Rapid,high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae,which are responsible for algal blooms,such as red and green tides. In this study,we successfully develop...Rapid,high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae,which are responsible for algal blooms,such as red and green tides. In this study,we successfully developed a multiplex PCR-based DNA microarray method capable of detecting nine harmful algal species simultaneously,namely A lexandrium tamarense,Gyrodinium instriatum,Heterosigma akashiwo,Karenia mikimotoi,Prorocentrum donghaiense,Prorocentrum minimum,Ulva compressa,Ulva ohnoi and Ulva prolifera. This method achieved a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.5 ng of genomic DNA(orders of magnitude of the deci-nanogram range) in the tested algae cultures. Altogether,230 field samples from ship ballast waters and seaport waters were used to evaluate the DNA microarray. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DNA microarray assay in detecting field samples were 96.4% and 90.9%,respectively,relative to conventional morphological methods. This indicated that this high-throughput,automatic,and specific method is well suited for the detection of algae in water samples.展开更多
The efficiency of the seaport has been variously studied utilizing either data envelopment analysis( DEA) or stochastic Frontier analysis( SFA). Given the strengths and weaknesses associated with these two approaches,...The efficiency of the seaport has been variously studied utilizing either data envelopment analysis( DEA) or stochastic Frontier analysis( SFA). Given the strengths and weaknesses associated with these two approaches, applying both models to compute efficiency estimates for the 11 seaports of the China and Korea from 2012-2016 and comparing the results obtained. Main finding facts of this paper are as follows:( i) there are some differences among relative efficiency levels,but almost no differences among efficiency ranks in DEA and SFA results.( ii) The tendency of VRS is stronger in Chinese coastal seaports during the past several years.( iii) The values among seaports in SFA model are relatively smaller than those in the DEA models. The results show that the efficiency of major seaports in Korea is far lower than that of ports in China.展开更多
China has developed a new chain of commercial seaports along the Maritime Silk Road. These ports are unlike those used by overseas military bases of the United States. While the former focuses on the economic developm...China has developed a new chain of commercial seaports along the Maritime Silk Road. These ports are unlike those used by overseas military bases of the United States. While the former focuses on the economic development of China and other involved countries through investment, trade, infrastructure construction and international shipping center development, the latter is at the service of the U.S. security strategy underpinned by goals to strengthen alliances, fight terrorism, expand influence and support proxies. China has gained extensive experience from its seaport reform. Opening-up programs like the "Shekou model" promote business opportunities in addition to the essential services, and define the port area as the "frontier", the industrial park as the "middle ground", and the port city as the "backyard". Based on such experience, China is ready to contribute to the development, peace and stability of emerging countries along the Maritime Silk Road and explore seaport diplomacy with Chinese resilience, diligence and foresight. China's seaport diplomacy is market-oriented and involves companies as key players. It is also supported by government coordination. Seaport diplomacy has increased connectivity and interdependence between countries and regions along the Maritime Silk Road, and helps avoid the "zero-sum game" and the "core-peripheral" asymmetrical relationship of dependence. China's participation in the development of seaports along the Maritime Silk Road has facilitated the industrialization process of the countries involved and benefited local communities. This approach stands in sharp contrast to the maritime militarization and democratization pursued by some Western countries. Nevertheless, China's participation in the development of seaports along the Maritime Silk Road also faces economic, legal, political, and security risks. Thus, caution should be given to the tendency to politicize China's seaport development.展开更多
The efficiency of 8 seaports in the Kingdom of Morocco region was evaluated. Two associated studies were conducted based on data collected for 4 years (2014-2017), Standard Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was u...The efficiency of 8 seaports in the Kingdom of Morocco region was evaluated. Two associated studies were conducted based on data collected for 4 years (2014-2017), Standard Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was used in the first analysis through CCR and BCC models, and thus a scale of efficiency analysis was used in a second analysis. By using both methods, enhanced insight into the efficiency situation is collected, proving subsequently that a majority of the container ports and terminals in the Kingdom of Morocco are found to be technically inefficient. The research concludes through returns to scale method how port resources should be utilized in the aim to impulse inefficient ports perform better.展开更多
Seaports are critical for global trade and development but are at risk of climate change-driven damages,operational disruptions and delays with extensive related economic losses.The aim of the present contribution is ...Seaports are critical for global trade and development but are at risk of climate change-driven damages,operational disruptions and delays with extensive related economic losses.The aim of the present contribution is to(a)provide an overview of the main impacts of climate variability and change(CV&C)on ports;(b)present recent research on trends and projections involving the main climatic factors/hazards affecting global ports;(c)provide an analytical overview of emerging international and regional policies and legislation relevant to port risk assessment and resilience-building under climate change;and(d)consider issues and areas for further action.As shown by projections under different climatic scenarios and timelines,many global ports will increasingly be exposed to significantly growing hazards under increasing CV&C,including extreme sea levels(ESLs),waves,and extreme heat events.Depending on scenario(RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5)by 2050,55%to 59%of the 3630 global ports considered could face ESLs in excess of 2 m above the baseline mean sea levels(mean of the 1980-2014 period);by 2100,between 71%and 83%of ports could face ESLs of this magnitude.Ports in most tropical/sub-tropical settings will face the baseline(mean of the 1976-2005 period)1-in-100 year extreme heat every 1-5 years,whereas with 3 oC global warming,most global ports(except some in higher latitudes)could experience the baseline 1-in-100 years extreme heat event every 1-2 years.A range of policy and legal instruments to support climate change adaptation,resilience-building and disaster risk reduction have been agreed internationally as well as at regional levels.At the EU level,relevant legal obligations and related normative technical guidance aimed at ensuring the climate proofing of new infrastructure are already in place as a matter of supra-national law for 27 EU Member States.These could significantly enhance levels of climate-resilience and preparedness for ports within the EU,as well as for EU funded port projects in other countries,and may serve as useful examples of good practices for other countries.However,further action is needed to advance and accelerate the implementation of effective adaptation measures for ports across regions.展开更多
The selection of an appropriate resilience investment strategy to optimize the operational efficiency of a seaport is a challenging task given that many criteria need to be considered and modelled under an uncertain e...The selection of an appropriate resilience investment strategy to optimize the operational efficiency of a seaport is a challenging task given that many criteria need to be considered and modelled under an uncertain environment. The design of such a complex decision system consists of many subjective and imprecise parameters contained in different quantitative and qualitative forms. This paper proposes a fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methodology for the selection of an appropriate resilience investment strategy in a succinct and straightforward manner. The decision support model allows for a collaborative modelling of the system by multiple analysts in a group decision making process. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process （FAHP） was utilized to analyse the complex structure of the system to obtain the weights of all the criteria while fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） was employed to facilitate the ranking process of the resilience strategies. Given that it is often financially difficult to invest in all the resilience strategies, it is envisaged that the proposed approach could provide decision makers with a flexible and transparent tool for selecting appropriate resilience strategies aimed at increasing the resilience of seaport operations.展开更多
This paper has shown the trend of competition positioning of ten critical Chinese seaports from 2003 to 2006 by using DEA model for the performance efficiency analysis and BCG matrix,which consists of relative market ...This paper has shown the trend of competition positioning of ten critical Chinese seaports from 2003 to 2006 by using DEA model for the performance efficiency analysis and BCG matrix,which consists of relative market share and growth rate as well as the scores of both BCC and CCR in the vertical and horizontal axis of BCG matrix.The expected results will include the total economic efficiency ranking of each Chinese seaport,and the relative competitive positioning in terms of growth rate and efficiency scores.The main policy implication of this paper is to emphasize the DEA model and BCG matrix method can support the seaport managers the basic information for planning the future port management for enhancing the competitive positioning among Chinese seaports.展开更多
Global financial crisis has been bringing about dramatic sharp decreasing of world investment and trade since late 2008.And it also deliver great loses of throughput of China’s regional seaports at the same time.The ...Global financial crisis has been bringing about dramatic sharp decreasing of world investment and trade since late 2008.And it also deliver great loses of throughput of China’s regional seaports at the same time.The authors of this paper try to probe into the resilience of Chinese seaport clusters during the global financial crisis.By utilizing the indicators of actual FDI,the total import and export volumes and the year-on -year growth rate of the port cargo throughput,we manage to analyze this decreasing process and their response and resilience.The initial research results show that the on-going global financial crisis will also bring about the opportunity in helping the positive evolution and competition of the regional ports.展开更多
Seaports are crucial pivots connecting a state’s national economy with the world economy.As the largest developing country and one of the largest seaport constructors and operators in the world,China insists on the i...Seaports are crucial pivots connecting a state’s national economy with the world economy.As the largest developing country and one of the largest seaport constructors and operators in the world,China insists on the importance of improving people’s livelihood by building key seaports infrastructure,airports,power plants,highways,and railways.Invited by the host countries,China has participated broadly in the construction and operations of commercial seaports along the Maritime Silk Road,which stretches from Southwest Asia to Eastern Africa and to the Mediterranean Sea and the Maghreb.Officials in Beijing argue that the fundamental task facing the majority of developing countries along the Maritime Silk Road is development,and suggest that“bread is more important than the ballot box”.One can anticipate that when the project is executed,the threats to China’s seaport construction will range from financial burdens,ethnic conflicts,attacks carried out by extremists,and cultural misunderstandings with the host nations to great power rivalries.展开更多
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA092001)the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(No.2013C03045-1)+2 种基金the Zhejiang Marine Biotechnology Innovation Team(No.2010R50029-12)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City of China(No.2013A610168)the KC Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University
文摘Rapid,high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae,which are responsible for algal blooms,such as red and green tides. In this study,we successfully developed a multiplex PCR-based DNA microarray method capable of detecting nine harmful algal species simultaneously,namely A lexandrium tamarense,Gyrodinium instriatum,Heterosigma akashiwo,Karenia mikimotoi,Prorocentrum donghaiense,Prorocentrum minimum,Ulva compressa,Ulva ohnoi and Ulva prolifera. This method achieved a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.5 ng of genomic DNA(orders of magnitude of the deci-nanogram range) in the tested algae cultures. Altogether,230 field samples from ship ballast waters and seaport waters were used to evaluate the DNA microarray. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DNA microarray assay in detecting field samples were 96.4% and 90.9%,respectively,relative to conventional morphological methods. This indicated that this high-throughput,automatic,and specific method is well suited for the detection of algae in water samples.
基金Qianjiang Talent Plan,China(No.QJC1402014)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71473235)+1 种基金National Social Science Foundation of China(No.17BGJ018)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY15G030027)
文摘The efficiency of the seaport has been variously studied utilizing either data envelopment analysis( DEA) or stochastic Frontier analysis( SFA). Given the strengths and weaknesses associated with these two approaches, applying both models to compute efficiency estimates for the 11 seaports of the China and Korea from 2012-2016 and comparing the results obtained. Main finding facts of this paper are as follows:( i) there are some differences among relative efficiency levels,but almost no differences among efficiency ranks in DEA and SFA results.( ii) The tendency of VRS is stronger in Chinese coastal seaports during the past several years.( iii) The values among seaports in SFA model are relatively smaller than those in the DEA models. The results show that the efficiency of major seaports in Korea is far lower than that of ports in China.
文摘China has developed a new chain of commercial seaports along the Maritime Silk Road. These ports are unlike those used by overseas military bases of the United States. While the former focuses on the economic development of China and other involved countries through investment, trade, infrastructure construction and international shipping center development, the latter is at the service of the U.S. security strategy underpinned by goals to strengthen alliances, fight terrorism, expand influence and support proxies. China has gained extensive experience from its seaport reform. Opening-up programs like the "Shekou model" promote business opportunities in addition to the essential services, and define the port area as the "frontier", the industrial park as the "middle ground", and the port city as the "backyard". Based on such experience, China is ready to contribute to the development, peace and stability of emerging countries along the Maritime Silk Road and explore seaport diplomacy with Chinese resilience, diligence and foresight. China's seaport diplomacy is market-oriented and involves companies as key players. It is also supported by government coordination. Seaport diplomacy has increased connectivity and interdependence between countries and regions along the Maritime Silk Road, and helps avoid the "zero-sum game" and the "core-peripheral" asymmetrical relationship of dependence. China's participation in the development of seaports along the Maritime Silk Road has facilitated the industrialization process of the countries involved and benefited local communities. This approach stands in sharp contrast to the maritime militarization and democratization pursued by some Western countries. Nevertheless, China's participation in the development of seaports along the Maritime Silk Road also faces economic, legal, political, and security risks. Thus, caution should be given to the tendency to politicize China's seaport development.
文摘The efficiency of 8 seaports in the Kingdom of Morocco region was evaluated. Two associated studies were conducted based on data collected for 4 years (2014-2017), Standard Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was used in the first analysis through CCR and BCC models, and thus a scale of efficiency analysis was used in a second analysis. By using both methods, enhanced insight into the efficiency situation is collected, proving subsequently that a majority of the container ports and terminals in the Kingdom of Morocco are found to be technically inefficient. The research concludes through returns to scale method how port resources should be utilized in the aim to impulse inefficient ports perform better.
基金supported by the research project ResPorts("Enhancing resilience for Greek ports-ResPorts")which is being implemented within the framework of the"Natural Environment&Innovative Actions 2022/Priority Axis 3:Research and Application"program,funded by the Green Fund of the Greek Ministry of Environment and Energy.
文摘Seaports are critical for global trade and development but are at risk of climate change-driven damages,operational disruptions and delays with extensive related economic losses.The aim of the present contribution is to(a)provide an overview of the main impacts of climate variability and change(CV&C)on ports;(b)present recent research on trends and projections involving the main climatic factors/hazards affecting global ports;(c)provide an analytical overview of emerging international and regional policies and legislation relevant to port risk assessment and resilience-building under climate change;and(d)consider issues and areas for further action.As shown by projections under different climatic scenarios and timelines,many global ports will increasingly be exposed to significantly growing hazards under increasing CV&C,including extreme sea levels(ESLs),waves,and extreme heat events.Depending on scenario(RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5)by 2050,55%to 59%of the 3630 global ports considered could face ESLs in excess of 2 m above the baseline mean sea levels(mean of the 1980-2014 period);by 2100,between 71%and 83%of ports could face ESLs of this magnitude.Ports in most tropical/sub-tropical settings will face the baseline(mean of the 1976-2005 period)1-in-100 year extreme heat every 1-5 years,whereas with 3 oC global warming,most global ports(except some in higher latitudes)could experience the baseline 1-in-100 years extreme heat event every 1-2 years.A range of policy and legal instruments to support climate change adaptation,resilience-building and disaster risk reduction have been agreed internationally as well as at regional levels.At the EU level,relevant legal obligations and related normative technical guidance aimed at ensuring the climate proofing of new infrastructure are already in place as a matter of supra-national law for 27 EU Member States.These could significantly enhance levels of climate-resilience and preparedness for ports within the EU,as well as for EU funded port projects in other countries,and may serve as useful examples of good practices for other countries.However,further action is needed to advance and accelerate the implementation of effective adaptation measures for ports across regions.
基金supported by EU-funded project WEASTFLOWS(2011-2015)
文摘The selection of an appropriate resilience investment strategy to optimize the operational efficiency of a seaport is a challenging task given that many criteria need to be considered and modelled under an uncertain environment. The design of such a complex decision system consists of many subjective and imprecise parameters contained in different quantitative and qualitative forms. This paper proposes a fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methodology for the selection of an appropriate resilience investment strategy in a succinct and straightforward manner. The decision support model allows for a collaborative modelling of the system by multiple analysts in a group decision making process. Fuzzy analytical hierarchy process （FAHP） was utilized to analyse the complex structure of the system to obtain the weights of all the criteria while fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） was employed to facilitate the ranking process of the resilience strategies. Given that it is often financially difficult to invest in all the resilience strategies, it is envisaged that the proposed approach could provide decision makers with a flexible and transparent tool for selecting appropriate resilience strategies aimed at increasing the resilience of seaport operations.
文摘This paper has shown the trend of competition positioning of ten critical Chinese seaports from 2003 to 2006 by using DEA model for the performance efficiency analysis and BCG matrix,which consists of relative market share and growth rate as well as the scores of both BCC and CCR in the vertical and horizontal axis of BCG matrix.The expected results will include the total economic efficiency ranking of each Chinese seaport,and the relative competitive positioning in terms of growth rate and efficiency scores.The main policy implication of this paper is to emphasize the DEA model and BCG matrix method can support the seaport managers the basic information for planning the future port management for enhancing the competitive positioning among Chinese seaports.
基金supported by the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities“The Strategic Organization of National Marine Innovation System No.07JJD630012”
文摘Global financial crisis has been bringing about dramatic sharp decreasing of world investment and trade since late 2008.And it also deliver great loses of throughput of China’s regional seaports at the same time.The authors of this paper try to probe into the resilience of Chinese seaport clusters during the global financial crisis.By utilizing the indicators of actual FDI,the total import and export volumes and the year-on -year growth rate of the port cargo throughput,we manage to analyze this decreasing process and their response and resilience.The initial research results show that the on-going global financial crisis will also bring about the opportunity in helping the positive evolution and competition of the regional ports.
基金The authors are indebted to China’s Ministry of Education program“Theoretical and Empirical Studies of China’s Participation in the Middle East Security Affairs”(16JJDGJW011)to the“Shu Guang”Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation(15SG29)to“Shanghai Pujiang Talents Project”and the Shanghai International Studies University Research Team.This article was translated by WU Ying,Department of International Affairs,RIPED,CNPC.
文摘Seaports are crucial pivots connecting a state’s national economy with the world economy.As the largest developing country and one of the largest seaport constructors and operators in the world,China insists on the importance of improving people’s livelihood by building key seaports infrastructure,airports,power plants,highways,and railways.Invited by the host countries,China has participated broadly in the construction and operations of commercial seaports along the Maritime Silk Road,which stretches from Southwest Asia to Eastern Africa and to the Mediterranean Sea and the Maghreb.Officials in Beijing argue that the fundamental task facing the majority of developing countries along the Maritime Silk Road is development,and suggest that“bread is more important than the ballot box”.One can anticipate that when the project is executed,the threats to China’s seaport construction will range from financial burdens,ethnic conflicts,attacks carried out by extremists,and cultural misunderstandings with the host nations to great power rivalries.
