Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexib...Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.展开更多
Self-healing metals possess the capability to autonomously repair structural damage during service. While self-healing concepts remain challenging to be realized in metals and metallic systems due to the small atomic ...Self-healing metals possess the capability to autonomously repair structural damage during service. While self-healing concepts remain challenging to be realized in metals and metallic systems due to the small atomic volume of the mobile atoms, the slow diffusion unless at high temperatures and the strong isotropic metallic bonds, the scientific interest has increased sharply and promising progress is obtained. This article provides a comprehensive and updated review on the developments and limitations associated with the various modes of potentially healable damage induced in metals and alloys, i.e., stressinduced damage, irradiation-induced damage in bulk materials and contact damage in corrosion protective coatings. The spontaneous intrinsic healing mechanisms not requiring external assistance other than the material operating at the right temperature and an assisted healing mechanism with external intervention are reviewed. Promising strategies to achieve self-healing in metals are identified. Finally, we give some prospects for future research directions in self-healing metals.展开更多
Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical enginee...Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical engineering.Unfortunately,the poor corrosion resistance of Mg-alloys limits their wide acceptance.Advanced composite coatings which are self-healing,superhydrophobic anti corrosive,and wear resistant are new synthetic materials for abating these challenges.The superimposed superhydrophobic surfaces help in minimizing their water contact,thus slowing down the electrochemical reactions on the surface of the alloys,while their self-healing characteristics autonomously aid in the repair of any induced micro-crack,defect or damage towards ensuring the metal's long-term protection.In addition,the integration of wear-resistant materials further improves the durability of coatings under mechanical stress.The most recent research efforts have been directed towards the preparation of multifunctional composites,with an emphasis on nanomaterials,functional polymers,and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques in order to take advantage of their synergistic effects.Some of the methods that have so far exhibited promising potentials in fabricating these materials include the sol-gel method,layer-by-layer assembly,and plasma treatments.However,most of the fabricated products are still faced with significant challenges ranging from long-term stability to homogeneous adhesion of the coatings and their scalability for industrial applications.This review discusses the recent progress and the relationship between corrosion inhibition and self-healing efficiencies of wear resistant polymer nanocomposite coatings.Some challenges related to optimizing coating performance were also discussed.In addition,future directions ranging from the consideration of bioinspired designs,novel hybrid nanocomposite materials,and environmentally sustainable solutions integrated with smart protective coatings were also proposed as new wave technologies that can potentially revolutionize the corrosion protection offered by Mg alloys while opening up prospects for improved performance and sustainability.展开更多
Superhydrophobic surface is a promising strategy for antibacterial and corrosion protection.However,the use of harmful fluorine-containing materials,poor mechano-chemical stability,the addition of fungicides and poor ...Superhydrophobic surface is a promising strategy for antibacterial and corrosion protection.However,the use of harmful fluorine-containing materials,poor mechano-chemical stability,the addition of fungicides and poor corrosion resistance often limit its practical application.In this paper,a high-robustness pho-tothermal self-healing superhydrophobic coating is prepared by simply spraying a mixture of hydropho-bically modified epoxy resin and two kinds of modified nanofillers(carbon nanotubes and SiO2)for long-term anticorrosion and antibacterial applications.Multi-scale network and lubrication structures formed by cross-linking of modified carbon nanotubes and repeatable roughness endow coating with high ro-bustness,so that the coating maintains superhydrophobicity even after 100 Taber abrasion cycles,20 m sandpaper abrasion and 100 tape peeling cycles.The synergistic effect of antibacterial adhesion and pho-tothermal bactericidal activity endows coating with excellent antibacterial efficiency,which against Es-cherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)separately reaches 99.6% and 99.8%.Moreover,the influence of modified epoxy resin,superhydrophobicity,organic coating and coating thicknesses on the anticorrosion of magnesium(Mg)alloy is systematically studied and analyzed.More importantly,the prepared coating still exhibits excellent self-cleaning,anticorrosion and antibacterial abilities after 20 m abrasion.Furthermore,the coating exhibits excellent adhesion(level 4B),chemical stability,UV radiation resistance,high-low temperature alternation resistance,stable heat production capacity and photother-mal self-healing ability.All these excellent performances can promote its application in a wider range of fields.展开更多
This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and...This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and interfacial healing strength were analyzed using molecular dynamics and macroscopic tests under different time,temperature,and water conditions to evaluate the specific states and critical conditions involved in self-healing.The results indicate that basalt-fiber molecules can induce rearrangement and a combination of water-soaked asphalt at the healing interface.Hydroxyl groups with different bonding states increase the interfacial adsorption capacity of water-soaked asphalt.The interaction between basalt fiber molecules and water molecules leads to a"hoop"phenomenon,while aromatics-2 molecules exhibit a"ring band aggregation"phenomenon.The former reduces the miscibility of water and asphalt molecules,while the latter causes slow diffusion of the components.Furthermore,a micro-macro dual-scale comparison of interfacial healing strength was conducted at temperatures of 297.15 and 312.15 K to identify the strength transition point and critical temperature of 299.4 K during the self-healing process of basalt-fiber modified water-soaked asphalt.展开更多
Coatings of marine equipment inevitably suffer from physical or chemical damage in service,together with biofouling from microbial attachment,leading to a shorter service life of them.Herein,a multi-functional corrosi...Coatings of marine equipment inevitably suffer from physical or chemical damage in service,together with biofouling from microbial attachment,leading to a shorter service life of them.Herein,a multi-functional corrosion-resistant coating with efficient photothermal self-healing and anti-biofouling per-formance was designed by using CuO/g-C_(3)N_(4)(CuO/CN)S-scheme heterojunction filler in combination with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)as the coating matrix for achieving the effective protection of Q235 steel.The results of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)experiments indicate that the CuO/CN/PDMS composite coatings possessed excellent corrosion resistance,in which the impedance ra-dius of optimal CuO/CN-1/PDMS composite coating could still remain 3.49×10^(9)Ωcm^(2)after 60 d of immersion in seawater under sunlight irradiation.Meanwhile,the as-prepared CuO/CN/PDMS compos-ite coating not only can be rapidly heated up under the Xenon lamp illumination to achieve complete self-repair of scratches within 45 min,but also exhibited excellent antimicrobial effects in the antifouling experiments.This study opens a new avenue for the development of g-C_(3)N_(4)-based multifunctional coat-ings and provides guidance for the development of the next generation of intelligent protective coatings.展开更多
Drug-eluting magnesium(Mg)alloy stents have a slower degradation rate and lower restenosis rate compared with uncoated stents,demonstrating good clinical efficacy.However,the release of anti-hyperplasia drugs from coa...Drug-eluting magnesium(Mg)alloy stents have a slower degradation rate and lower restenosis rate compared with uncoated stents,demonstrating good clinical efficacy.However,the release of anti-hyperplasia drugs from coatings delays endothelial tissue repair,thus leading to late stent thrombosis.To address these issues,a dual self-healed coating with various biological properties was fabricated on magnesium fluoride/polydopamine(MgF_(2)/PDA)-treated Mg alloys by spraying-assisted layer-by-layer(LBL)self-assembly of chitosan(CS),gallic acid(GA),and 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid(HA-ABBA).The LBL coating,approximately 1.50μm thick,exhibited a uniform morphology with good adhesion strength(~1065 mN).The annual corrosion rate(Pi)of LBL samples was~1400 times slower than that of the Mg substrate,due to the physical barrier function provided by MgF_(2)/PDA layers and the dual self-healed ability of LBL layers.The rapid self-healing ability(with a healing period of~4 h under dynamic/static conditions)resulted from the synergistic interplay between the recombination of diverse chemical bonds within the LBL coating and the coordination of LBL-released GA with Mg2+,as corroborated by computer simulations.Compared with the drug-eluting coatings,the LBL sample demonstrated substantial advantages in anti-oxidation,anti-denaturation of fibrinogen,anti-platelet adhesion,anti-inflammation,anti-hyperplasia,and promoted-endothelialization.These benefits effectively address the limitations associated with drug-eluting coatings.展开更多
Graphene oxide nanomaterials are increasingly used in various fields due to their superior properties.In order to study the influence of graphene oxide additives on the performance of modified asphalt,in this study,gr...Graphene oxide nanomaterials are increasingly used in various fields due to their superior properties.In order to study the influence of graphene oxide additives on the performance of modified asphalt,in this study,graphene oxide modified asphalt was prepared and characteristics was studied including the high deformation resistance performance and the self-healing property of modified asphalt.Functional groups and morphology of graphene oxide modified asphalt were described by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The high deformation resistance performance and self-healing effect of asphalt samples were obtained through dynamic slear rheometer(DSR)test.Results shows that graphene oxide dispersions improve the performance of asphalt relatively well compared to graphene oxide powder.There is no chemical reaction between graphene oxide and asphalt,but physical connection.The addition of graphene oxide improved the high deformation resistance of modified asphalt and expedited the self-healing ability of asphalt under fatigue load.展开更多
As a significant branch of smart materials,self-healing polyurethane materials mimic the biological damage repair mechanisms and have been widely applied in flexible electronics,functional coatings,biomedicine,and oth...As a significant branch of smart materials,self-healing polyurethane materials mimic the biological damage repair mechanisms and have been widely applied in flexible electronics,functional coatings,biomedicine,and other fields.This review systematically summarizes the design principles and recent advancements in both extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing polyurethane materials,highlighting their respective self-healing mechanisms and characteristics.For extrinsic system,damage repair is primarily achieved through microcapsules,hollow fibers,nanoparticles,and microvascular networks.However,their healing efficiency remains limited by the stability of carriers and the release kinetics of healing agents.In contrast,intrinsic self-healing polyurethane materials achieve self-healing through the reversibility of dynamic covalent and non-covalent bonds,which confer excellent self-healing capabilities while necessitating a precise balance between mechanical performance and self-healing efficiency.Moreover,their healing behavior is highly dependent on environmental conditions,potentially restricting their practical applications.Recent studies have demonstrated that the synergistic design of dynamic bonding networks can significantly enhance the mechanical properties,self-healing efficiency,and environmental adaptability.These developments offer new insights and theoretical foundations for designing high-performance self-healing polyurethane materials and may broaden their industrial applications.展开更多
This paper delves into the theoretical mechanisms of the electronic structure and optical properties of aluminum-based semiconductors(AlX,X=N,P,As,Sb)and indium-based semiconductors(InX,X=N,P,As,Sb)as potential materi...This paper delves into the theoretical mechanisms of the electronic structure and optical properties of aluminum-based semiconductors(AlX,X=N,P,As,Sb)and indium-based semiconductors(InX,X=N,P,As,Sb)as potential materials for optical devices.Band structure calculations reveal that,except for InSb,all other compounds are direct bandgap semiconductors,with AlN exhibiting a bandgap of 3.245 eV.The valence band maximum of these eight compounds primarily stems from the p-orbitals of Al/In and X.In contrast,the conduction band minimum is influenced by all orbitals,with a predominant contribution from the p-orbitals.The static dielectric constant increased with the expansion of the unit cell volume.Compared to AlX and InX with larger X atoms,AlN and InN showed broader absorption spectra in the near-ultraviolet region and higher photoelectric conductance.Regarding mechanical properties,AlN and InN displayed greater shear and bulk modulus than the other compounds.Moreover,among these eight crystal types,a higher modulus was associated with a lower light loss function value,indicating that AlN and InN have superior transmission efficiency and a wider spectral range in optoelectronic material applications.展开更多
Self-healing(SH)polymer composites are a transformative achievement in polymer material technology that offers significant potential to extend the lifespan and reliability of materials.This work presents a novel appro...Self-healing(SH)polymer composites are a transformative achievement in polymer material technology that offers significant potential to extend the lifespan and reliability of materials.This work presents a novel approach to developing a hybrid natural-synthetic reinforced polymer composite with SH behavior using urea-free,non-toxic,environment-friendly material encapsulating resin,and hardener within a multicavity microcapsule(MC).This MC offers multiple healing because of its multicavity structure.These Xerogel MCs are integrated into hybrid bamboo/recycled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite(25 wt% and 40 wt%)and were evaluated for their flexural strength,healing efficiency,moisture absorption,and thermal behavior.The results demonstrated that the composite containing 40 wt% exhibited the highest initial flexural strength and modulus retention after multiple healing cycles,approaching 80.67% and 61.34% respectively at 1st and 2nd cycles of healing efficiency.The behavior of self-healing hybrid composites(SHHC)in different environmental conditions was also investigated.Thermal Analysis TGA and DTA done on hybrid and other SH composites.Scanning electron microscopy shows the surface morphology of Xerogel MCs before and after damage,composite fractured surface,and how Healing Agent(HA)gets released and acquires surface after fracture.To ensure functional groups and chemical reactions between each component of the composite,FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of HA inside MC.展开更多
A two-step approach was employed to create a composite coating consisting of TiO_(2)nanoparticles and extremely elastic polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS).The TiO_(2)-PDMS composite coating demonstrates exceptional superhydro...A two-step approach was employed to create a composite coating consisting of TiO_(2)nanoparticles and extremely elastic polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS).The TiO_(2)-PDMS composite coating demonstrates exceptional superhydrophobicity and antifouling efficacy,as evidenced by the static contact angle,contact angle hysteresis,and antifouling tests.The electron microscopic analysis reveals that the composite coating consists of TiO_(2)particles and agglomerates,which forms a dual-level roughness structure at the nanometer and micron scales.This unique structure promotes the Cassie-Baxter state of the coating when in contact with the liquid,resulting in an increased static contact angle and a reduced contact angle hysteresis.The PDMS primer facilitates the attachment of TiO_(2)particles,resulting in a composite coating with excellent scratch-resistant characteristics.Additionally,the PDMS primer possesses the capacity to retain low surface energy modifiers.Simultaneously,the PDMS primer serves as a reservoir for a low surface energy modifier,enhancing the self-repairing properties of the TiO_(2)-PDMS composite coating.This composite coating exhibits effective self-cleaning capabilities against many forms of contaminants,including liquids,solids,and slurries.展开更多
Traditional hydrogels are inevitably damaged during practical applications,resulting in a gradual deterioration of their functional efficacy.A primary strategy to address this issue involves developing hydrogels with ...Traditional hydrogels are inevitably damaged during practical applications,resulting in a gradual deterioration of their functional efficacy.A primary strategy to address this issue involves developing hydrogels with inherent self-healing properties.In this study,we report the synthesis of self-healing polyacrylate hydrogels that integrate zwitterions,hydrophilic nano-silica and aluminum ions.Due to the synergistic effect of multiple hydrogen bonds,coordination bonds and electrostatic interactions,the tensile strength of the hydrogel is enhanced from 15.1 to 162.6 kPa.Moreover,the electrical resistance and tensile strength of the hydrogel can almost recover to its initial values after 20 min of healing at room temperature,exhibiting remarkable self-healing performance.Furthermore,the zwitterionic polyacrylate hydrogel serves as a wearable sensor with the capability of accurately response to the bending and stretching of human joints,exhibting a gauge factor of 1.87 under tensile strain ranging from 80% to 100%.Even after being freezed at-20℃ for 3 h,the zwitterionic polyacrylate hydrogel retains its exceptional writing performance.In conclusion,the hydrogels developed in this study demonstrate significant potential for wearable electronics applications.展开更多
An evaluation method for self-healing capacity was designed,which includes the control of initial cracks and subsequent permeability testing.This method was employed to evaluate the self-healing behavior of mortars in...An evaluation method for self-healing capacity was designed,which includes the control of initial cracks and subsequent permeability testing.This method was employed to evaluate the self-healing behavior of mortars incorporating crystalline admixtures(CAs)under various conditions,including water immersion,limewater soaking,and wet-dry cycles,with varying CA dosages and crack widths.The experimental results indicate that cement possesses inherently self-healing capability.Limewater environments inhibits healing compared with water immersion;however,wet-dry cycles enhance the effectiveness of higher CA dosages.Increasing the CA content can not improve healing performance,and wide cracks(0.3 mm)substantially reduce the intrinsic self-healing potential of cement.展开更多
Integrated conductive elastomers with excellent mechanical performance,stable high conductivity,self-healing capabilities,and high transparency are critical for advancing wearable devices.Nevertheless,achieving an opt...Integrated conductive elastomers with excellent mechanical performance,stable high conductivity,self-healing capabilities,and high transparency are critical for advancing wearable devices.Nevertheless,achieving an optimal balance among these properties remains a significant challenge.Herein,through in situ free-radical copolymerization of 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl acrylate(TEEA)and vinylimidazole(VI)in the presence of polyethylene glycol(PEG;Mn=400),tough P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers with multiple functionalities were prepared,in which P(TEEA-co-VI)was dynamically cross-linked by imidazole-Zn^(2+)metal coordination crosslinks,and physically blended with PEG as polymer electrolyte to form a homogeneous mixture.Notably,Zn^(2+)has a negligible impact on the polymerization process,allowing for the in situ formation of numerous imidazole-Zn^(2+)metal coordination crosslinks,which can effectively dissipate energy upon stretching to largely reinforce the elastomers.The obtained P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers exhibited a high toughness of 10.0 MJ·m^(-3) with a high tensile strength of 3.3 MPa and a large elongation at break of 645%,along with outstanding self-healing capabilities due to the dynamic coordination crosslinks.Moreover,because of the miscibility of PEG with PTEEA copolymer matrix,and Li+can form weak coordination interactions with the ethoxy(EO)units in PEG and PTEEA,acting as a bridge to integrate PEG into the elastomer network.The resulted P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers showed high transparency(92%)and stable high conductivity of 1.09×10_(-4) S·cm^(-1).In summary,the obtained elastomers exhibited a well-balanced combination of high toughness,high ionic conductivity,excellent self-healing capabilities,and high transparency,making them promising for applications in flexible strain sensors.展开更多
Smart materials with self-healing properties are highly desired.This study investigates graphene-incorporated styrene-isoprene-styrene(SIS)nanocomposites for their self-healing property assisted by Infrared(IR)and mic...Smart materials with self-healing properties are highly desired.This study investigates graphene-incorporated styrene-isoprene-styrene(SIS)nanocomposites for their self-healing property assisted by Infrared(IR)and microwave radiation.The good thermal conductivity and energy-absorbing capacity of graphene offer self-healing capability to SIS/GnP nanocomposites due to their exposure to IR and microwave radiation.The absorbed energy in graphene is transferred to the SIS matrix,facilitating the diffusion,re-entanglement,and restoration of the SIS polymer chains,resulting in multiple times self-healing capabilities using various external stimuli.All SIS/GnP nanocomposite samples exhibit self-healing behavior,and the healing efficiency rises with increasing GnP content in the nanocomposites and healing time.The cut mark on the SIS/GnP nanocomposite sample(having 10 wt.%of GnP)entirely disappears when the sample is placed in contact with IR radiation(at 250 W)for 10 min.In addition,the sample is completely healed when exposed to microwave radiation(at 900 W)for less than 30 s.The good dispersion of the graphene nanoplates in the SIS matrix was observed in SEM micrographs.Strong interfacial interactions between the SIS copolymer chains and exfoliated graphene(GnP)due toπ-πstacking stabilize graphene dispersion against agglomeration.The effect of graphene nanoplates on the SIS thermoplastic elastomer’s thermal stability and phase transition is also studied by Thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA)and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC)analysis.展开更多
Soft self-healing materials are promising candidates for flexible electronic devices due to their excep-tional compatibility,extensibility,and self-restorability.Generally,these materials suffer from low tensile stren...Soft self-healing materials are promising candidates for flexible electronic devices due to their excep-tional compatibility,extensibility,and self-restorability.Generally,these materials suffer from low tensile strength and susceptibility to fracture because of the restricted microstructure design.Herein,we pro-pose a hydrothermal-freeze-thaw method to construct high-strength self-healing hydrogels with even in-terconnected networks and distinctive wrinkled surfaces.The integration of the wrinkled outer surface with the three-dimensional internal network confers the self-healing hydrogel with enhanced mechan-ical strength.This hydrogel achieves a tensile strength of 223 kPa,a breaking elongation of 442%,an adhesion strength of 57.6 kPa,and an adhesion energy of 237.2 J m-2.Meanwhile,the hydrogel demon-strates impressive self-repair capability(repair efficiency:93%).Moreover,the density functional theory(DFT)calculations are used to substantiate the stable existence of hydrogen bonding between the PPPBG hydrogel and water molecules which ensures the durability of the PPPBG hydrogel for long-term applica-tion.The measurements demonstrate that this multifunctional hydrogel possesses the requisite sensitivity and durability to serve as a strain sensor,which monitors a spectrum of motion signals including subtle vocalizations,pronounced facial expressions,and limb articulations.This work presents a viable strategy for healthcare monitoring,soft robotics,and interactive electronic skins.展开更多
Supramolecular materials that combine toughness,transparency,self-healing,and environmental stability are crucial for advanced applications,such as flexible electronics,wearable devices,and protective coatings.However...Supramolecular materials that combine toughness,transparency,self-healing,and environmental stability are crucial for advanced applications,such as flexible electronics,wearable devices,and protective coatings.However,integrating these properties into a single system remains challenging because of the inherent trade-offs between the mechanical strength,elasticity,and structural reconfigurability.Herein,we report a supramolecular ionogel designed via a simple one-step polymerization strategy that combines hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions in a physically crosslinked network.This dual-interaction architecture enables the ionogel to achieve high tensile strength(9 MPa),remarkable fracture toughness(23.6 MJ·m^(−3)),and rapid self-healing under mild thermal stimulation.The material remains highly transparent and demonstrates excellent resistance to moisture,acid,and salt environments,with minimal swelling and performance degradation.Furthermore,it effectively dissipates over 80 MJ·m^(−3) of energy during high-speed impacts,providing reliable protection to fragile substrates.This study offers a broadly applicable molecular design framework for resilient and adaptive soft materials.展开更多
This study aims to investigate the intrinsic repair behavior of asphalt using molecular dynamics simulation.The Materials Studio software was employed to construct a virgin asphalt and SBS modified asphalt.The evaluat...This study aims to investigate the intrinsic repair behavior of asphalt using molecular dynamics simulation.The Materials Studio software was employed to construct a virgin asphalt and SBS modified asphalt.The evaluation of the two types of asphalt included diffusion coefficient,activation energy of diffusion,and pre-exponential factor.The self-healing performance of both virgin asphalt and SBS modified asphalt was then analyzed and verified through fatigue shear-healing tests.The molecular dynamics results indicate that the self-healing properties of both asphalts improve with increasing temperature.The time required for the cracked area to be filled was found to be shorter than the time needed for the asphalt material to recover its mechanical properties.Furthermore,the activation energy of diffusion for SBS modified asphalt was slightly higher compared to that of virgin asphalt,as observed in the experimental results.The self-healing speed and collision frequency of SBS modified asphalt were both faster than those of virgin asphalt,indicating that the self-healing performance of SBS modified asphalt is superior overall.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172249,52525601)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Talents Program(E2290701)the Jiangsu Province Talents Program(JSSCRC2023545)the Special Fund Project of Carbon Peaking Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation of Jiangsu Province(BE2022011).
文摘Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51701095)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(Grant No.BK20170798)。
文摘Self-healing metals possess the capability to autonomously repair structural damage during service. While self-healing concepts remain challenging to be realized in metals and metallic systems due to the small atomic volume of the mobile atoms, the slow diffusion unless at high temperatures and the strong isotropic metallic bonds, the scientific interest has increased sharply and promising progress is obtained. This article provides a comprehensive and updated review on the developments and limitations associated with the various modes of potentially healable damage induced in metals and alloys, i.e., stressinduced damage, irradiation-induced damage in bulk materials and contact damage in corrosion protective coatings. The spontaneous intrinsic healing mechanisms not requiring external assistance other than the material operating at the right temperature and an assisted healing mechanism with external intervention are reviewed. Promising strategies to achieve self-healing in metals are identified. Finally, we give some prospects for future research directions in self-healing metals.
文摘Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical engineering.Unfortunately,the poor corrosion resistance of Mg-alloys limits their wide acceptance.Advanced composite coatings which are self-healing,superhydrophobic anti corrosive,and wear resistant are new synthetic materials for abating these challenges.The superimposed superhydrophobic surfaces help in minimizing their water contact,thus slowing down the electrochemical reactions on the surface of the alloys,while their self-healing characteristics autonomously aid in the repair of any induced micro-crack,defect or damage towards ensuring the metal's long-term protection.In addition,the integration of wear-resistant materials further improves the durability of coatings under mechanical stress.The most recent research efforts have been directed towards the preparation of multifunctional composites,with an emphasis on nanomaterials,functional polymers,and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques in order to take advantage of their synergistic effects.Some of the methods that have so far exhibited promising potentials in fabricating these materials include the sol-gel method,layer-by-layer assembly,and plasma treatments.However,most of the fabricated products are still faced with significant challenges ranging from long-term stability to homogeneous adhesion of the coatings and their scalability for industrial applications.This review discusses the recent progress and the relationship between corrosion inhibition and self-healing efficiencies of wear resistant polymer nanocomposite coatings.Some challenges related to optimizing coating performance were also discussed.In addition,future directions ranging from the consideration of bioinspired designs,novel hybrid nanocomposite materials,and environmentally sustainable solutions integrated with smart protective coatings were also proposed as new wave technologies that can potentially revolutionize the corrosion protection offered by Mg alloys while opening up prospects for improved performance and sustainability.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2106226,52105297)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52021003)the Science and Technology Development Project of Jilin Province(Nos.20210203022SF,20210508029RQ).
文摘Superhydrophobic surface is a promising strategy for antibacterial and corrosion protection.However,the use of harmful fluorine-containing materials,poor mechano-chemical stability,the addition of fungicides and poor corrosion resistance often limit its practical application.In this paper,a high-robustness pho-tothermal self-healing superhydrophobic coating is prepared by simply spraying a mixture of hydropho-bically modified epoxy resin and two kinds of modified nanofillers(carbon nanotubes and SiO2)for long-term anticorrosion and antibacterial applications.Multi-scale network and lubrication structures formed by cross-linking of modified carbon nanotubes and repeatable roughness endow coating with high ro-bustness,so that the coating maintains superhydrophobicity even after 100 Taber abrasion cycles,20 m sandpaper abrasion and 100 tape peeling cycles.The synergistic effect of antibacterial adhesion and pho-tothermal bactericidal activity endows coating with excellent antibacterial efficiency,which against Es-cherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)separately reaches 99.6% and 99.8%.Moreover,the influence of modified epoxy resin,superhydrophobicity,organic coating and coating thicknesses on the anticorrosion of magnesium(Mg)alloy is systematically studied and analyzed.More importantly,the prepared coating still exhibits excellent self-cleaning,anticorrosion and antibacterial abilities after 20 m abrasion.Furthermore,the coating exhibits excellent adhesion(level 4B),chemical stability,UV radiation resistance,high-low temperature alternation resistance,stable heat production capacity and photother-mal self-healing ability.All these excellent performances can promote its application in a wider range of fields.
文摘This study investigates the mechanism of action of representative molecules of basalt fibers on the healing of water-soaked asphalt.Thermodynamic parameters,morphological characteristics,interfacial healing energy,and interfacial healing strength were analyzed using molecular dynamics and macroscopic tests under different time,temperature,and water conditions to evaluate the specific states and critical conditions involved in self-healing.The results indicate that basalt-fiber molecules can induce rearrangement and a combination of water-soaked asphalt at the healing interface.Hydroxyl groups with different bonding states increase the interfacial adsorption capacity of water-soaked asphalt.The interaction between basalt fiber molecules and water molecules leads to a"hoop"phenomenon,while aromatics-2 molecules exhibit a"ring band aggregation"phenomenon.The former reduces the miscibility of water and asphalt molecules,while the latter causes slow diffusion of the components.Furthermore,a micro-macro dual-scale comparison of interfacial healing strength was conducted at temperatures of 297.15 and 312.15 K to identify the strength transition point and critical temperature of 299.4 K during the self-healing process of basalt-fiber modified water-soaked asphalt.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22006057 and 21906072)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M743178)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(No.BY20231482)the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Solar Cell electrode Materials in China Petroleum,Chemical Industry(No.2024A093)the Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Mate-rial Chemistry(Heilongjiang University),Ministry of Education and Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(China)(No.SJCX24_2481).
文摘Coatings of marine equipment inevitably suffer from physical or chemical damage in service,together with biofouling from microbial attachment,leading to a shorter service life of them.Herein,a multi-functional corrosion-resistant coating with efficient photothermal self-healing and anti-biofouling per-formance was designed by using CuO/g-C_(3)N_(4)(CuO/CN)S-scheme heterojunction filler in combination with polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)as the coating matrix for achieving the effective protection of Q235 steel.The results of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)experiments indicate that the CuO/CN/PDMS composite coatings possessed excellent corrosion resistance,in which the impedance ra-dius of optimal CuO/CN-1/PDMS composite coating could still remain 3.49×10^(9)Ωcm^(2)after 60 d of immersion in seawater under sunlight irradiation.Meanwhile,the as-prepared CuO/CN/PDMS compos-ite coating not only can be rapidly heated up under the Xenon lamp illumination to achieve complete self-repair of scratches within 45 min,but also exhibited excellent antimicrobial effects in the antifouling experiments.This study opens a new avenue for the development of g-C_(3)N_(4)-based multifunctional coat-ings and provides guidance for the development of the next generation of intelligent protective coatings.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC2400703)the Key Scientific and Technological Research Projects in Henan Province(Nos.232102311155 and 232102230106)Zhengzhou University Major Project Cultivation Special Project(No.125-32214076).
文摘Drug-eluting magnesium(Mg)alloy stents have a slower degradation rate and lower restenosis rate compared with uncoated stents,demonstrating good clinical efficacy.However,the release of anti-hyperplasia drugs from coatings delays endothelial tissue repair,thus leading to late stent thrombosis.To address these issues,a dual self-healed coating with various biological properties was fabricated on magnesium fluoride/polydopamine(MgF_(2)/PDA)-treated Mg alloys by spraying-assisted layer-by-layer(LBL)self-assembly of chitosan(CS),gallic acid(GA),and 3-aminobenzeneboronic acid-modified hyaluronic acid(HA-ABBA).The LBL coating,approximately 1.50μm thick,exhibited a uniform morphology with good adhesion strength(~1065 mN).The annual corrosion rate(Pi)of LBL samples was~1400 times slower than that of the Mg substrate,due to the physical barrier function provided by MgF_(2)/PDA layers and the dual self-healed ability of LBL layers.The rapid self-healing ability(with a healing period of~4 h under dynamic/static conditions)resulted from the synergistic interplay between the recombination of diverse chemical bonds within the LBL coating and the coordination of LBL-released GA with Mg2+,as corroborated by computer simulations.Compared with the drug-eluting coatings,the LBL sample demonstrated substantial advantages in anti-oxidation,anti-denaturation of fibrinogen,anti-platelet adhesion,anti-inflammation,anti-hyperplasia,and promoted-endothelialization.These benefits effectively address the limitations associated with drug-eluting coatings.
基金supported by Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Plan(23CXGA0195)Longnan Science and Technology Plan(2024CX03)。
文摘Graphene oxide nanomaterials are increasingly used in various fields due to their superior properties.In order to study the influence of graphene oxide additives on the performance of modified asphalt,in this study,graphene oxide modified asphalt was prepared and characteristics was studied including the high deformation resistance performance and the self-healing property of modified asphalt.Functional groups and morphology of graphene oxide modified asphalt were described by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The high deformation resistance performance and self-healing effect of asphalt samples were obtained through dynamic slear rheometer(DSR)test.Results shows that graphene oxide dispersions improve the performance of asphalt relatively well compared to graphene oxide powder.There is no chemical reaction between graphene oxide and asphalt,but physical connection.The addition of graphene oxide improved the high deformation resistance of modified asphalt and expedited the self-healing ability of asphalt under fatigue load.
基金sponsored by the National Key Research and Devel-opment Program of China(2023YFD1800105)Guangdong Province Science&Technology Program(2024B1515040004)Guangzhou Sci-ence and Technology Plan Project(2024A04J6354).
文摘As a significant branch of smart materials,self-healing polyurethane materials mimic the biological damage repair mechanisms and have been widely applied in flexible electronics,functional coatings,biomedicine,and other fields.This review systematically summarizes the design principles and recent advancements in both extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing polyurethane materials,highlighting their respective self-healing mechanisms and characteristics.For extrinsic system,damage repair is primarily achieved through microcapsules,hollow fibers,nanoparticles,and microvascular networks.However,their healing efficiency remains limited by the stability of carriers and the release kinetics of healing agents.In contrast,intrinsic self-healing polyurethane materials achieve self-healing through the reversibility of dynamic covalent and non-covalent bonds,which confer excellent self-healing capabilities while necessitating a precise balance between mechanical performance and self-healing efficiency.Moreover,their healing behavior is highly dependent on environmental conditions,potentially restricting their practical applications.Recent studies have demonstrated that the synergistic design of dynamic bonding networks can significantly enhance the mechanical properties,self-healing efficiency,and environmental adaptability.These developments offer new insights and theoretical foundations for designing high-performance self-healing polyurethane materials and may broaden their industrial applications.
文摘This paper delves into the theoretical mechanisms of the electronic structure and optical properties of aluminum-based semiconductors(AlX,X=N,P,As,Sb)and indium-based semiconductors(InX,X=N,P,As,Sb)as potential materials for optical devices.Band structure calculations reveal that,except for InSb,all other compounds are direct bandgap semiconductors,with AlN exhibiting a bandgap of 3.245 eV.The valence band maximum of these eight compounds primarily stems from the p-orbitals of Al/In and X.In contrast,the conduction band minimum is influenced by all orbitals,with a predominant contribution from the p-orbitals.The static dielectric constant increased with the expansion of the unit cell volume.Compared to AlX and InX with larger X atoms,AlN and InN showed broader absorption spectra in the near-ultraviolet region and higher photoelectric conductance.Regarding mechanical properties,AlN and InN displayed greater shear and bulk modulus than the other compounds.Moreover,among these eight crystal types,a higher modulus was associated with a lower light loss function value,indicating that AlN and InN have superior transmission efficiency and a wider spectral range in optoelectronic material applications.
文摘Self-healing(SH)polymer composites are a transformative achievement in polymer material technology that offers significant potential to extend the lifespan and reliability of materials.This work presents a novel approach to developing a hybrid natural-synthetic reinforced polymer composite with SH behavior using urea-free,non-toxic,environment-friendly material encapsulating resin,and hardener within a multicavity microcapsule(MC).This MC offers multiple healing because of its multicavity structure.These Xerogel MCs are integrated into hybrid bamboo/recycled glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite(25 wt% and 40 wt%)and were evaluated for their flexural strength,healing efficiency,moisture absorption,and thermal behavior.The results demonstrated that the composite containing 40 wt% exhibited the highest initial flexural strength and modulus retention after multiple healing cycles,approaching 80.67% and 61.34% respectively at 1st and 2nd cycles of healing efficiency.The behavior of self-healing hybrid composites(SHHC)in different environmental conditions was also investigated.Thermal Analysis TGA and DTA done on hybrid and other SH composites.Scanning electron microscopy shows the surface morphology of Xerogel MCs before and after damage,composite fractured surface,and how Healing Agent(HA)gets released and acquires surface after fracture.To ensure functional groups and chemical reactions between each component of the composite,FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of HA inside MC.
基金Funded by the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.J2019-VII-0015-0155)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51705533)。
文摘A two-step approach was employed to create a composite coating consisting of TiO_(2)nanoparticles and extremely elastic polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS).The TiO_(2)-PDMS composite coating demonstrates exceptional superhydrophobicity and antifouling efficacy,as evidenced by the static contact angle,contact angle hysteresis,and antifouling tests.The electron microscopic analysis reveals that the composite coating consists of TiO_(2)particles and agglomerates,which forms a dual-level roughness structure at the nanometer and micron scales.This unique structure promotes the Cassie-Baxter state of the coating when in contact with the liquid,resulting in an increased static contact angle and a reduced contact angle hysteresis.The PDMS primer facilitates the attachment of TiO_(2)particles,resulting in a composite coating with excellent scratch-resistant characteristics.Additionally,the PDMS primer possesses the capacity to retain low surface energy modifiers.Simultaneously,the PDMS primer serves as a reservoir for a low surface energy modifier,enhancing the self-repairing properties of the TiO_(2)-PDMS composite coating.This composite coating exhibits effective self-cleaning capabilities against many forms of contaminants,including liquids,solids,and slurries.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFE0138900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21972017)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China(D5000240188)the"Scientific and Technical Innovation Action Plan"Basic Research Field of Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(19JC1410500)。
文摘Traditional hydrogels are inevitably damaged during practical applications,resulting in a gradual deterioration of their functional efficacy.A primary strategy to address this issue involves developing hydrogels with inherent self-healing properties.In this study,we report the synthesis of self-healing polyacrylate hydrogels that integrate zwitterions,hydrophilic nano-silica and aluminum ions.Due to the synergistic effect of multiple hydrogen bonds,coordination bonds and electrostatic interactions,the tensile strength of the hydrogel is enhanced from 15.1 to 162.6 kPa.Moreover,the electrical resistance and tensile strength of the hydrogel can almost recover to its initial values after 20 min of healing at room temperature,exhibiting remarkable self-healing performance.Furthermore,the zwitterionic polyacrylate hydrogel serves as a wearable sensor with the capability of accurately response to the bending and stretching of human joints,exhibting a gauge factor of 1.87 under tensile strain ranging from 80% to 100%.Even after being freezed at-20℃ for 3 h,the zwitterionic polyacrylate hydrogel retains its exceptional writing performance.In conclusion,the hydrogels developed in this study demonstrate significant potential for wearable electronics applications.
基金Funded by the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the Key R&D Program of Science and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035。
文摘An evaluation method for self-healing capacity was designed,which includes the control of initial cracks and subsequent permeability testing.This method was employed to evaluate the self-healing behavior of mortars incorporating crystalline admixtures(CAs)under various conditions,including water immersion,limewater soaking,and wet-dry cycles,with varying CA dosages and crack widths.The experimental results indicate that cement possesses inherently self-healing capability.Limewater environments inhibits healing compared with water immersion;however,wet-dry cycles enhance the effectiveness of higher CA dosages.Increasing the CA content can not improve healing performance,and wide cracks(0.3 mm)substantially reduce the intrinsic self-healing potential of cement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273023,51973103,and 21774069).
文摘Integrated conductive elastomers with excellent mechanical performance,stable high conductivity,self-healing capabilities,and high transparency are critical for advancing wearable devices.Nevertheless,achieving an optimal balance among these properties remains a significant challenge.Herein,through in situ free-radical copolymerization of 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl acrylate(TEEA)and vinylimidazole(VI)in the presence of polyethylene glycol(PEG;Mn=400),tough P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers with multiple functionalities were prepared,in which P(TEEA-co-VI)was dynamically cross-linked by imidazole-Zn^(2+)metal coordination crosslinks,and physically blended with PEG as polymer electrolyte to form a homogeneous mixture.Notably,Zn^(2+)has a negligible impact on the polymerization process,allowing for the in situ formation of numerous imidazole-Zn^(2+)metal coordination crosslinks,which can effectively dissipate energy upon stretching to largely reinforce the elastomers.The obtained P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers exhibited a high toughness of 10.0 MJ·m^(-3) with a high tensile strength of 3.3 MPa and a large elongation at break of 645%,along with outstanding self-healing capabilities due to the dynamic coordination crosslinks.Moreover,because of the miscibility of PEG with PTEEA copolymer matrix,and Li+can form weak coordination interactions with the ethoxy(EO)units in PEG and PTEEA,acting as a bridge to integrate PEG into the elastomer network.The resulted P(TEEA-co-VI)/PEG elastomers showed high transparency(92%)and stable high conductivity of 1.09×10_(-4) S·cm^(-1).In summary,the obtained elastomers exhibited a well-balanced combination of high toughness,high ionic conductivity,excellent self-healing capabilities,and high transparency,making them promising for applications in flexible strain sensors.
文摘Smart materials with self-healing properties are highly desired.This study investigates graphene-incorporated styrene-isoprene-styrene(SIS)nanocomposites for their self-healing property assisted by Infrared(IR)and microwave radiation.The good thermal conductivity and energy-absorbing capacity of graphene offer self-healing capability to SIS/GnP nanocomposites due to their exposure to IR and microwave radiation.The absorbed energy in graphene is transferred to the SIS matrix,facilitating the diffusion,re-entanglement,and restoration of the SIS polymer chains,resulting in multiple times self-healing capabilities using various external stimuli.All SIS/GnP nanocomposite samples exhibit self-healing behavior,and the healing efficiency rises with increasing GnP content in the nanocomposites and healing time.The cut mark on the SIS/GnP nanocomposite sample(having 10 wt.%of GnP)entirely disappears when the sample is placed in contact with IR radiation(at 250 W)for 10 min.In addition,the sample is completely healed when exposed to microwave radiation(at 900 W)for less than 30 s.The good dispersion of the graphene nanoplates in the SIS matrix was observed in SEM micrographs.Strong interfacial interactions between the SIS copolymer chains and exfoliated graphene(GnP)due toπ-πstacking stabilize graphene dispersion against agglomeration.The effect of graphene nanoplates on the SIS thermoplastic elastomer’s thermal stability and phase transition is also studied by Thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA)and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC)analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A6004,U21A20172,61804091,21574076,and U1510121)the Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi(No.202101030201022)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202103021223019)the Open Fund of the Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics&Molecular Engineering.
文摘Soft self-healing materials are promising candidates for flexible electronic devices due to their excep-tional compatibility,extensibility,and self-restorability.Generally,these materials suffer from low tensile strength and susceptibility to fracture because of the restricted microstructure design.Herein,we pro-pose a hydrothermal-freeze-thaw method to construct high-strength self-healing hydrogels with even in-terconnected networks and distinctive wrinkled surfaces.The integration of the wrinkled outer surface with the three-dimensional internal network confers the self-healing hydrogel with enhanced mechan-ical strength.This hydrogel achieves a tensile strength of 223 kPa,a breaking elongation of 442%,an adhesion strength of 57.6 kPa,and an adhesion energy of 237.2 J m-2.Meanwhile,the hydrogel demon-strates impressive self-repair capability(repair efficiency:93%).Moreover,the density functional theory(DFT)calculations are used to substantiate the stable existence of hydrogen bonding between the PPPBG hydrogel and water molecules which ensures the durability of the PPPBG hydrogel for long-term applica-tion.The measurements demonstrate that this multifunctional hydrogel possesses the requisite sensitivity and durability to serve as a strain sensor,which monitors a spectrum of motion signals including subtle vocalizations,pronounced facial expressions,and limb articulations.This work presents a viable strategy for healthcare monitoring,soft robotics,and interactive electronic skins.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.T2222019 and T2225016)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2024YFA0919300)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.020414380232 and 021414380534).
文摘Supramolecular materials that combine toughness,transparency,self-healing,and environmental stability are crucial for advanced applications,such as flexible electronics,wearable devices,and protective coatings.However,integrating these properties into a single system remains challenging because of the inherent trade-offs between the mechanical strength,elasticity,and structural reconfigurability.Herein,we report a supramolecular ionogel designed via a simple one-step polymerization strategy that combines hydrogen bonding and ion-dipole interactions in a physically crosslinked network.This dual-interaction architecture enables the ionogel to achieve high tensile strength(9 MPa),remarkable fracture toughness(23.6 MJ·m^(−3)),and rapid self-healing under mild thermal stimulation.The material remains highly transparent and demonstrates excellent resistance to moisture,acid,and salt environments,with minimal swelling and performance degradation.Furthermore,it effectively dissipates over 80 MJ·m^(−3) of energy during high-speed impacts,providing reliable protection to fragile substrates.This study offers a broadly applicable molecular design framework for resilient and adaptive soft materials.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52278446)。
文摘This study aims to investigate the intrinsic repair behavior of asphalt using molecular dynamics simulation.The Materials Studio software was employed to construct a virgin asphalt and SBS modified asphalt.The evaluation of the two types of asphalt included diffusion coefficient,activation energy of diffusion,and pre-exponential factor.The self-healing performance of both virgin asphalt and SBS modified asphalt was then analyzed and verified through fatigue shear-healing tests.The molecular dynamics results indicate that the self-healing properties of both asphalts improve with increasing temperature.The time required for the cracked area to be filled was found to be shorter than the time needed for the asphalt material to recover its mechanical properties.Furthermore,the activation energy of diffusion for SBS modified asphalt was slightly higher compared to that of virgin asphalt,as observed in the experimental results.The self-healing speed and collision frequency of SBS modified asphalt were both faster than those of virgin asphalt,indicating that the self-healing performance of SBS modified asphalt is superior overall.
