Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candi...Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candidates for transparent electrodes in semitransparent devices due to their high transparency-conductivity-efficiency merit,large-scale processability,and low cost.In this work,we develop two solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid electrodes,named AgNWs-PD and AgNWsPC,utilizing AgNWs as the conductive framework and aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide(PDINN)as the sandwiched material,while AgNWs-PC exhibits significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced contact area with the underlying electron transport layer.The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.45%with an open circuit voltage of 0.846 V,a high filling factor of 75.4%,and an average visible transmittance(AVT)of 44.0%,delivering an outstanding light utilization efficiency(LUE)of 4.16%,which is the highest reported value for all solution-processed ST-OPVs.In addition,by coupling a 30-nm tellurium dioxide atop AgNWs-PC,the bifaciality factor of derivative devices improves from 73.7%to 99.4%,while maintaining a high bifacial LUE over 3.7%.Our results emphasize the superiority and effectiveness of PDINN-sandwiched AgNWs electrodes for highperformance and all solution-processed ST-OPVs.展开更多
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(STOPVs)have gained wide attention owing to their promising applications in building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,and floating photovoltaics.Organic semiconductors with hi...Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(STOPVs)have gained wide attention owing to their promising applications in building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,and floating photovoltaics.Organic semiconductors with high charge carrier mobility usually have planar and conjugated structures,thereby showing strong absorption in visible region.In this work,a new concept of incorporating transparent inorganic semiconductors is proposed for high-performance STOPVs.Copper(I)thiocyanate(CuSCN)is a visible-transparent inorganic semiconductor with an ionization potential of 5.45 eV and high hole mobility.The transparency of CuSCN benefits high average visible transmittance(AVT)of STOPVs.The energy levels of CuSCN as donor match those of near-infrared small molecule acceptor BTP-eC9,and the formed heterojunction exhibits an ability of exciton dissociation.High mobility of CuSCN contributes to a more favorable charge transport channel and suppresses charge recombination.The control STOPVs based on PM6/BTP-eC9 exhibit an AVT of 19.0%with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 12.7%.Partial replacement of PM6 with CuSCN leads to a 63%increase in transmittance,resulting in a higher AVT of 30.9%and a comparable PCE of 10.8%.展开更多
With the rapid development of emerging photovoltaics technology in recent years,the application of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)has attracted the research interest of photovoltaic communities.To meet the pr...With the rapid development of emerging photovoltaics technology in recent years,the application of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)has attracted the research interest of photovoltaic communities.To meet the practical application requirements of BIPVs,in addition to the evaluation indicator of power conversion efficiency(PCE),other key performance indicators such as heat-insulating ability,average visible light transmittance(AVT),color properties,and integrability are equally important.The traditional Si-based photovoltaic technology is typically limited by its opaque properties for application scenarios where transparency is required.The emerging PV technologies,such as organic and perovskite photovoltaics are promising candidates for BIPV applications,owing to their advantages such as high PCE,high AVT,and tunable properties.At present,the PCE of semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)has attained 14%with AVT of 22–25%;for semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs),the PCE reached 13%with AVT of almost 40%.In this review article,we summarize recent advances in material selection,optical engineering,and device architecture design for high-performance semitransparent emerging PV devices,and discuss the application of optical modeling,as well as the challenges of commercializing these semitransparent solar cells for building-integrated applications.展开更多
A hybrid identification model based on multilayer artificial neural networks(ANNs) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is developed to improve the simultaneous identification efficiency of thermal conductiv...A hybrid identification model based on multilayer artificial neural networks(ANNs) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is developed to improve the simultaneous identification efficiency of thermal conductivity and effective absorption coefficient of semitransparent materials.For the direct model,the spherical harmonic method and the finite volume method are used to solve the coupled conduction-radiation heat transfer problem in an absorbing,emitting,and non-scattering 2D axisymmetric gray medium in the background of laser flash method.For the identification part,firstly,the temperature field and the incident radiation field in different positions are chosen as observables.Then,a traditional identification model based on PSO algorithm is established.Finally,multilayer ANNs are built to fit and replace the direct model in the traditional identification model to speed up the identification process.The results show that compared with the traditional identification model,the time cost of the hybrid identification model is reduced by about 1 000 times.Besides,the hybrid identification model remains a high level of accuracy even with measurement errors.展开更多
Semitransparent organic solar cells show attractive potential in the application of building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,floating photovoltaics,and wearable electronics,as their multiple functionalities of e...Semitransparent organic solar cells show attractive potential in the application of building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,floating photovoltaics,and wearable electronics,as their multiple functionalities of electric power generation,photopermeability,and color tunability.Design and exploration of semitransparent organic solar cells with optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance and simultaneously high stability are in great demand.In this work,based on a layer-by-layer-processed active layer and an ultrathin metal electrode,inverted semitransparent organic solar cells(ITO/AZO/PM6/BTP-eC9/MoO_(3)/Au/Ag)were fabricated.Optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance were demonstrated,and simultaneously promising thermal and light stability were achieved for the obtained devices.The power conversion efficiency of 13.78-12.29%and corresponding average visible light transmittance of 14.58-25.80%were recorded for the ST-OSC devices with 25-15 nm thick Ag electrodes,respectively.Superior thermal and light stability with~90%and~85%of initial efficiency retained in 400 h under 85°C thermal stress and AM1.5 solar illumination were demonstrated,respectively.展开更多
We focused on developing penetration-type semitransparent thin-film solar cells(STSCs) using hydrogenated amorphous Si(a-Si:H) for a building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) window system. Instead of conventional p-type...We focused on developing penetration-type semitransparent thin-film solar cells(STSCs) using hydrogenated amorphous Si(a-Si:H) for a building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) window system. Instead of conventional p-type a-Si:H, p-type hydrogenated microcrystalline Si oxide(p-μc-SiOx:H) was introduced for a wide-bandgap and conductive window layer. For these purposes, we tuned the CO2/SiH4 flow ratio(R) during p-μc-SiOx:H deposition. The film crystallinity decreased from 50% to 13% as R increased from 0.2 to 1.2. At the optimized R of 0.6, the quantum efficiency was improved under short wavelengths by the suppression of p-type layer parasitic absorption. The series resistance was well controlled to avoid fill factor loss at R = 0.6. Furthermore, we introduced dual buffers comprising p-a-SiOx:H/i-a-Si:H at the p/i interface to alleviate interfacial energy-band mismatch. The a-Si:H STSCs with the suggested window and dual buffers showed improvements in transmittance and efficiency from 22.9% to 29.3% and from 4.62% to 6.41%, respectively, compared to the STSC using a pristine p-a-Si:H window.展开更多
With ideal combination of benefits that selectively converts high photon energy spectrum into electricity while transmitting low energy photo ns for photos yn thesis,the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) perovskite solar cell(BP...With ideal combination of benefits that selectively converts high photon energy spectrum into electricity while transmitting low energy photo ns for photos yn thesis,the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) perovskite solar cell(BPSC)is a promising candidate for efficient greenhouse based building integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)applications.However,the efficiency of BPSCs is still much lower than their theoretical efficiency.In general,interface band alignment is regarded as the vital factor of the BPSCs whereas only few reports on enhancing perovskite film quality.In this work,highly efficient BPSCs were fabricated by improving the crystallization process of CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) with the assistance of anti-solvents.A new anti-solvent of diphenyl ether(DPE)was developed for its strong interaction with the solvents in the perovskite precursor solution.By using the anti-solvent of DPE,trap-state density of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) film is reduced and the electron lifetime is enhanced along with the large-grain crystals compared with the samples from conventional anti-solvent of chlorobenzene.Upon preliminary optimization,the efficiencies of typical and semitransparent BPSCs are improved to as high as 9.54%and 7.51%,respectively.Optical absorption measurement demonstrates that the cell without metal electrode shows 80%transparency in the wavelength range of 550-1000 nm that is perfect for greenhouse vegetation.Considering that the cell absorbs light in the blue spectrum before 550 nm,it offers very high solar cell efficiency with only 17.8%of total photons,while over 60%of total photons can transm让through for photosynthesis if a transparent electrode can be obtained such as indium doped SnO2.展开更多
An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity...An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity serve as input for the inverse analysis. Consequently, the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the semitransparent material could be retrieved by using the pseudo source adding method as the forward method and the stochastic particle swarm optimization algorithm as the inverse method. Finally, the arbitrary apparent spectral directional emissivity of semitransparent material is estimated by using the pseudo source adding method given the retrieval refractive index and absorption coefficient. The present system has the advantage of a simple experimental structure, high accuracy, and excellent capability to measure the emissivity in an arbitrary direction. Furthermore, the apparent spectral directional emissivity of sapphire at 773 K is measured by using this system in a spectral range of 3 μm-12 μm and a viewing range of 0°-90°. The present method paves the way for a new directional spectral emissivity measurement strategy.展开更多
In this paper, we present a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the conjugate natural convection and radiation heat transfer in a double-space enclosure with two semitransparent walls. Two kinds of boundary conditio...In this paper, we present a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the conjugate natural convection and radiation heat transfer in a double-space enclosure with two semitransparent walls. Two kinds of boundary conditions are considered, the rst being the isothermal process of the opaque wall, and the other the incidence of a constant radiation ux in the left semitransparent wall. The renormalization group k ε model is adopted to simulate the turbulent ow in the enclosure. To compute the radia- tion heat transfer in a semitransparent medium, the discrete ordinates model is used. We compare the behaviors of enclosures with single and double semitransparent walls and determine the di erence in the results obtained for semitransparent and opaque partitions. The results indicate that a semitransparent partition facilitates a reduction in the heat loss or obtains a higher temperature distribution. The transmittance of a semitransparent wall has a great e ect on the thermal and ow char- acteristics in an enclosure. The change of wall temperature is found to be signi cant when the thermal conductivity values range from 0.05 to 0.5 W/(m K), and to be small when ranging from 0.5 to 10 W/(m K). These conclusions are helpful for green design and energy saving in solar buildings.展开更多
SnO_(2)is widely used as the electron transport layer(ETL)in perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to its excellent electron mobility,low processing temperature,and low cost.And the most common way of preparing the SnO_(2)E...SnO_(2)is widely used as the electron transport layer(ETL)in perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to its excellent electron mobility,low processing temperature,and low cost.And the most common way of preparing the SnO_(2)ETL is spincoating using the corresponding colloid solution.However,the spin-coated SnO_(2)layer is sometimes not so compact and contains pinholes,weakening the hole blocking capability.Here,a SnO_(2)thin film prepared through magnetron-sputtering was inserted between ITO and the spin-coated SnO_(2)acted as an interlayer.This strategy can combine the advantages of efficient electron extraction and hole blocking due to the high compactness of the sputtered film and the excellent electronic property of the spin-coated SnO_(2).Therefore,the recombination of photo-generated carriers at the interface is significantly reduced.As a result,the semitransparent perovskite solar cells(with a bandgap of 1.73 eV)based on this double-layered SnO_(2)demonstrate a maximum efficiency of 17.7%(stabilized at 17.04%)with negligible hysteresis.Moreover,the shelf stability of the device is also significantly improved,maintaining 95%of the initial efficiency after 800-hours of aging.展开更多
Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have the potentials to open promising applications that differ from those of conventional inorganic ones,such as see-through power windows with both energy generation and he...Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have the potentials to open promising applications that differ from those of conventional inorganic ones,such as see-through power windows with both energy generation and heat insulation functions.However,to achieve so,there remain significant challenges,especially for balancing critical parameters,such as power conversion efficiency(PCE),average visible transparency(AVT)and low energy infrared photon radiation rejection(IRR)to realize the full potentials of ST-OSCs.Herein,we demonstrate the new design of ST-OSCs through the rational integration of organic materials,transparent electrode and infrared photon reflector in one device.With the assistance of optical simulation,new ST-OSCs with precise layout exhibit state-of-art performance,with near 30%AVT and PCE of 7.3%,as well as an excellent IRR of over 93%(780-2500 nm),representing one of best multifunctional ST-OSCs with promising perspective for window application.展开更多
Coper thiocyanate(CuSCN)is generally considered as a very hopeful inorganic hole transport material(HTM)in semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)because of its low parasitic absorption,high inherent stability...Coper thiocyanate(CuSCN)is generally considered as a very hopeful inorganic hole transport material(HTM)in semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)because of its low parasitic absorption,high inherent stability,and low cost.However,the poor electrical conductivity and low work function of CuSCN lead to the insufficient hole extraction and large open-circuit voltage loss.Here,2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane(F4TCNQ)is employed to improve conductivity of CuSCN and band alignment at the CuSCN/perovskite(PVK)interface.As a result,the average power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs is boosted by≈11%.In addition,benefiting from the superior transparency of p-type CuSCN HTMs,the prepared bifacial semitransparent n-i-p planar PSCs demonstrate a maximum efficiency of 14.8%and 12.5%by the illumination from the front side and back side,respectively.We believe that this developed CuSCN-based ST-PSCs will promote practical applications in building integrated photovoltaics and tandem solar cells.展开更多
All-inorganic CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite with suitable bandgap and excellent thermal stability has been reported as the most promising candidate for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the high annealing tem...All-inorganic CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite with suitable bandgap and excellent thermal stability has been reported as the most promising candidate for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the high annealing temperature (> 250 ℃) and poor stability of α-CsPbI_(2)Br greatly limit the future application in photovoltaic field. Herein, a facile method is reported to prepare α-CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite film with high stability at low temperature (70 ℃) by incorporating a small amount of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the precursor solutions. The devices exhibit reproducible photovoltaic performance with a champion efficiency up to 15.16%, along with the excellent stability, maintaining more than 80% of its initial efficiency after stored in ambient condition for 600 h without any encapsulation. Most importantly, the method enables fabrication of semitransparent CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs with a PCE of 6.76%, as well as an average visible transparency (AVT) of 25.38%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply CsPbI_(2)Br to the semitransparent solar cells.展开更多
The direct calculation models of spectral transmittance of single and double slabs consisted of semitransparent solid materials were developed based on ray trace method, and a new inversion method of optical constants...The direct calculation models of spectral transmittance of single and double slabs consisted of semitransparent solid materials were developed based on ray trace method, and a new inversion method of optical constants （k is extinction coefficient and n is refractive index ） of materials was proposed based on transmittance spectrograms of double slabs. Differences between the new method and two others currently used methods were studied, and application range of methods was also investigated. Optical constants of selenide glass attained in references were selected as true values, and spectral transmittances of glass simulated based on direct calculation model were regarded as experimental values. Optical constants of selenide glass were achieved by inverse models. Influences of measurement error on inverse results were also determined. The results showed that ： （ 1 ） based on transmittance spectrograms of double slabs in which thickness of single slab is the same, the new proposed method can attain optical constants of materials; （2） the effect of optical constants n and k on three inversion methods are urgent larger, but inversed calculation precision of optical constants are higher in most application ranges ; （ 3 ） the influence of measurement errors existed in experimental datum on the inverse precision of three methods are urgent distinctness.展开更多
Thermal radiative properties are significant to radiative transfer processes in semitransparent media.In order to calculate thermal radiative properties,conventional Mie formulism and its various abbreviations are gen...Thermal radiative properties are significant to radiative transfer processes in semitransparent media.In order to calculate thermal radiative properties,conventional Mie formulism and its various abbreviations are generally used,which are based upon electromagnetic scattering by a sphere submerged in a non absorbing medium.For some semitransparent porous media such as ceramics where the matrix is absorbing,the conventional Mie solution is no longer valid.In this study a rigid Mie solution of electromagnetic scattering by a sphere in an absorbing medium is introduced to analyze the radiative properties of such a medium,and reliability of conventional Mie formulism is also tested.Parametric studies show that scattering coefficient and phase function of porous media are influenced significantly by matrix refractive index and size parameter.The matrix absorbing index usually has little influence.But when the absorbing index is greater than 0.01,especially under the condition where the size parameter is greater than 30,the conventional Mie formulism is not appropriate.Such a porous media may exhibit scattering or absorbing dominated characters under different conditions and an optimal pore diameter exists for a specified wavelength,which decreases with the matrix refractive index.展开更多
A detailed numerical modeling is performed to investigate heat transfer in high-porous, high-temperature non-gray semitransparent silica insulation materials. Radiation between fibers, conduction within fibers and con...A detailed numerical modeling is performed to investigate heat transfer in high-porous, high-temperature non-gray semitransparent silica insulation materials. Radiation between fibers, conduction within fibers and convection from the fibers to the surrounding fluid are considered. Macroscopic (porous media) modeling is used to determine the velocity, pressure and temperatures fields for fibrous insulation with a random packing geometry under natural convection. Based on a non-gray application of the solution to the radiative transfer equation, the value of the refractive index(n,m)is used to generate macroscopic average radiative properties such as extinction coefficient, scattering albedo and phase function. Key features of the macroscopic model include two-dimensional effects,non-gray radiative exchange, and the relaxation of the local thermodynamic non-equilibrium. The effectiveness of this numerical model is validated by the previous experimental data.展开更多
Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs),as a novel green energy acquisition technology,are one of the most promising applications in organic photovoltaics.Because of its intrinsic transmittance originated from ...Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs),as a novel green energy acquisition technology,are one of the most promising applications in organic photovoltaics.Because of its intrinsic transmittance originated from ad-justable absorption,light weight and flexibility,ST-OPVs,compared with other inorganic photovoltaics,show unique potential in wearable devices,self-powered greenhouse roofs and building integrated photovoltaics.To further promote the practicality and industrialization of ST-OPVs,the light utili-zation efficiency is still the focus of research.Hence,the recent progress of ST-OPVs is reviewed from the theoretical models,transparent top electrodes,the optical modification and se-lection of active layer materials.We hope that this paper will provide valuable guidelines for the ST-OPV research.展开更多
Semitransparent perovskite solar cells(PSCs)hold great potential for applications in aesthetic building facades and top-illuminated tandem devices.Indium tin oxide is currently the frequently used top transparent cont...Semitransparent perovskite solar cells(PSCs)hold great potential for applications in aesthetic building facades and top-illuminated tandem devices.Indium tin oxide is currently the frequently used top transparent contact,which would degrade the underlying perovskites during sputter process.Here,we report low-temperature,scalable solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)as top window electrodes for fabricating efficient and stable semitransparent PSCs.As a decisive step,an impermeable SnO_(2) thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition(ALD)is applied to prevent chemical reactions between AgNWs and halides of perovskites.In parallel,the molecular absorption of propylenediamine iodine(PDADI)on perovskite surface,instead of forming two-dimensional(2D)perovskite capping layer,is found to effectively passivate the perovskite surface,which simultaneously leads to remarkably enhanced thermal stability,thus affording the processing window for ALD-SnO_(2) deposition.Eventually,the prepared semitransparent PSCs with a bandgap of 1.71 eV achieve a champion efficiency of 17.5%,being the highest efficiency for semitransparent PSCs with AgNWs top contacts.On these bases,we constructed a four-terminal perovskite/copper indium gallium diselenide(CIGS)tandem cell,giving a state-of-the-art efficiency of 26.85%.展开更多
Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have garnered considerable attention as promising renewable energy technology for integrating photovoltaics into buildings.However,there is a trade-off between power convers...Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have garnered considerable attention as promising renewable energy technology for integrating photovoltaics into buildings.However,there is a trade-off between power conversion efficiency(PCE)and average visible transmittance(AVT),which hinders the achievement of a high light utilization efficiency(LUE).In this study,we propose a valuable method to address this challenge by replacing the transparent top electrode,Ag,with a 20 nm layer of Au.The ST-OSCs based on the 20 nm Au electrode demonstrate superior exciton extraction,more efficient charge collection,and higher color-rendering index(CRI)due to their smoother surface,higher conductivity,and enhanced visible light transmittance,resulting in a significantly higher PCE of 13.67%and an enhanced AVT of 30.17%,contributing to a high LUE of 4.15%.Additionally,optically transparent dielectric layers,applied on the front and back sides of the ST-OSCs to further boost performance,delivered an impressive LUE of 4.93%,with PCE and AVT values reaching 14.44%and 34.12%,respectively.Notably,the champion ST-OSCs also exhibited a favorable CRI value of 93.37.These achievements represent the bestperforming ST-OSCs to date with both high LUE and CRI and hold significant implications for the prospective commercialization of ST-OSCs.展开更多
A series of opaque and semitransparent polymer solar cells(PSCs)were fabricated with PM6:Y6 as active layers,and 100 nm Al or 1 nm Au/(20,15,10 nm)Ag layer as electrode,respectively.The power conversion efficiency(PCE...A series of opaque and semitransparent polymer solar cells(PSCs)were fabricated with PM6:Y6 as active layers,and 100 nm Al or 1 nm Au/(20,15,10 nm)Ag layer as electrode,respectively.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of opaque PSCs arrives to 15.83%based on the optimized active layer with a thickness of 100 nm,resulting from the well-balanced photon harvesting and charge collection.Meanwhile,the 100 nm PM6:Y6 blend film exhibits a 50.5%average visible transmittance(AVT),which has great potential in preparing efficient semitransparent PSCs.The semitransparent electrodes were fabricated with 1 nm Au and different thick Ag layers,exhibiting a relatively high transmittance in visible light range and relatively low transmittance in near infrared range.The PCE and AVT of the semitransparent PSCs can be adjusted from 14.20%to 12.37%and from 8.9%to 18.6%along with Ag layer thickness decreasing from 20 to 10 nm,respectively,which are impressive values among the reported semitransparent PSCs.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905137)the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(15307922,C5037-18G,C4005-22Y)+1 种基金RGC Senior Research Fellowship Scheme(SRFS2223-5S01)the Hong Kong Polytechnic University:Sir Sze-yuen Chung Endowed Professorship Fund(8-8480)。
文摘Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs)for building integration represent a pivotal direction in the development of photovoltaic industry.Solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)are considered promising candidates for transparent electrodes in semitransparent devices due to their high transparency-conductivity-efficiency merit,large-scale processability,and low cost.In this work,we develop two solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid electrodes,named AgNWs-PD and AgNWsPC,utilizing AgNWs as the conductive framework and aliphatic amine-functionalized perylene-diimide(PDINN)as the sandwiched material,while AgNWs-PC exhibits significantly improved electrical conductivity and enhanced contact area with the underlying electron transport layer.The optimized device achieves a power conversion efficiency of 9.45%with an open circuit voltage of 0.846 V,a high filling factor of 75.4%,and an average visible transmittance(AVT)of 44.0%,delivering an outstanding light utilization efficiency(LUE)of 4.16%,which is the highest reported value for all solution-processed ST-OPVs.In addition,by coupling a 30-nm tellurium dioxide atop AgNWs-PC,the bifaciality factor of derivative devices improves from 73.7%to 99.4%,while maintaining a high bifacial LUE over 3.7%.Our results emphasize the superiority and effectiveness of PDINN-sandwiched AgNWs electrodes for highperformance and all solution-processed ST-OPVs.
基金financially supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023YFH0086, 2023YFH0085, 2023YFH0087 and 2023NSFSC0990)the State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (sklpme2022-3-02 and sklpme2023-2-11)the Tibet Foreign Experts Program (2022wz002)
文摘Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(STOPVs)have gained wide attention owing to their promising applications in building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,and floating photovoltaics.Organic semiconductors with high charge carrier mobility usually have planar and conjugated structures,thereby showing strong absorption in visible region.In this work,a new concept of incorporating transparent inorganic semiconductors is proposed for high-performance STOPVs.Copper(I)thiocyanate(CuSCN)is a visible-transparent inorganic semiconductor with an ionization potential of 5.45 eV and high hole mobility.The transparency of CuSCN benefits high average visible transmittance(AVT)of STOPVs.The energy levels of CuSCN as donor match those of near-infrared small molecule acceptor BTP-eC9,and the formed heterojunction exhibits an ability of exciton dissociation.High mobility of CuSCN contributes to a more favorable charge transport channel and suppresses charge recombination.The control STOPVs based on PM6/BTP-eC9 exhibit an AVT of 19.0%with a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 12.7%.Partial replacement of PM6 with CuSCN leads to a 63%increase in transmittance,resulting in a higher AVT of 30.9%and a comparable PCE of 10.8%.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022ZYGXZR099)Pazhou Lab(No.PZL2022KF0010).
文摘With the rapid development of emerging photovoltaics technology in recent years,the application of building-integrated photovoltaics(BIPVs)has attracted the research interest of photovoltaic communities.To meet the practical application requirements of BIPVs,in addition to the evaluation indicator of power conversion efficiency(PCE),other key performance indicators such as heat-insulating ability,average visible light transmittance(AVT),color properties,and integrability are equally important.The traditional Si-based photovoltaic technology is typically limited by its opaque properties for application scenarios where transparency is required.The emerging PV technologies,such as organic and perovskite photovoltaics are promising candidates for BIPV applications,owing to their advantages such as high PCE,high AVT,and tunable properties.At present,the PCE of semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)has attained 14%with AVT of 22–25%;for semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs),the PCE reached 13%with AVT of almost 40%.In this review article,we summarize recent advances in material selection,optical engineering,and device architecture design for high-performance semitransparent emerging PV devices,and discuss the application of optical modeling,as well as the challenges of commercializing these semitransparent solar cells for building-integrated applications.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.3122020072)the Multi-investment Project of Tianjin Applied Basic Research(No.23JCQNJC00250)。
文摘A hybrid identification model based on multilayer artificial neural networks(ANNs) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is developed to improve the simultaneous identification efficiency of thermal conductivity and effective absorption coefficient of semitransparent materials.For the direct model,the spherical harmonic method and the finite volume method are used to solve the coupled conduction-radiation heat transfer problem in an absorbing,emitting,and non-scattering 2D axisymmetric gray medium in the background of laser flash method.For the identification part,firstly,the temperature field and the incident radiation field in different positions are chosen as observables.Then,a traditional identification model based on PSO algorithm is established.Finally,multilayer ANNs are built to fit and replace the direct model in the traditional identification model to speed up the identification process.The results show that compared with the traditional identification model,the time cost of the hybrid identification model is reduced by about 1 000 times.Besides,the hybrid identification model remains a high level of accuracy even with measurement errors.
基金the financial support from Ningbo Science and Technology Project(2022-DST-004)Ningbo key scientific and technological project(2022Z117)+2 种基金Ningbo Nature Science Foundation(2023J039,202003N4176)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY23F040004)the financial support by the State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials and Devices,South China University of Technology
文摘Semitransparent organic solar cells show attractive potential in the application of building-integrated photovoltaics,agrivoltaics,floating photovoltaics,and wearable electronics,as their multiple functionalities of electric power generation,photopermeability,and color tunability.Design and exploration of semitransparent organic solar cells with optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance and simultaneously high stability are in great demand.In this work,based on a layer-by-layer-processed active layer and an ultrathin metal electrode,inverted semitransparent organic solar cells(ITO/AZO/PM6/BTP-eC9/MoO_(3)/Au/Ag)were fabricated.Optimal and balanced efficiency and average visible light transmittance were demonstrated,and simultaneously promising thermal and light stability were achieved for the obtained devices.The power conversion efficiency of 13.78-12.29%and corresponding average visible light transmittance of 14.58-25.80%were recorded for the ST-OSC devices with 25-15 nm thick Ag electrodes,respectively.Superior thermal and light stability with~90%and~85%of initial efficiency retained in 400 h under 85°C thermal stress and AM1.5 solar illumination were demonstrated,respectively.
基金supported by the Energy Technology Development Program of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) under grant Nos. 20163010012560 and 20172010104940
文摘We focused on developing penetration-type semitransparent thin-film solar cells(STSCs) using hydrogenated amorphous Si(a-Si:H) for a building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV) window system. Instead of conventional p-type a-Si:H, p-type hydrogenated microcrystalline Si oxide(p-μc-SiOx:H) was introduced for a wide-bandgap and conductive window layer. For these purposes, we tuned the CO2/SiH4 flow ratio(R) during p-μc-SiOx:H deposition. The film crystallinity decreased from 50% to 13% as R increased from 0.2 to 1.2. At the optimized R of 0.6, the quantum efficiency was improved under short wavelengths by the suppression of p-type layer parasitic absorption. The series resistance was well controlled to avoid fill factor loss at R = 0.6. Furthermore, we introduced dual buffers comprising p-a-SiOx:H/i-a-Si:H at the p/i interface to alleviate interfacial energy-band mismatch. The a-Si:H STSCs with the suggested window and dual buffers showed improvements in transmittance and efficiency from 22.9% to 29.3% and from 4.62% to 6.41%, respectively, compared to the STSC using a pristine p-a-Si:H window.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research Program of China (2016YFA0202403)National Nature Science Foundation of China (61674098)+1 种基金the 111 Project (B1404)Chinese National 1000-Talent-Plan program (Grant No. 111001034)
文摘With ideal combination of benefits that selectively converts high photon energy spectrum into electricity while transmitting low energy photo ns for photos yn thesis,the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) perovskite solar cell(BPSC)is a promising candidate for efficient greenhouse based building integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)applications.However,the efficiency of BPSCs is still much lower than their theoretical efficiency.In general,interface band alignment is regarded as the vital factor of the BPSCs whereas only few reports on enhancing perovskite film quality.In this work,highly efficient BPSCs were fabricated by improving the crystallization process of CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) with the assistance of anti-solvents.A new anti-solvent of diphenyl ether(DPE)was developed for its strong interaction with the solvents in the perovskite precursor solution.By using the anti-solvent of DPE,trap-state density of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbBr_(3) film is reduced and the electron lifetime is enhanced along with the large-grain crystals compared with the samples from conventional anti-solvent of chlorobenzene.Upon preliminary optimization,the efficiencies of typical and semitransparent BPSCs are improved to as high as 9.54%and 7.51%,respectively.Optical absorption measurement demonstrates that the cell without metal electrode shows 80%transparency in the wavelength range of 550-1000 nm that is perfect for greenhouse vegetation.Considering that the cell absorbs light in the blue spectrum before 550 nm,it offers very high solar cell efficiency with only 17.8%of total photons,while over 60%of total photons can transm让through for photosynthesis if a transparent electrode can be obtained such as indium doped SnO2.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51476043 and 51576053)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51421063)
文摘An inverse estimation method and corresponding measurement system are developed to measure the apparent spectral directional emissivities of semitransparent materials. The normal spectral emissivity and transmissivity serve as input for the inverse analysis. Consequently, the refractive index and absorption coefficient of the semitransparent material could be retrieved by using the pseudo source adding method as the forward method and the stochastic particle swarm optimization algorithm as the inverse method. Finally, the arbitrary apparent spectral directional emissivity of semitransparent material is estimated by using the pseudo source adding method given the retrieval refractive index and absorption coefficient. The present system has the advantage of a simple experimental structure, high accuracy, and excellent capability to measure the emissivity in an arbitrary direction. Furthermore, the apparent spectral directional emissivity of sapphire at 773 K is measured by using this system in a spectral range of 3 μm-12 μm and a viewing range of 0°-90°. The present method paves the way for a new directional spectral emissivity measurement strategy.
基金supported by the Shanghai Economic and Information Technology Committee Special Fund (CXY-2016-012)
文摘In this paper, we present a two-dimensional numerical analysis of the conjugate natural convection and radiation heat transfer in a double-space enclosure with two semitransparent walls. Two kinds of boundary conditions are considered, the rst being the isothermal process of the opaque wall, and the other the incidence of a constant radiation ux in the left semitransparent wall. The renormalization group k ε model is adopted to simulate the turbulent ow in the enclosure. To compute the radia- tion heat transfer in a semitransparent medium, the discrete ordinates model is used. We compare the behaviors of enclosures with single and double semitransparent walls and determine the di erence in the results obtained for semitransparent and opaque partitions. The results indicate that a semitransparent partition facilitates a reduction in the heat loss or obtains a higher temperature distribution. The transmittance of a semitransparent wall has a great e ect on the thermal and ow char- acteristics in an enclosure. The change of wall temperature is found to be signi cant when the thermal conductivity values range from 0.05 to 0.5 W/(m K), and to be small when ranging from 0.5 to 10 W/(m K). These conclusions are helpful for green design and energy saving in solar buildings.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22179042,U21A2078,and 51902110)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Grant Nos.2020J06021,2019J01057,and 2020J01064)+1 种基金Scientific Research Funds of Huaqiao UniversityPromotion Program for Young and Middle-aged Teacher in Science and Technology Research of Huaqiao University(Grant Nos.ZQN-PY607 and ZQN-806)。
文摘SnO_(2)is widely used as the electron transport layer(ETL)in perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to its excellent electron mobility,low processing temperature,and low cost.And the most common way of preparing the SnO_(2)ETL is spincoating using the corresponding colloid solution.However,the spin-coated SnO_(2)layer is sometimes not so compact and contains pinholes,weakening the hole blocking capability.Here,a SnO_(2)thin film prepared through magnetron-sputtering was inserted between ITO and the spin-coated SnO_(2)acted as an interlayer.This strategy can combine the advantages of efficient electron extraction and hole blocking due to the high compactness of the sputtered film and the excellent electronic property of the spin-coated SnO_(2).Therefore,the recombination of photo-generated carriers at the interface is significantly reduced.As a result,the semitransparent perovskite solar cells(with a bandgap of 1.73 eV)based on this double-layered SnO_(2)demonstrate a maximum efficiency of 17.7%(stabilized at 17.04%)with negligible hysteresis.Moreover,the shelf stability of the device is also significantly improved,maintaining 95%of the initial efficiency after 800-hours of aging.
基金funded by Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2017YFA0206600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21722404,21674093,21734008,21761132001 and 91633301)+2 种基金International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China(ISTCP,No.2016YFE0102900)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2018XZZX002-16)support by Zhejiang Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.LR17E030001)。
文摘Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have the potentials to open promising applications that differ from those of conventional inorganic ones,such as see-through power windows with both energy generation and heat insulation functions.However,to achieve so,there remain significant challenges,especially for balancing critical parameters,such as power conversion efficiency(PCE),average visible transparency(AVT)and low energy infrared photon radiation rejection(IRR)to realize the full potentials of ST-OSCs.Herein,we demonstrate the new design of ST-OSCs through the rational integration of organic materials,transparent electrode and infrared photon reflector in one device.With the assistance of optical simulation,new ST-OSCs with precise layout exhibit state-of-art performance,with near 30%AVT and PCE of 7.3%,as well as an excellent IRR of over 93%(780-2500 nm),representing one of best multifunctional ST-OSCs with promising perspective for window application.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFB1500103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61674084)+1 种基金the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation of Higher Education of China(Grant No.B16027)the Science and Technology Project of Tianjin,China(Grant No.18ZXJMTG00220).
文摘Coper thiocyanate(CuSCN)is generally considered as a very hopeful inorganic hole transport material(HTM)in semitransparent perovskite solar cells(ST-PSCs)because of its low parasitic absorption,high inherent stability,and low cost.However,the poor electrical conductivity and low work function of CuSCN lead to the insufficient hole extraction and large open-circuit voltage loss.Here,2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane(F4TCNQ)is employed to improve conductivity of CuSCN and band alignment at the CuSCN/perovskite(PVK)interface.As a result,the average power conversion efficiency(PCE)of PSCs is boosted by≈11%.In addition,benefiting from the superior transparency of p-type CuSCN HTMs,the prepared bifacial semitransparent n-i-p planar PSCs demonstrate a maximum efficiency of 14.8%and 12.5%by the illumination from the front side and back side,respectively.We believe that this developed CuSCN-based ST-PSCs will promote practical applications in building integrated photovoltaics and tandem solar cells.
基金financial support from the Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province (No. tsqn201812098)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Nos. ZR2020MF103,ZR2019MF057 and ZR2019MA066)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21701080)。
文摘All-inorganic CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite with suitable bandgap and excellent thermal stability has been reported as the most promising candidate for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the high annealing temperature (> 250 ℃) and poor stability of α-CsPbI_(2)Br greatly limit the future application in photovoltaic field. Herein, a facile method is reported to prepare α-CsPbI_(2)Br perovskite film with high stability at low temperature (70 ℃) by incorporating a small amount of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the precursor solutions. The devices exhibit reproducible photovoltaic performance with a champion efficiency up to 15.16%, along with the excellent stability, maintaining more than 80% of its initial efficiency after stored in ambient condition for 600 h without any encapsulation. Most importantly, the method enables fabrication of semitransparent CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs with a PCE of 6.76%, as well as an average visible transparency (AVT) of 25.38%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to apply CsPbI_(2)Br to the semitransparent solar cells.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51176038 and 51106036)
文摘The direct calculation models of spectral transmittance of single and double slabs consisted of semitransparent solid materials were developed based on ray trace method, and a new inversion method of optical constants （k is extinction coefficient and n is refractive index ） of materials was proposed based on transmittance spectrograms of double slabs. Differences between the new method and two others currently used methods were studied, and application range of methods was also investigated. Optical constants of selenide glass attained in references were selected as true values, and spectral transmittances of glass simulated based on direct calculation model were regarded as experimental values. Optical constants of selenide glass were achieved by inverse models. Influences of measurement error on inverse results were also determined. The results showed that ： （ 1 ） based on transmittance spectrograms of double slabs in which thickness of single slab is the same, the new proposed method can attain optical constants of materials; （2） the effect of optical constants n and k on three inversion methods are urgent larger, but inversed calculation precision of optical constants are higher in most application ranges ; （ 3 ） the influence of measurement errors existed in experimental datum on the inverse precision of three methods are urgent distinctness.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50776026,90816022)
文摘Thermal radiative properties are significant to radiative transfer processes in semitransparent media.In order to calculate thermal radiative properties,conventional Mie formulism and its various abbreviations are generally used,which are based upon electromagnetic scattering by a sphere submerged in a non absorbing medium.For some semitransparent porous media such as ceramics where the matrix is absorbing,the conventional Mie solution is no longer valid.In this study a rigid Mie solution of electromagnetic scattering by a sphere in an absorbing medium is introduced to analyze the radiative properties of such a medium,and reliability of conventional Mie formulism is also tested.Parametric studies show that scattering coefficient and phase function of porous media are influenced significantly by matrix refractive index and size parameter.The matrix absorbing index usually has little influence.But when the absorbing index is greater than 0.01,especially under the condition where the size parameter is greater than 30,the conventional Mie formulism is not appropriate.Such a porous media may exhibit scattering or absorbing dominated characters under different conditions and an optimal pore diameter exists for a specified wavelength,which decreases with the matrix refractive index.
文摘A detailed numerical modeling is performed to investigate heat transfer in high-porous, high-temperature non-gray semitransparent silica insulation materials. Radiation between fibers, conduction within fibers and convection from the fibers to the surrounding fluid are considered. Macroscopic (porous media) modeling is used to determine the velocity, pressure and temperatures fields for fibrous insulation with a random packing geometry under natural convection. Based on a non-gray application of the solution to the radiative transfer equation, the value of the refractive index(n,m)is used to generate macroscopic average radiative properties such as extinction coefficient, scattering albedo and phase function. Key features of the macroscopic model include two-dimensional effects,non-gray radiative exchange, and the relaxation of the local thermodynamic non-equilibrium. The effectiveness of this numerical model is validated by the previous experimental data.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Z230019)the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFA0705900)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB0520202)the International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (027GJHZ2022036GC)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52225305 and 22175187)。
文摘Semitransparent organic photovoltaics(ST-OPVs),as a novel green energy acquisition technology,are one of the most promising applications in organic photovoltaics.Because of its intrinsic transmittance originated from ad-justable absorption,light weight and flexibility,ST-OPVs,compared with other inorganic photovoltaics,show unique potential in wearable devices,self-powered greenhouse roofs and building integrated photovoltaics.To further promote the practicality and industrialization of ST-OPVs,the light utili-zation efficiency is still the focus of research.Hence,the recent progress of ST-OPVs is reviewed from the theoretical models,transparent top electrodes,the optical modification and se-lection of active layer materials.We hope that this paper will provide valuable guidelines for the ST-OPV research.
基金supported by Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy,Chinese Academy of Sciences E229kf0801the National Natural Science Foundation of China 62174069,U21A20102+1 种基金the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation 202201010016the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2022M711340.
文摘Semitransparent perovskite solar cells(PSCs)hold great potential for applications in aesthetic building facades and top-illuminated tandem devices.Indium tin oxide is currently the frequently used top transparent contact,which would degrade the underlying perovskites during sputter process.Here,we report low-temperature,scalable solution-processed silver nanowires(AgNWs)as top window electrodes for fabricating efficient and stable semitransparent PSCs.As a decisive step,an impermeable SnO_(2) thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition(ALD)is applied to prevent chemical reactions between AgNWs and halides of perovskites.In parallel,the molecular absorption of propylenediamine iodine(PDADI)on perovskite surface,instead of forming two-dimensional(2D)perovskite capping layer,is found to effectively passivate the perovskite surface,which simultaneously leads to remarkably enhanced thermal stability,thus affording the processing window for ALD-SnO_(2) deposition.Eventually,the prepared semitransparent PSCs with a bandgap of 1.71 eV achieve a champion efficiency of 17.5%,being the highest efficiency for semitransparent PSCs with AgNWs top contacts.On these bases,we constructed a four-terminal perovskite/copper indium gallium diselenide(CIGS)tandem cell,giving a state-of-the-art efficiency of 26.85%.
基金financially supported from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(5220235)academic funding supported by Soochow University(NH10900123)+1 种基金the Gusu Innovation and Entrepreneurship Leading Talents Program(ZXL2023184)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(22KJB150033)。
文摘Semitransparent organic solar cells(ST-OSCs)have garnered considerable attention as promising renewable energy technology for integrating photovoltaics into buildings.However,there is a trade-off between power conversion efficiency(PCE)and average visible transmittance(AVT),which hinders the achievement of a high light utilization efficiency(LUE).In this study,we propose a valuable method to address this challenge by replacing the transparent top electrode,Ag,with a 20 nm layer of Au.The ST-OSCs based on the 20 nm Au electrode demonstrate superior exciton extraction,more efficient charge collection,and higher color-rendering index(CRI)due to their smoother surface,higher conductivity,and enhanced visible light transmittance,resulting in a significantly higher PCE of 13.67%and an enhanced AVT of 30.17%,contributing to a high LUE of 4.15%.Additionally,optically transparent dielectric layers,applied on the front and back sides of the ST-OSCs to further boost performance,delivered an impressive LUE of 4.93%,with PCE and AVT values reaching 14.44%and 34.12%,respectively.Notably,the champion ST-OSCs also exhibited a favorable CRI value of 93.37.These achievements represent the bestperforming ST-OSCs to date with both high LUE and CRI and hold significant implications for the prospective commercialization of ST-OSCs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61675017,61975006)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4192049).
文摘A series of opaque and semitransparent polymer solar cells(PSCs)were fabricated with PM6:Y6 as active layers,and 100 nm Al or 1 nm Au/(20,15,10 nm)Ag layer as electrode,respectively.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of opaque PSCs arrives to 15.83%based on the optimized active layer with a thickness of 100 nm,resulting from the well-balanced photon harvesting and charge collection.Meanwhile,the 100 nm PM6:Y6 blend film exhibits a 50.5%average visible transmittance(AVT),which has great potential in preparing efficient semitransparent PSCs.The semitransparent electrodes were fabricated with 1 nm Au and different thick Ag layers,exhibiting a relatively high transmittance in visible light range and relatively low transmittance in near infrared range.The PCE and AVT of the semitransparent PSCs can be adjusted from 14.20%to 12.37%and from 8.9%to 18.6%along with Ag layer thickness decreasing from 20 to 10 nm,respectively,which are impressive values among the reported semitransparent PSCs.
