This study explored the role of learning engagement in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability among nursing students.Participants were 328 Chinese nursing students(male=11.3...This study explored the role of learning engagement in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability among nursing students.Participants were 328 Chinese nursing students(male=11.3%,female=88.7%;mean age=20.86 years;SD=1.75 years).The participants completed surveys on academic self-efficacy(Academic Self-efficacy Scale),learning engagement(Learning Engagement Scale),and self-directed learning ability(Self-directed Learning Instrument).Hayes regression-based PROCESS macro analysis revealed that learning engagement mediated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability.The hierarchical regression analysis showed higher academic self-efficacy to be associated with self-directed learning ability.Additionally learning engagement was associated with higher self-directed learning ability.Based on thesefindings,there is a need for interventions to improve students’self-directed learning ability through increasing their academic self-efficacy and enhancing learning engagement.展开更多
With the accelerating globalization and the rapid development of information technology,the cultivation of college students’professional English learning ability is facing new challenges and opportunities.As an emerg...With the accelerating globalization and the rapid development of information technology,the cultivation of college students’professional English learning ability is facing new challenges and opportunities.As an emerging learning concept,deep learning emphasizes that learners,on the basis of understanding the essence of knowledge,achieve in-depth integration and application of knowledge through the development of critical thinking,problem-solving,and innovation capabilities.This paper aims to explore the strategies for cultivating college students’professional English learning ability based on deep learning,in order to provide useful references for improving college students’professional English proficiency and international competitiveness.展开更多
Under the tide of economic globalization,college English teaching should not only focus on the improvement of language ability,but also on the cultivation of students’critical thinking ability.This paper takes the in...Under the tide of economic globalization,college English teaching should not only focus on the improvement of language ability,but also on the cultivation of students’critical thinking ability.This paper takes the integration of language learning and critical thinking ability as the breakthrough point,explores the college English teaching mode under the background of the integration of the two,analyzes the current situation and disadvantages of the separation of the two in the current teaching,and puts forward the integration path from the aspects of curriculum design,teacher training,evaluation system,and so on.With the help of activities such as creating real language situations,carrying out debates and critical reading,it helps students strengthen the improvement of logical analysis and critical thinking ability in their gradual learning,realize the coordinated development of language learning and critical thinking ability,and cultivate compound talents with both language literacy and critical thinking ability for the society.展开更多
With the rapid popularization of artificial intelligence technology in the field of higher education,college students are increasingly dependent on AI tools such as ChatGPT,automatic writing assistants,and intelligent...With the rapid popularization of artificial intelligence technology in the field of higher education,college students are increasingly dependent on AI tools such as ChatGPT,automatic writing assistants,and intelligent translators.Behind the convenience and efficiency,a decline trend in students’core learning abilities such as autonomous learning ability,critical thinking ability,and knowledge construction ability has gradually emerged.This study aims to explore the interactive logical mechanism between college students’reliance on AI tools and the weakening of their learning abilities,and on this basis,propose practical and feasible educational intervention strategies.Research has found that while AI tools lower the learning threshold,they also weaken students’cognitive investment and independent thinking abilities,further intensifying their reliance on technology.In this regard,this paper proposes a three-dimensional intervention path based on guided usage,ability compensation,and value reconstruction to achieve the collaborative improvement of students’technical usage ability and learning ability.This research has certain theoretical value and practical enlightenment significance for solving the structural predicament of higher education in the intelligent era.展开更多
To improve the accuracy of machine learning in predicting the glass-forming ability,the atomic size difference,mixing enthalpy and estimated viscosity at liquidus temperature were selected as features from the perspec...To improve the accuracy of machine learning in predicting the glass-forming ability,the atomic size difference,mixing enthalpy and estimated viscosity at liquidus temperature were selected as features from the perspectives of structure,thermodynamics and kinetics.Various algorithms including random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and multilayer perceptron(MLP),were employed to predict the maximum size of the metallic glasses.Results show that the XGBoost models using the original and augmented datasets both exhibit superior performance,with the latter achieving the highest determination coefficient of 0.9148 among all the models.For predicting the maximum sizes of unseen Zr-Cu-Ni-Al-(Y)alloys,the XGBoost model trained on the augmented dataset demonstrates the best agreement with the measured data,indicating excellent generalization ability.By model interpretation,it is found that the kinetic factor correlates more with glass-forming ability compared with the thermodynamic and structural factors.展开更多
This study focused on the impact of intelligent learning companions(ILC)on Chinese EFL learners’oral English ability and technology perception.Using a quasi-experimental design,this study selected 51 EFL learners fro...This study focused on the impact of intelligent learning companions(ILC)on Chinese EFL learners’oral English ability and technology perception.Using a quasi-experimental design,this study selected 51 EFL learners from a university in southeast China and randomly divided them into an experimental group(EG,n=24)and a control group(CG,n=27).During the 16-week intervention period,the experimental group adopted the intelligent learning companion teaching strategy supported by artificial intelligence technology(Relying on the IFlytek Spark Platform),while the control group adopted the learning companion strategy guided by teachers.The experimental group not only had better oral English scores(p=0.001<0.05)but also showed a significant increase in technology perception(p=0.01<0.05).The research provides a new perspective for effectively integrating artificial intelligence technology in oral English teaching.Also,it offers strong empirical support for theoretical study and practical application in enhancing the oral expression ability of the second language,English.展开更多
Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate...Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate nursing students was surveyed in Tianjin, China. Students who participated in the study completed a questionnaire that included social demographic questionnaire, Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude to Learning Scale, and Social Problem-Solving Inventory. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to test the correlations among problem-solving ability, self-directed learning readiness, and learning attitude. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of learning attitude. Results: The results showed that learning attitude (r=0.338, P<0.01) and self-directed learning readiness (r=0.493, P<0.01) were positively correlated with problem-solving ability. Learning attitude played a partial intermediary role between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability (F=74.227, P<0.01). Conclusions: It is concluded that nursing educators should pay attention on students’ individual differences and take proper actions to inspire students’ self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude.展开更多
Objective: Problem-solving should be a fundamental component of nursing education because It is a core ability for professional nurses. For more effective learning, nursing students must understand the relationship be...Objective: Problem-solving should be a fundamental component of nursing education because It is a core ability for professional nurses. For more effective learning, nursing students must understand the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-directed learning readiness, problemsolving ability, and academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students.Methods: From November to December 2016, research was conducted among 500 nursing undergraduate students in Tianjin, China,using a self-directed learning readiness scale, an academic self-efficacy scale, a questionnaire related to problem-solving, and selfdesigned demographics. The response rate was 85.8%.Results: For Chinese nursing students, self-directed learning readiness and academic self-efficacy reached a medium-to-high level,while problem-solving abilities were at a low level. There were significant positive correlations among the students' self-directed learning readiness, academic self-efficacy, and problem-solving ability. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy demonstrated a mediating effect on the relationship between the students' self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability.Conclusions: To enhance students' problem-solving ability, nursing educators should pay more attention to the positive impact of self-directed learning readiness and self-efficacy in nursing students' education.展开更多
Autonomous learning is one of the objectives of multi-media college English teaching. On basis of the test of students＇ autonomous learning ability and the analysis of the results, this paper attempts to explore the ...Autonomous learning is one of the objectives of multi-media college English teaching. On basis of the test of students＇ autonomous learning ability and the analysis of the results, this paper attempts to explore the feasibility of fostering the autonomous learning ability in college English teaching.展开更多
Through the research into college students＇ English autonomous learning ability of the non-English major students. That the cause why university students＇ English autonomous learning ability is weak is proved to be ...Through the research into college students＇ English autonomous learning ability of the non-English major students. That the cause why university students＇ English autonomous learning ability is weak is proved to be that they do not value the use of learning strategies. The use of learning strategies can promote the formation and enhancement of autonomous learning ability of the learners. Metacognitive strategy is a high-level management skill which can enable the learners to plan, regulate, monitor and evaluate actively their own learning process. Massive researches have proved whether metacognitive strategy is used successfully or not can directly affect the student learning result. So, it is necessary for teachers to cultivate and train the students to use metacogitive strategy in the university English teaching.展开更多
With blended learning emerging as a mainstream paradigm in higher education,the Document Security Technology course faces persistent challenges,including vague instructional objectives and low learning efficiency.Simu...With blended learning emerging as a mainstream paradigm in higher education,the Document Security Technology course faces persistent challenges,including vague instructional objectives and low learning efficiency.Simultaneously,the profession demands stronger self-directed learning capabilities from practitioners.To address these issues,this study develops a“Five-in-One”self-directed learning model comprising five interrelated dimensions:goal orientation,instructional regulation,cognitive development,technological resources,and process monitoring.The application of this model has significantly improved course evaluation outcomes,enhanced faculty teaching and research capacity,strengthened students’practical and innovative skills,and expanded the course’s reach and social impact.The model thus provides both a theoretical framework and a practical pathway for the reform of similar applied courses.展开更多
Objective To determine the impact of passive smoking and the protective effect of antioxidants such as vitamin E and quercetin on learning and memory ability of mouse offsprings. Methods A passive smoking model of pre...Objective To determine the impact of passive smoking and the protective effect of antioxidants such as vitamin E and quercetin on learning and memory ability of mouse offsprings. Methods A passive smoking model of pregnant mice was established. Learning and memory ability was evaluated by the water maze test and long term potentiation （LTP）. Nitric oxide （NO）, content, nitric oxide synthase （NOS）, acetylcholinesteras （Ache） activity in brain, vitamin E concentration, and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in serum were determined. The latency period （the time during which the mice swim from the starting position to the ending position） and errors （the number of mice entering the blind end） in control and antioxidant intervention groups were compared with those in the smoke exposure group after 6 days. Results The latency period as well as errors in the air, control diet, tobacco smoke （TS）, and vitamin E diet groups were decreased significantly as compared with the TS and control diet groups （P〈O.05）. LTP was restrained in the TS and control diet groups. LTP in all the antioxidant diet groups was significantly increased compared with the TS and control diet groups. In addition, NOS and acetylcholinesteras （Ache） activitiy was significantly higher in the TS and control diet groups than in the air and control diet group. NO content was not significantly different among the different groups, and significantly lower in the TS and vitamin E diet groups than in the TS group, control diet group, quercetin diet group, and mixture diet group （P〈0.05）. Vitamin E concentration and ROS activity in serum were correlated with the outcome of water maze and LTP. Conclusion Passive smoking reduces LTP formation by disturbing the hippocampus function of mice, by decreasing NOS （especially vitamin E） partially improve the learning and memory smoke during pregnancy. and Ache activity and increasing NO content. Antioxidants ability of offsprings whose mothers are exposed to tobacco展开更多
Clinical reports have demonstrated that the Kongsheng Zhenzhong pill （KSZZP）, a classical prescription deriving from Valuable Prescription for Emergencies, has good therapeutic effects on vascular dementia. However,...Clinical reports have demonstrated that the Kongsheng Zhenzhong pill （KSZZP）, a classical prescription deriving from Valuable Prescription for Emergencies, has good therapeutic effects on vascular dementia. However, the mechanisms that mediate its effects remain unclear. In this study, the expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA, the content of nitric oxide, and the concentration of calcium in neurons was determined with in situ hybridization, spectrophotometry and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, the expressions of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1, nerve growth factor protein, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protein were detected with immunohistochemistry. We found that KSZZP could significantly decrease the expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA and protein, the content of nitric oxide, and the concentration of calcium in neurons. KSZZP also increased the expression of nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the hippocampus CA1 region and in the cerebral cortex. Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests verified that KSZZP ameliorated the cognitive impairments of vascular dementia rats. Moreover, the KSZZP-induced improvements in the cognitive functions of vascular dementia rats were correlated with both inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitable neurotoxicity and elevation of neurotrophic factor expression.展开更多
Fe-based metallic glasses(MGs)have shown great commercial values due to their excellent soft magnetic properties.Magnetism prediction with consideration of glass forming ability(GFA)is of great signifi-cance for devel...Fe-based metallic glasses(MGs)have shown great commercial values due to their excellent soft magnetic properties.Magnetism prediction with consideration of glass forming ability(GFA)is of great signifi-cance for developing novel functional Fe-based MGs.However,theories or models established based on condensed matter physics exhibit limited accuracy and some exceptions.In this work,based on 618 Fe-based MGs samples collected from published works,machine learning(ML)models were well trained to predict saturated magnetization(B_(s))of Fe-based MGs.GFA was treated as a feature using the experimental data of the supercooled liquid region(△T_(x)).Three ML algorithms,namely eXtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),artificial neural networks(ANN)and random forest(RF),were studied.Through feature selection and hyperparameter tuning,XGBoost showed the best predictive performance on the randomly split test dataset with determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.942,mean absolute percent error(MAPE)of 5.563%,and root mean squared error(RMSE)of 0.078 T.A variety of feature importance rankings derived by XGBoost models showed that T_(x) played an important role in the predictive performance of the models.This work showed the proposed ML method can simultaneously aggregate GFA and other features in ther-modynamics,kinetics and structures to predict the magnetic properties of Fe-based MGs with excellent accuracy.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Yizhitongxuan decoction on learning and memory abilities, Gαq/11expression and Na+-K+-ATPenzymeactivityin rat models of Alzheimer's disease(AD) caused by injecting Aβ25-35 into...OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Yizhitongxuan decoction on learning and memory abilities, Gαq/11expression and Na+-K+-ATPenzymeactivityin rat models of Alzheimer's disease(AD) caused by injecting Aβ25-35 into the hippocampus.METHODS: Ninety male Wistar rats(age ≥10 months)were selected and injected with Aβ25-35 into their hippocampi to establish model animals,which were randomly divided into six groups including a sham-operated group(blank group), a model group, a donepezil HCL group(Western Medicinegroup),and ahigh/general/dilute concentrations of Yizhitongxuan decoction groups(TCMⅠⅡⅢgroup).The Morris watermaze was used to examine the learning and memory abilities of rats in each group by place navigation and spatial probe tests.Then, the rats were sacrificed to collect the hippocampi for biochemical tests, using western blotting to detect the expression of Gαq/11 and an ultramicro Na+-K+-ATP enzyme kit to measure Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity.RESULTS:Yizhitongxuan decoction improved model rats' learning and memory abilities, and increased the expression of Gαq/11 in the hippocampus and the level of Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity in braintissue.CONCLUSION: Yizhitongxuan decoction could improve model rats' learning and memory abilities,and had a regulating effect on the expression of Gαq/11and Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity.展开更多
Referring to the questionnaire survey and literature materials, this paper describes the current situation of college students＇ insufficient autonomous English learning ability and thefactors that influence this abil...Referring to the questionnaire survey and literature materials, this paper describes the current situation of college students＇ insufficient autonomous English learning ability and thefactors that influence this ability; it also suggests feasible suggestions under the network environment. Students （N= 178） from different grades, majors, universities and areas responded to a questionnaire survey, and the collected data were analyzed. The results indicate that complex external environment and insufficient internal subject cognition influence college students＇ autonomous English learning ability. Finally, this paper suggests that a good network environment is necessary for autonomous learners to enhance insufficient autonomous English learning ability and interaction, continuous thinking and cultural introduction are also indispensable to develop this ability.展开更多
BACKGROUD： Ethanol can influence neural development and the ability of leaming and memory, but its mechanism of the neural toxicity is not clear till now. Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） as a gaseous messenger is prov...BACKGROUD： Ethanol can influence neural development and the ability of leaming and memory, but its mechanism of the neural toxicity is not clear till now. Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） as a gaseous messenger is proved to play an important role in the formation of synaptic plasticity, transference of neuronal information and the neural development, but excessive nitro oxide can result in neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of acute alcoholism on the learning and memory ability and the content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） in brain tissue of rats. DESIGN ： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTING ： Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College MATERIALS： Eighteen male clean-degree SD rats of 18-22 weeks were raised adaptively for 2 days, and then randomly divided into control group （n = 8） and experimental group （n = 10）. The nNOS immunohistochemical reagent was provided by Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. Y-maze was produced by Suixi Zhenghua Apparatus Plant. METHODS ： The experiment was carded out in the laboratory of the Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College from June to October in 2005. ① Rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with ethanol （2.5 g/kg） which was dissolved in normal saline （20%）. The loss of righting reflex and ataxia within 5 minutes indicated the successful model. Whereas rats in the control group were given saline of the same volume. ② Examinations of learning and memory ability： The Y-maze tests for learning and memory ability were performed at 6 hours after the models establishment. The rats were put into the Y-maze separately. The test was performed in a quiet and dark room. There was a lamp at the end of each of three pathways in Y-maze and the base of maze had electric net. All the lamps of the three pathways were turned on for 3 minutes and then turned off. One lamp was turned on randomly, and the other two delayed automatically. In 5 seconds after alternation, pulsating electric current presented in the base of unsafe area to stimulate rat＇s feet to run to the safe area. The lighting lasted for 15 seconds as one test. Running from unsafe area to safe area at one time in 10 seconds was justified as successful. Such test was repeated for 10 times for each rat and the successful frequency was recorded. The qualified standard of maze test was that the rat ardved in the safe area g times during 10 experiments. The number of trainings for the qualified standard was used to represent the result of spatial learning. ③ Determination of the content of nNOS in brain tissue： After the Y-maze test, the rats were anaesthetized, and blood was let from the incision on right auricle, transcardially perfused via the left ventricle with about 200 mL saline, then fixed by perfusion of 40 g/L paraformaldehyde. Hippocampal CA1 region, corpus striatum and cerebellum were taken to prepare serial freezing coronal sections. The nNOS contents in the brain regions were determined with the immunohistochemical methods to reflect the changes of nitdc oxide in brain tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： The changes of learning and memory ability and the changes of the nNOS contents in the brain tissue of rats with acute alcoholism were observed. RESULTS ： One rat in the experimental group was excluded due to its slow reaction to electdc stimulation in the Y-maze test, and the other 17 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① The training times to reach qualifying standards of Y-maze in the expedmental group was more than that in the control group [（34.33 ±13.04）, （27.50±8.79） times, P〈 0.05]. ② Forms and numbers of nNOS positive neurons in brain tissue： It could be observed under light microscope that in the hippocampal CA1 region, there were fewer nNOS positive neurons, which were lightly stained, and the processes were not clear enough; But the numbers of the positive neurons which were deeply stained as huffy were obviously increased in the experimental group, the cell body and cyloplasm of process were evenly stained, but the nucleus was not stained. The nNOS positive neurons in corpus stdatum had similar forms and size in the experimental group and control group. The form of the nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum were similar between the two groups. The numbers of nNOS positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region and corpus striatum in the expedmental group [（18.22±7.47）, （11.38±5.00） cells/high power field] were obviously higher than those in the control group [（10.15±4.24）, （6.15±3.69） cells/high power field. The number of nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum had no significant difference between the two groups [（49.56±18.84）, （44.43±15.42） cells/high power field, P〉 0.05]. CONCLUSION ： Acute alcoholism may impair learning and memory ability, and nitric oxide may be involved in mediating the neurotoxic role of ethanol.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve function...BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve functions of central adrenergic nerve; moreover, 5-serotonergic nerve and the combination with choline can produce synergistic effect and enhance learning and memory ability so as to improve learning and memory disorder of patients with Alzheimer disease （AD）. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of GSL combining with choline on learning and memory of AD model rats DESIGN ： Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study SETIING ： Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College MATERIALS ： The experiment was carried out in the Pharmacological Department of Medical College of Jilin University from October 1996 to January 1997. Forty healthy male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sham-injury group, model group, GSL group, choline group and combination group, with 8 rats in each group. Main medications： GSL with the volume more than 92.8% was provided by Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical College of Jilin University. Panaxatriol, the main component, was detected with thin layer scanning technique and regarded as the index of GSL quality [（55±1）%, CV= 2%, n = 5]. Choline was provided by the Third Shanghai Laboratory Factory. METHODS ： 150 nmol quinolinic acid was used to damage bilateral Meynert basal nuclei of adult rats so as to establish AD models. Rats in GSL, choline and combination groups were intragastric administrated with 400 mg/kg GSL, 200 mg/kg choline （20 mL/kg）, and both respectively last for 17 days starting from two days before operation. Rats in sham-injury group and model group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water once in each morning for the same days. （1） Passive avoidance step-down test： Five minutes later, rats jumped up safe platform when they were shocked with 36 V alternating current. If rats jumped down from the platform and the feet touched railings, the response was wrong. Numbers of wrong response were recorded within 3 minutes, and then the test was redone after 24 hours. （2） Morris water-maze spatial localization task： Swimming from jumping-off to platform directly was regarded as right response. Additionally, 4 successively right responses were regarded as the standard. Each rat was trained 10 times a day with 120 s per time for 3 successive days. The interval was 30 s. Three days later, numbers of right response were recorded. The training times were increased to 30 for unlearned rats. （3） Measurement of activity of choline acetylase in cerebral cortex： Rats were sacrificed at 17 days after operation to obtain cerebral cortex to measure activity of choline acetylase with radiochemistry technique. （4） Synergistic effect： It was expressed as Q value： Q value = factual incorporative effect/anticipant incorporative effect; Q ≥ 1 was regarded as synergistic effect. Anticipant incorporative effect = （EA＋EB-EA·EB）, EA and EB were single timing effect, respectively in GSL group and choline group. E（step-down test and Morris water maze test） = （x in model group - factual value in medicine groups）/x in model group; E （activity of choline acetylase） = （factual value in medicine groups -xin model group）/xin model group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： （1） Passive avoidance step-down test and Morris water-maze spatial localization task in the study of learning and memory; （2） activity of choline acetylase. RESULTS ： All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Passive avoidance response： At learning phase on first day and retesting phase on the next day, numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（5.88±1.46）, （2.25±0.87） times; （2.63±1.06）, （0.50±0.53） times; P 〈 0.01]; numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [learning phase： （1.12±0.83）, （5.88±1.46） times; retesting phase： （0.38±0.74）, （2.63±1.06）times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and 1.59, respectively and it showed synergistic effect. Spatial localization task： Training times were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（2.9±2.5）, （12.6±3.5） times; P 〈 0.01]. Training times were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [（11.8±2.4）, （27.9±2.5） times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and it showed synergistic effect. （3） Activity of choline acetylase： Activity was lower in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（30.56±8.33）, （61.11 ±8.33） nkat/g; P 〈 0.01]. Activity was higher in combination group than model group and there was significant difference [（50.00±8.33）, （30.56±8.33） nkat/g, P 〈 0.01];moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.5 and it showed synergistic effect. CONCLUSZON： GSL in combination with choline can synergically improve the disorder of learning and memory of AD model rats. Its mechanism may be involved in enhancing the function of central cholinergic system.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Diet can regulate gene expression via manifesting genetic style so as to make a correlation with senility and tumor onset of tissue organs. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of diet quantity on learning a...BACKGROUND： Diet can regulate gene expression via manifesting genetic style so as to make a correlation with senility and tumor onset of tissue organs. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of diet quantity on learning and memory ability and immunological function changes in mice and verify the correlation between functional changes and diet quantity. DESIGN： Completely randomized grouping design. SETTINGS： Three Gorges University Medical College; School of Medicine, Hubei Institute for Nationalities. MATERIALS： Eighty Kunming mice of 3 weeks old, grade Ⅱ, weighing 17 - 18 g and either gender, were selected from Animal Experimental Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The experimental animals were disposed according to ethical criteria. At one week after feeding, they were randomly divided into 4 groups, including over-diet group, quantitative-diet group, quantitative-limit diet group and over-limit diet group with 20 mice in each group. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Medical Experimental Center of Hubei Institute for Nationalities and the Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Hubei Enshi Autonomous Prefecture from April to June 2006. （1） Diet quantity of animals was 〉 6 g/d in the over-diet group, 4 g/d in the quantitative-diet group, 3.34 g/d in the quantitative-limit diet group and 1.8 g/d in the over-limit diet group, respectively. Mice in the four groups drank freely. （2） At 35 days after feeding, every 10 mice were randomly selected from each group and enclosed in the wide mouthed bottle （250 mL, containing sodalime） to observe and record survival time under normal pressure and hypoxic condition. Other mice were given step down test, shuttle box test and autonomic activity test. Step down test： The first step-down latency and error times within 5 minutes were used to evaluate learning ability and the memory ability was retested at 24 hours later. Shuttle box test： The shuttle-box latency and error times within 5 minutes were used to evaluate learning ability and the memory ability was retested at 24 hours later. Times of autonomic activity within 5 minutes were used to evaluate ability of autonomic activity. In addition, blood was collected from eyeball to measure plasma immune globulin and complement by using immunoturbidimetry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Effect of different diet quantity on learning and memory ability; （2） effect of different diet quantity on times of autonomic activity and survival time under hypoxia and normal pressure; （3） effect of different diet quantity on content of immune globulin and complement. RESULTS： All 80 mice were involved in the final analysis. （1） Effect of different diet quantity on learning and memory ability： There was no significant difference in learning ability during step down test （P 〉 0.05）. While, memory ability in the over-diet group and the quantitative-diet group was better than that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.235 - 2.423, P 〈 0.05）. During shuttle box test, learning and memory ability in the over-diet group was superior to that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.237 - 2.431, P 〈 0.05）. While, memory ability in the quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group was superior to that in the over-limit group （t =2.704 - 2.813, P 〈 0.05）. （2） Effect of different diet quantity on times of autonomic activity and survival time under hypoxia and normal pressure： There were significant differences in the times of autonomic activity among quantitative-diet group, quantitative-limit diet group and over-limit diet group （t = 2.725 - 2.98, P 〈 0.05）. Survival time in the quantitative-diet group and the quantitative-limit diet group was longer than that in the over-diet group （t =2.365, 2.719, P 〈 0.05）, but shorter than that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.427, 2.538, P 〈 0.05）. While, survival time in the over-limit diet group was longer than that in the over-diet group （t =2.765, P 〈 0.01）. （3） Effect of different diet quantity on content of immune globulin and complement： There was no significant difference in content of IgG and IgA （P 〉 0.05）. Content of IgM in the over-limit diet group was higher than that in the over-diet group, quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group （t =2.304- 2.421, P 〈 0.05）. Contents of complement C3 and C4 in the quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group were higher than those in the over-diet group （t = 2.319 - 2.738, P 〈 0.05）, but lower than those in the over-limit diet group （t =2.317 - 2.716, P 〈 0.05）. While, contents of C3 and C4 in the over-limit diet group were higher than those in the over-diet group （t =3.247, 4.53, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Both quantitative diet and quantitative-limit diet can improve learning and memory ability, autonomic activity and immnological stress; however, over-limit diet may decrease these abilities.展开更多
This paper introduced the current situation and development background of art and design vocational education in China, especially the relationship between learning characteristics and ability of art and design studen...This paper introduced the current situation and development background of art and design vocational education in China, especially the relationship between learning characteristics and ability of art and design students in vocational colleges. The approaches of overcoming the inclination to utilitarianism and aesthetic deficiency in art and design education of Chinese higher vocational colleges should be explored from the perspective of learning motivation, strategy and ability, so as to propose countermeasures to improve learning ability of art and design students in vocational colleges.展开更多
基金supported by the Medical and Health Communication Research Center of Zigong Academy of Medical Sciences(No.YXJKCB-2024-06)the Demonstration Project for Consolidating the Scientific and Educational Support for Medical Talents(Scientific Research Team for improving the Service Quality of“the Elderly and the Young”).
文摘This study explored the role of learning engagement in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability among nursing students.Participants were 328 Chinese nursing students(male=11.3%,female=88.7%;mean age=20.86 years;SD=1.75 years).The participants completed surveys on academic self-efficacy(Academic Self-efficacy Scale),learning engagement(Learning Engagement Scale),and self-directed learning ability(Self-directed Learning Instrument).Hayes regression-based PROCESS macro analysis revealed that learning engagement mediated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and self-directed learning ability.The hierarchical regression analysis showed higher academic self-efficacy to be associated with self-directed learning ability.Additionally learning engagement was associated with higher self-directed learning ability.Based on thesefindings,there is a need for interventions to improve students’self-directed learning ability through increasing their academic self-efficacy and enhancing learning engagement.
基金Jiangsu Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Research Project,“Research on Data Mining Technology Empowering Course Teaching-Taking‘Criminal Science and Technology Professional English’as an Example”(Project No.:2021SJA0493)Research Project on Education and Teaching Reform of Jiangsu Police Academy,“Exploration and Research on Multi-dimensional Practical Training of Trace Inspection Course”(Project No.:2022B14)。
文摘With the accelerating globalization and the rapid development of information technology,the cultivation of college students’professional English learning ability is facing new challenges and opportunities.As an emerging learning concept,deep learning emphasizes that learners,on the basis of understanding the essence of knowledge,achieve in-depth integration and application of knowledge through the development of critical thinking,problem-solving,and innovation capabilities.This paper aims to explore the strategies for cultivating college students’professional English learning ability based on deep learning,in order to provide useful references for improving college students’professional English proficiency and international competitiveness.
文摘Under the tide of economic globalization,college English teaching should not only focus on the improvement of language ability,but also on the cultivation of students’critical thinking ability.This paper takes the integration of language learning and critical thinking ability as the breakthrough point,explores the college English teaching mode under the background of the integration of the two,analyzes the current situation and disadvantages of the separation of the two in the current teaching,and puts forward the integration path from the aspects of curriculum design,teacher training,evaluation system,and so on.With the help of activities such as creating real language situations,carrying out debates and critical reading,it helps students strengthen the improvement of logical analysis and critical thinking ability in their gradual learning,realize the coordinated development of language learning and critical thinking ability,and cultivate compound talents with both language literacy and critical thinking ability for the society.
基金The 2024 Higher Education Teaching Reform Project of Guangdong University of Science and Technology,“Teaching Practice of Human Resource Management Course Based on SPOC+FC Hybrid Teaching Mode”(GKZLGC2024024)。
文摘With the rapid popularization of artificial intelligence technology in the field of higher education,college students are increasingly dependent on AI tools such as ChatGPT,automatic writing assistants,and intelligent translators.Behind the convenience and efficiency,a decline trend in students’core learning abilities such as autonomous learning ability,critical thinking ability,and knowledge construction ability has gradually emerged.This study aims to explore the interactive logical mechanism between college students’reliance on AI tools and the weakening of their learning abilities,and on this basis,propose practical and feasible educational intervention strategies.Research has found that while AI tools lower the learning threshold,they also weaken students’cognitive investment and independent thinking abilities,further intensifying their reliance on technology.In this regard,this paper proposes a three-dimensional intervention path based on guided usage,ability compensation,and value reconstruction to achieve the collaborative improvement of students’technical usage ability and learning ability.This research has certain theoretical value and practical enlightenment significance for solving the structural predicament of higher education in the intelligent era.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171018)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0703602)Hebei Natural Science Foundation,China(No.E2021203059).
文摘To improve the accuracy of machine learning in predicting the glass-forming ability,the atomic size difference,mixing enthalpy and estimated viscosity at liquidus temperature were selected as features from the perspectives of structure,thermodynamics and kinetics.Various algorithms including random forest(RF),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and multilayer perceptron(MLP),were employed to predict the maximum size of the metallic glasses.Results show that the XGBoost models using the original and augmented datasets both exhibit superior performance,with the latter achieving the highest determination coefficient of 0.9148 among all the models.For predicting the maximum sizes of unseen Zr-Cu-Ni-Al-(Y)alloys,the XGBoost model trained on the augmented dataset demonstrates the best agreement with the measured data,indicating excellent generalization ability.By model interpretation,it is found that the kinetic factor correlates more with glass-forming ability compared with the thermodynamic and structural factors.
文摘This study focused on the impact of intelligent learning companions(ILC)on Chinese EFL learners’oral English ability and technology perception.Using a quasi-experimental design,this study selected 51 EFL learners from a university in southeast China and randomly divided them into an experimental group(EG,n=24)and a control group(CG,n=27).During the 16-week intervention period,the experimental group adopted the intelligent learning companion teaching strategy supported by artificial intelligence technology(Relying on the IFlytek Spark Platform),while the control group adopted the learning companion strategy guided by teachers.The experimental group not only had better oral English scores(p=0.001<0.05)but also showed a significant increase in technology perception(p=0.01<0.05).The research provides a new perspective for effectively integrating artificial intelligence technology in oral English teaching.Also,it offers strong empirical support for theoretical study and practical application in enhancing the oral expression ability of the second language,English.
文摘Objective: To explore the effects of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among Chinese undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A convenience sampling of 460 undergraduate nursing students was surveyed in Tianjin, China. Students who participated in the study completed a questionnaire that included social demographic questionnaire, Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, Attitude to Learning Scale, and Social Problem-Solving Inventory. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to test the correlations among problem-solving ability, self-directed learning readiness, and learning attitude. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of learning attitude. Results: The results showed that learning attitude (r=0.338, P<0.01) and self-directed learning readiness (r=0.493, P<0.01) were positively correlated with problem-solving ability. Learning attitude played a partial intermediary role between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability (F=74.227, P<0.01). Conclusions: It is concluded that nursing educators should pay attention on students’ individual differences and take proper actions to inspire students’ self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude.
文摘Objective: Problem-solving should be a fundamental component of nursing education because It is a core ability for professional nurses. For more effective learning, nursing students must understand the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-directed learning readiness, problemsolving ability, and academic self-efficacy among undergraduate nursing students.Methods: From November to December 2016, research was conducted among 500 nursing undergraduate students in Tianjin, China,using a self-directed learning readiness scale, an academic self-efficacy scale, a questionnaire related to problem-solving, and selfdesigned demographics. The response rate was 85.8%.Results: For Chinese nursing students, self-directed learning readiness and academic self-efficacy reached a medium-to-high level,while problem-solving abilities were at a low level. There were significant positive correlations among the students' self-directed learning readiness, academic self-efficacy, and problem-solving ability. Furthermore, academic self-efficacy demonstrated a mediating effect on the relationship between the students' self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability.Conclusions: To enhance students' problem-solving ability, nursing educators should pay more attention to the positive impact of self-directed learning readiness and self-efficacy in nursing students' education.
文摘Autonomous learning is one of the objectives of multi-media college English teaching. On basis of the test of students＇ autonomous learning ability and the analysis of the results, this paper attempts to explore the feasibility of fostering the autonomous learning ability in college English teaching.
文摘Through the research into college students＇ English autonomous learning ability of the non-English major students. That the cause why university students＇ English autonomous learning ability is weak is proved to be that they do not value the use of learning strategies. The use of learning strategies can promote the formation and enhancement of autonomous learning ability of the learners. Metacognitive strategy is a high-level management skill which can enable the learners to plan, regulate, monitor and evaluate actively their own learning process. Massive researches have proved whether metacognitive strategy is used successfully or not can directly affect the student learning result. So, it is necessary for teachers to cultivate and train the students to use metacogitive strategy in the university English teaching.
基金Hebei Province Higher Education Teaching Reform Research and Practice Program(Project No.:2022GJJG467)。
文摘With blended learning emerging as a mainstream paradigm in higher education,the Document Security Technology course faces persistent challenges,including vague instructional objectives and low learning efficiency.Simultaneously,the profession demands stronger self-directed learning capabilities from practitioners.To address these issues,this study develops a“Five-in-One”self-directed learning model comprising five interrelated dimensions:goal orientation,instructional regulation,cognitive development,technological resources,and process monitoring.The application of this model has significantly improved course evaluation outcomes,enhanced faculty teaching and research capacity,strengthened students’practical and innovative skills,and expanded the course’s reach and social impact.The model thus provides both a theoretical framework and a practical pathway for the reform of similar applied courses.
文摘Objective To determine the impact of passive smoking and the protective effect of antioxidants such as vitamin E and quercetin on learning and memory ability of mouse offsprings. Methods A passive smoking model of pregnant mice was established. Learning and memory ability was evaluated by the water maze test and long term potentiation （LTP）. Nitric oxide （NO）, content, nitric oxide synthase （NOS）, acetylcholinesteras （Ache） activity in brain, vitamin E concentration, and reactive oxygen species （ROS） in serum were determined. The latency period （the time during which the mice swim from the starting position to the ending position） and errors （the number of mice entering the blind end） in control and antioxidant intervention groups were compared with those in the smoke exposure group after 6 days. Results The latency period as well as errors in the air, control diet, tobacco smoke （TS）, and vitamin E diet groups were decreased significantly as compared with the TS and control diet groups （P〈O.05）. LTP was restrained in the TS and control diet groups. LTP in all the antioxidant diet groups was significantly increased compared with the TS and control diet groups. In addition, NOS and acetylcholinesteras （Ache） activitiy was significantly higher in the TS and control diet groups than in the air and control diet group. NO content was not significantly different among the different groups, and significantly lower in the TS and vitamin E diet groups than in the TS group, control diet group, quercetin diet group, and mixture diet group （P〈0.05）. Vitamin E concentration and ROS activity in serum were correlated with the outcome of water maze and LTP. Conclusion Passive smoking reduces LTP formation by disturbing the hippocampus function of mice, by decreasing NOS （especially vitamin E） partially improve the learning and memory smoke during pregnancy. and Ache activity and increasing NO content. Antioxidants ability of offsprings whose mothers are exposed to tobacco
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program),No.2007CB512601Science and Technology Development Plan of TCM in Shandong Province,No.2009-006Science and Technology Plan in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province,No.J11LF60,J11LF08
文摘Clinical reports have demonstrated that the Kongsheng Zhenzhong pill （KSZZP）, a classical prescription deriving from Valuable Prescription for Emergencies, has good therapeutic effects on vascular dementia. However, the mechanisms that mediate its effects remain unclear. In this study, the expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA, the content of nitric oxide, and the concentration of calcium in neurons was determined with in situ hybridization, spectrophotometry and flow cytometry, respectively. In addition, the expressions of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1, nerve growth factor protein, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protein were detected with immunohistochemistry. We found that KSZZP could significantly decrease the expression of N-methyI-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA and protein, the content of nitric oxide, and the concentration of calcium in neurons. KSZZP also increased the expression of nerve growth factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the hippocampus CA1 region and in the cerebral cortex. Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests verified that KSZZP ameliorated the cognitive impairments of vascular dementia rats. Moreover, the KSZZP-induced improvements in the cognitive functions of vascular dementia rats were correlated with both inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced excitable neurotoxicity and elevation of neurotrophic factor expression.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21771017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Fe-based metallic glasses(MGs)have shown great commercial values due to their excellent soft magnetic properties.Magnetism prediction with consideration of glass forming ability(GFA)is of great signifi-cance for developing novel functional Fe-based MGs.However,theories or models established based on condensed matter physics exhibit limited accuracy and some exceptions.In this work,based on 618 Fe-based MGs samples collected from published works,machine learning(ML)models were well trained to predict saturated magnetization(B_(s))of Fe-based MGs.GFA was treated as a feature using the experimental data of the supercooled liquid region(△T_(x)).Three ML algorithms,namely eXtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),artificial neural networks(ANN)and random forest(RF),were studied.Through feature selection and hyperparameter tuning,XGBoost showed the best predictive performance on the randomly split test dataset with determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.942,mean absolute percent error(MAPE)of 5.563%,and root mean squared error(RMSE)of 0.078 T.A variety of feature importance rankings derived by XGBoost models showed that T_(x) played an important role in the predictive performance of the models.This work showed the proposed ML method can simultaneously aggregate GFA and other features in ther-modynamics,kinetics and structures to predict the magnetic properties of Fe-based MGs with excellent accuracy.
基金Supported by the Project of Science and Technology in Shandong Universities of Shandong Provincial Education Department(No.J11LF09)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Yizhitongxuan decoction on learning and memory abilities, Gαq/11expression and Na+-K+-ATPenzymeactivityin rat models of Alzheimer's disease(AD) caused by injecting Aβ25-35 into the hippocampus.METHODS: Ninety male Wistar rats(age ≥10 months)were selected and injected with Aβ25-35 into their hippocampi to establish model animals,which were randomly divided into six groups including a sham-operated group(blank group), a model group, a donepezil HCL group(Western Medicinegroup),and ahigh/general/dilute concentrations of Yizhitongxuan decoction groups(TCMⅠⅡⅢgroup).The Morris watermaze was used to examine the learning and memory abilities of rats in each group by place navigation and spatial probe tests.Then, the rats were sacrificed to collect the hippocampi for biochemical tests, using western blotting to detect the expression of Gαq/11 and an ultramicro Na+-K+-ATP enzyme kit to measure Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity.RESULTS:Yizhitongxuan decoction improved model rats' learning and memory abilities, and increased the expression of Gαq/11 in the hippocampus and the level of Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity in braintissue.CONCLUSION: Yizhitongxuan decoction could improve model rats' learning and memory abilities,and had a regulating effect on the expression of Gαq/11and Na+-K+-ATP enzyme activity.
文摘Referring to the questionnaire survey and literature materials, this paper describes the current situation of college students＇ insufficient autonomous English learning ability and thefactors that influence this ability; it also suggests feasible suggestions under the network environment. Students （N= 178） from different grades, majors, universities and areas responded to a questionnaire survey, and the collected data were analyzed. The results indicate that complex external environment and insufficient internal subject cognition influence college students＇ autonomous English learning ability. Finally, this paper suggests that a good network environment is necessary for autonomous learners to enhance insufficient autonomous English learning ability and interaction, continuous thinking and cultural introduction are also indispensable to develop this ability.
基金the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of HenanProvince, No. 984021100 agrant from Key Subject Fund ofXinxiang Medical College
文摘BACKGROUD： Ethanol can influence neural development and the ability of leaming and memory, but its mechanism of the neural toxicity is not clear till now. Endogenous nitric oxide （NO） as a gaseous messenger is proved to play an important role in the formation of synaptic plasticity, transference of neuronal information and the neural development, but excessive nitro oxide can result in neurotoxicity. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of acute alcoholism on the learning and memory ability and the content of neuronal nitric oxide synthase （nNOS） in brain tissue of rats. DESIGN ： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTING ： Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College MATERIALS： Eighteen male clean-degree SD rats of 18-22 weeks were raised adaptively for 2 days, and then randomly divided into control group （n = 8） and experimental group （n = 10）. The nNOS immunohistochemical reagent was provided by Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co.,Ltd. Y-maze was produced by Suixi Zhenghua Apparatus Plant. METHODS ： The experiment was carded out in the laboratory of the Department of Physiology, Xinxiang Medical College from June to October in 2005. ① Rats in the experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with ethanol （2.5 g/kg） which was dissolved in normal saline （20%）. The loss of righting reflex and ataxia within 5 minutes indicated the successful model. Whereas rats in the control group were given saline of the same volume. ② Examinations of learning and memory ability： The Y-maze tests for learning and memory ability were performed at 6 hours after the models establishment. The rats were put into the Y-maze separately. The test was performed in a quiet and dark room. There was a lamp at the end of each of three pathways in Y-maze and the base of maze had electric net. All the lamps of the three pathways were turned on for 3 minutes and then turned off. One lamp was turned on randomly, and the other two delayed automatically. In 5 seconds after alternation, pulsating electric current presented in the base of unsafe area to stimulate rat＇s feet to run to the safe area. The lighting lasted for 15 seconds as one test. Running from unsafe area to safe area at one time in 10 seconds was justified as successful. Such test was repeated for 10 times for each rat and the successful frequency was recorded. The qualified standard of maze test was that the rat ardved in the safe area g times during 10 experiments. The number of trainings for the qualified standard was used to represent the result of spatial learning. ③ Determination of the content of nNOS in brain tissue： After the Y-maze test, the rats were anaesthetized, and blood was let from the incision on right auricle, transcardially perfused via the left ventricle with about 200 mL saline, then fixed by perfusion of 40 g/L paraformaldehyde. Hippocampal CA1 region, corpus striatum and cerebellum were taken to prepare serial freezing coronal sections. The nNOS contents in the brain regions were determined with the immunohistochemical methods to reflect the changes of nitdc oxide in brain tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： The changes of learning and memory ability and the changes of the nNOS contents in the brain tissue of rats with acute alcoholism were observed. RESULTS ： One rat in the experimental group was excluded due to its slow reaction to electdc stimulation in the Y-maze test, and the other 17 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① The training times to reach qualifying standards of Y-maze in the expedmental group was more than that in the control group [（34.33 ±13.04）, （27.50±8.79） times, P〈 0.05]. ② Forms and numbers of nNOS positive neurons in brain tissue： It could be observed under light microscope that in the hippocampal CA1 region, there were fewer nNOS positive neurons, which were lightly stained, and the processes were not clear enough; But the numbers of the positive neurons which were deeply stained as huffy were obviously increased in the experimental group, the cell body and cyloplasm of process were evenly stained, but the nucleus was not stained. The nNOS positive neurons in corpus stdatum had similar forms and size in the experimental group and control group. The form of the nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum were similar between the two groups. The numbers of nNOS positive neurons in hippocampal CA1 region and corpus striatum in the expedmental group [（18.22±7.47）, （11.38±5.00） cells/high power field] were obviously higher than those in the control group [（10.15±4.24）, （6.15±3.69） cells/high power field. The number of nNOS positive neurons in cerebellum had no significant difference between the two groups [（49.56±18.84）, （44.43±15.42） cells/high power field, P〉 0.05]. CONCLUSION ： Acute alcoholism may impair learning and memory ability, and nitric oxide may be involved in mediating the neurotoxic role of ethanol.
文摘BACKGROUND： Central adrenergic nerve and 5-serotonergic nerve can influence central cholinergic nerve on learning and memory and make easy for study; however, ginsenoside of stem and leaf （GSL） can improve functions of central adrenergic nerve; moreover, 5-serotonergic nerve and the combination with choline can produce synergistic effect and enhance learning and memory ability so as to improve learning and memory disorder of patients with Alzheimer disease （AD）. OBJECTIVE ： To observe the effects of GSL combining with choline on learning and memory of AD model rats DESIGN ： Randomized grouping design and controlled animal study SETIING ： Department of Pharmacology, Taishan Medical College MATERIALS ： The experiment was carried out in the Pharmacological Department of Medical College of Jilin University from October 1996 to January 1997. Forty healthy male Wistar rats of clean grade were randomly divided into 5 groups, including sham-injury group, model group, GSL group, choline group and combination group, with 8 rats in each group. Main medications： GSL with the volume more than 92.8% was provided by Department of Chemistry, Norman Bethune Medical College of Jilin University. Panaxatriol, the main component, was detected with thin layer scanning technique and regarded as the index of GSL quality [（55±1）%, CV= 2%, n = 5]. Choline was provided by the Third Shanghai Laboratory Factory. METHODS ： 150 nmol quinolinic acid was used to damage bilateral Meynert basal nuclei of adult rats so as to establish AD models. Rats in GSL, choline and combination groups were intragastric administrated with 400 mg/kg GSL, 200 mg/kg choline （20 mL/kg）, and both respectively last for 17 days starting from two days before operation. Rats in sham-injury group and model group were perfused with the same volume of distilled water once in each morning for the same days. （1） Passive avoidance step-down test： Five minutes later, rats jumped up safe platform when they were shocked with 36 V alternating current. If rats jumped down from the platform and the feet touched railings, the response was wrong. Numbers of wrong response were recorded within 3 minutes, and then the test was redone after 24 hours. （2） Morris water-maze spatial localization task： Swimming from jumping-off to platform directly was regarded as right response. Additionally, 4 successively right responses were regarded as the standard. Each rat was trained 10 times a day with 120 s per time for 3 successive days. The interval was 30 s. Three days later, numbers of right response were recorded. The training times were increased to 30 for unlearned rats. （3） Measurement of activity of choline acetylase in cerebral cortex： Rats were sacrificed at 17 days after operation to obtain cerebral cortex to measure activity of choline acetylase with radiochemistry technique. （4） Synergistic effect： It was expressed as Q value： Q value = factual incorporative effect/anticipant incorporative effect; Q ≥ 1 was regarded as synergistic effect. Anticipant incorporative effect = （EA＋EB-EA·EB）, EA and EB were single timing effect, respectively in GSL group and choline group. E（step-down test and Morris water maze test） = （x in model group - factual value in medicine groups）/x in model group; E （activity of choline acetylase） = （factual value in medicine groups -xin model group）/xin model group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ： （1） Passive avoidance step-down test and Morris water-maze spatial localization task in the study of learning and memory; （2） activity of choline acetylase. RESULTS ： All 40 rats were involved in the final analysis. （1） Passive avoidance response： At learning phase on first day and retesting phase on the next day, numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（5.88±1.46）, （2.25±0.87） times; （2.63±1.06）, （0.50±0.53） times; P 〈 0.01]; numbers of wrong responses within 3 minutes were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [learning phase： （1.12±0.83）, （5.88±1.46） times; retesting phase： （0.38±0.74）, （2.63±1.06）times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and 1.59, respectively and it showed synergistic effect. Spatial localization task： Training times were more in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（2.9±2.5）, （12.6±3.5） times; P 〈 0.01]. Training times were less in combination group than model group, and there was significant difference [（11.8±2.4）, （27.9±2.5） times, P 〈 0.01]; moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.07 and it showed synergistic effect. （3） Activity of choline acetylase： Activity was lower in model group than sham operation group, and there was significant difference [（30.56±8.33）, （61.11 ±8.33） nkat/g; P 〈 0.01]. Activity was higher in combination group than model group and there was significant difference [（50.00±8.33）, （30.56±8.33） nkat/g, P 〈 0.01];moreover, effect was stronger than that in GSL group and choline group. The Q value was 1.5 and it showed synergistic effect. CONCLUSZON： GSL in combination with choline can synergically improve the disorder of learning and memory of AD model rats. Its mechanism may be involved in enhancing the function of central cholinergic system.
文摘BACKGROUND： Diet can regulate gene expression via manifesting genetic style so as to make a correlation with senility and tumor onset of tissue organs. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of diet quantity on learning and memory ability and immunological function changes in mice and verify the correlation between functional changes and diet quantity. DESIGN： Completely randomized grouping design. SETTINGS： Three Gorges University Medical College; School of Medicine, Hubei Institute for Nationalities. MATERIALS： Eighty Kunming mice of 3 weeks old, grade Ⅱ, weighing 17 - 18 g and either gender, were selected from Animal Experimental Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The experimental animals were disposed according to ethical criteria. At one week after feeding, they were randomly divided into 4 groups, including over-diet group, quantitative-diet group, quantitative-limit diet group and over-limit diet group with 20 mice in each group. METHODS： The experiment was carried out in the Medical Experimental Center of Hubei Institute for Nationalities and the Department of Laboratory, Central Hospital of Hubei Enshi Autonomous Prefecture from April to June 2006. （1） Diet quantity of animals was 〉 6 g/d in the over-diet group, 4 g/d in the quantitative-diet group, 3.34 g/d in the quantitative-limit diet group and 1.8 g/d in the over-limit diet group, respectively. Mice in the four groups drank freely. （2） At 35 days after feeding, every 10 mice were randomly selected from each group and enclosed in the wide mouthed bottle （250 mL, containing sodalime） to observe and record survival time under normal pressure and hypoxic condition. Other mice were given step down test, shuttle box test and autonomic activity test. Step down test： The first step-down latency and error times within 5 minutes were used to evaluate learning ability and the memory ability was retested at 24 hours later. Shuttle box test： The shuttle-box latency and error times within 5 minutes were used to evaluate learning ability and the memory ability was retested at 24 hours later. Times of autonomic activity within 5 minutes were used to evaluate ability of autonomic activity. In addition, blood was collected from eyeball to measure plasma immune globulin and complement by using immunoturbidimetry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （1） Effect of different diet quantity on learning and memory ability; （2） effect of different diet quantity on times of autonomic activity and survival time under hypoxia and normal pressure; （3） effect of different diet quantity on content of immune globulin and complement. RESULTS： All 80 mice were involved in the final analysis. （1） Effect of different diet quantity on learning and memory ability： There was no significant difference in learning ability during step down test （P 〉 0.05）. While, memory ability in the over-diet group and the quantitative-diet group was better than that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.235 - 2.423, P 〈 0.05）. During shuttle box test, learning and memory ability in the over-diet group was superior to that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.237 - 2.431, P 〈 0.05）. While, memory ability in the quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group was superior to that in the over-limit group （t =2.704 - 2.813, P 〈 0.05）. （2） Effect of different diet quantity on times of autonomic activity and survival time under hypoxia and normal pressure： There were significant differences in the times of autonomic activity among quantitative-diet group, quantitative-limit diet group and over-limit diet group （t = 2.725 - 2.98, P 〈 0.05）. Survival time in the quantitative-diet group and the quantitative-limit diet group was longer than that in the over-diet group （t =2.365, 2.719, P 〈 0.05）, but shorter than that in the over-limit diet group （t =2.427, 2.538, P 〈 0.05）. While, survival time in the over-limit diet group was longer than that in the over-diet group （t =2.765, P 〈 0.01）. （3） Effect of different diet quantity on content of immune globulin and complement： There was no significant difference in content of IgG and IgA （P 〉 0.05）. Content of IgM in the over-limit diet group was higher than that in the over-diet group, quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group （t =2.304- 2.421, P 〈 0.05）. Contents of complement C3 and C4 in the quantitative-diet group and quantitative-limit diet group were higher than those in the over-diet group （t = 2.319 - 2.738, P 〈 0.05）, but lower than those in the over-limit diet group （t =2.317 - 2.716, P 〈 0.05）. While, contents of C3 and C4 in the over-limit diet group were higher than those in the over-diet group （t =3.247, 4.53, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Both quantitative diet and quantitative-limit diet can improve learning and memory ability, autonomic activity and immnological stress; however, over-limit diet may decrease these abilities.
基金Sponsored by 2012–2013 Project of China Academy of Higher Vocational Technical Education(GZYLX1213153)
文摘This paper introduced the current situation and development background of art and design vocational education in China, especially the relationship between learning characteristics and ability of art and design students in vocational colleges. The approaches of overcoming the inclination to utilitarianism and aesthetic deficiency in art and design education of Chinese higher vocational colleges should be explored from the perspective of learning motivation, strategy and ability, so as to propose countermeasures to improve learning ability of art and design students in vocational colleges.
