This work presents the feasibility study regarding the realization of hail sensing probes for remote sensing and study of hail. The probes are designed as artificial hailstones in order to study both the physical prop...This work presents the feasibility study regarding the realization of hail sensing probes for remote sensing and study of hail. The probes are designed as artificial hailstones in order to study both the physical properties of the portion of atmosphere where the formation of hail occurs and the modification of atmospheric conditions while the hailstones are falling to the ground. The basic idea is to realize sensors with a similar fluid-dynamic behavior with respect to hailstones;the density, the weight and the size of the probes are determined. Consequently, the specification of the electronic boards, sensors, and material to realize the probes are studied and presented. The hail sensing probes can be dropped by a plane, or potentially a UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle), which fly above and through the clouds where the hail formation occurs. During their falling to the ground, the sensors installed on the probe measure directly different parameters such as humidity, temperature, pressure, acceleration. All data are sent to a receiver located on the ground. The study of the sampling frequency of each sensor is presented, together with the analysis of the propagation channel, in order to assure a robust communication link between probes and the ground receiver. The energy balance is also computed. The work demonstrates that a set of this kind of disposable sensors can be realized. They can be used for efficient monitoring operations and studies of hail formation dynamics and conditions, thus increasing the set of instruments for the monitoring and remote sensing of hail.展开更多
Reliable,continuous glucose monitoring is essential for diabetes management.Nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors promise greater robustness than enzyme‐based sensors.Meanwhile,their practical applications are...Reliable,continuous glucose monitoring is essential for diabetes management.Nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors promise greater robustness than enzyme‐based sensors.Meanwhile,their practical applications are hindered by the limited intrinsic electrochemical activity of sensing probes and cumbersome,multistep electrode assembly.A one‐step templated three‐dimensional(3D)printing method using hydrogel is proposed herein to fabricate binder‐free ZrO_(2)/Cu metamaterial electrodes.By calcining an ion‐impregnated hydrogel lattice with a slow heating profile,cracks can be avoided with simultaneous formation of micrometer‐scale Cu and nanoscale ZrO_(2)on a conductive carbon scaffold.This lattice‐structured electrode increases the electrochemically active surface area and improves mechanical and electrochemical stability.Consequently,the metamaterial electrode delivers a high sensitivity of 1093μA mM^(−1)cm^(−2)in the range of 0.05-1.50 mM,a high selectivity to glucose against common interferents as well as robust stability(97.4%current retention after 170 min)and reproducibility(only 9.2%change of cyclic voltammetry peak current over 7 days)simultaneously.Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses demonstrate interfacial ZrO_(2)forming and withdrawing electron density from Cu,lowering the activation barrier for glucose oxidation and accelerating the reactive kinetics.This study proposes a simple one‐step method for integrated electrode fabrication,providing a practical pathway toward industrialized nonenzymatic glucose sensing devices.展开更多
文摘This work presents the feasibility study regarding the realization of hail sensing probes for remote sensing and study of hail. The probes are designed as artificial hailstones in order to study both the physical properties of the portion of atmosphere where the formation of hail occurs and the modification of atmospheric conditions while the hailstones are falling to the ground. The basic idea is to realize sensors with a similar fluid-dynamic behavior with respect to hailstones;the density, the weight and the size of the probes are determined. Consequently, the specification of the electronic boards, sensors, and material to realize the probes are studied and presented. The hail sensing probes can be dropped by a plane, or potentially a UAV (Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle), which fly above and through the clouds where the hail formation occurs. During their falling to the ground, the sensors installed on the probe measure directly different parameters such as humidity, temperature, pressure, acceleration. All data are sent to a receiver located on the ground. The study of the sampling frequency of each sensor is presented, together with the analysis of the propagation channel, in order to assure a robust communication link between probes and the ground receiver. The energy balance is also computed. The work demonstrates that a set of this kind of disposable sensors can be realized. They can be used for efficient monitoring operations and studies of hail formation dynamics and conditions, thus increasing the set of instruments for the monitoring and remote sensing of hail.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52573263,22275089,52222104)Jiangsu Provincial Key Projects in Basic Research(No.BK20253026)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.30925020216).
文摘Reliable,continuous glucose monitoring is essential for diabetes management.Nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors promise greater robustness than enzyme‐based sensors.Meanwhile,their practical applications are hindered by the limited intrinsic electrochemical activity of sensing probes and cumbersome,multistep electrode assembly.A one‐step templated three‐dimensional(3D)printing method using hydrogel is proposed herein to fabricate binder‐free ZrO_(2)/Cu metamaterial electrodes.By calcining an ion‐impregnated hydrogel lattice with a slow heating profile,cracks can be avoided with simultaneous formation of micrometer‐scale Cu and nanoscale ZrO_(2)on a conductive carbon scaffold.This lattice‐structured electrode increases the electrochemically active surface area and improves mechanical and electrochemical stability.Consequently,the metamaterial electrode delivers a high sensitivity of 1093μA mM^(−1)cm^(−2)in the range of 0.05-1.50 mM,a high selectivity to glucose against common interferents as well as robust stability(97.4%current retention after 170 min)and reproducibility(only 9.2%change of cyclic voltammetry peak current over 7 days)simultaneously.Spectroscopic and microscopic analyses demonstrate interfacial ZrO_(2)forming and withdrawing electron density from Cu,lowering the activation barrier for glucose oxidation and accelerating the reactive kinetics.This study proposes a simple one‐step method for integrated electrode fabrication,providing a practical pathway toward industrialized nonenzymatic glucose sensing devices.
