China using the National Water Conservancy input-holdiug-out in table for Nine Major Rivers in 1999 are listed. A conclusion of this article is that the shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers are largely based on the extent of scarcity. Selling prices of water resources should be revised via the usage of parameters representing shadow prices.展开更多
随着绿证交易制度不断完善,如何更好地维持绿证交易市场供需平衡及削峰填谷是目前亟需解决的问题。针对该问题,借鉴实时电价思想,提出基于需求管理的绿证实时定价机制。构建系统社会福利最大化模型,利用拉格朗日对偶和梯度投影法计算拉...随着绿证交易制度不断完善,如何更好地维持绿证交易市场供需平衡及削峰填谷是目前亟需解决的问题。针对该问题,借鉴实时电价思想,提出基于需求管理的绿证实时定价机制。构建系统社会福利最大化模型,利用拉格朗日对偶和梯度投影法计算拉格朗日乘子即影子价格,得到最优实时绿证价格。其次,考虑到可再生能源出力具有不确定性因素,通过引入信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT),构建风险规避模型和风险偏好模型以探究可再生能源聚合商不同态度下社会福利的变化,为系统经济稳定运行提供参考。最后,利用Yalmip和Gurobi进行仿真模拟。结果表明,所提模型可有效实现绿证供需平衡,提高可再生能源利用率,实现系统低碳经济稳定运行的目标。展开更多
文摘In this paper, we attempt to quantify the shadow price of an additional inch of groundwater resource left in situ for the Southern Ogallala Aquifer. Previous authors have shown the degree to which the optimal resource extraction path may diverge from the competitive extraction path based upon varying assumptions. We utilize high-quality data over an unconfined groundwater resource to evaluate the validity of these results. We find that the size of the existing groundwater resource is sufficiently small to result in a divergence between the competitive and socially optimal solutions. We are also able to confirm that the model responds to changes in the parameters in a manner consistent with previous research. Finally, we arrive at a marginal user cost for an additional acre-inch of water which is relatively low, but reasonable given uncertainty about future technological improvements.
基金support of Dean Fund Project of the China National Institute of Standardization[Grant No.572025Y-12477]National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.72204247].
文摘The marginal abatement cost(MAC)of CO_(2)emissions is one of the most critical indicators used to assess energy conservation and emission reduction.Although extensively measured,few studies have incorporated the influence of policy constraints when evaluating MAC.To address this gap,this paper proposes a nonparametric directional distance function approach under policy regulations to estimate the CO_(2)shadow price in the construction industry across 30 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2017.Based on this enhanced method,four key findings emerge:①the annual CO_(2)shadow price exhibits an overall upward trend during the observation period;②regional shadow prices display marked variation across provinces;③regional heterogeneity in shadow prices has increased steadily over time;and④both urbanization rate and energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product are significantly negatively correlated with the CO_(2)shadow price.Finally,the paper offers several policy recommendations for CO_(2)emissions reduction in the Chinese construction industry at the national,industry,and enterprise levels.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72071130).
文摘In this paper,the relation between the shadow price and the Lagrange multiplier for nonsmooth optimization problem is explored.It is obtained that the Lagrange multipliers are upper bounds of the shadow price for a convex optimization problem and a class of Lipschtzian optimization problems.This result can be used in pricing mechanisms for nonsmooth situation.Several nonsmooth functions involved in this class of Lipschtzian optimizations are listed.Finally,an application to electricity pricing is discussed.
基金National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.70472074.No.70131002.and No.60474063)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation.
文摘China is experienciug from serious water issues. There are many differences among the Nine Major Rivers basins of China in the construction of dikes, reservoirs, floodgates, flood discharge projects, flood diversion projects, water ecological constructions, water conservancy management, etc. The shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers can provide suggestions to the Chinese goverument. This article develops a dynamic shadow prices approach based on a multipeziod input-output optimizing model. Unlike previous approaches, the new model is based on the dynamic computable general equilibrium （DCGE） model to solve the problem of marginal long-term prices of water resources. First, definitions and algorithms of DCGE are elaborated. Second, the results of shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers in 1949-2050 in China using the National Water Conservancy input-holdiug-out in table for Nine Major Rivers in 1999 are listed. A conclusion of this article is that the shadow prices of water resources for Nine Major Rivers are largely based on the extent of scarcity. Selling prices of water resources should be revised via the usage of parameters representing shadow prices.
文摘随着绿证交易制度不断完善,如何更好地维持绿证交易市场供需平衡及削峰填谷是目前亟需解决的问题。针对该问题,借鉴实时电价思想,提出基于需求管理的绿证实时定价机制。构建系统社会福利最大化模型,利用拉格朗日对偶和梯度投影法计算拉格朗日乘子即影子价格,得到最优实时绿证价格。其次,考虑到可再生能源出力具有不确定性因素,通过引入信息间隙决策理论(information gap decision theory,IGDT),构建风险规避模型和风险偏好模型以探究可再生能源聚合商不同态度下社会福利的变化,为系统经济稳定运行提供参考。最后,利用Yalmip和Gurobi进行仿真模拟。结果表明,所提模型可有效实现绿证供需平衡,提高可再生能源利用率,实现系统低碳经济稳定运行的目标。
