Monitoring the concentration of antibiotics in body fluids is essential to optimizing the therapy and minimizing the risk of bacteria resistance,which can be made with electrochemical sensors tailored with appropriate...Monitoring the concentration of antibiotics in body fluids is essential to optimizing the therapy and minimizing the risk of bacteria resistance,which can be made with electrochemical sensors tailored with appropriate materials.In this paper,we report on sensors made with screen-printed electrodes(SPE)coated with fullerene(C60),reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Nafion(NF)(C60-rGO-NF/SPE)to determine the antibiotic metronidazole(MTZ).Under optimized conditions,the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor exhibited a linear response in square wave voltammetry for MTZ concentrations from 2.5×10^(-7) to 34×10^(-6) mol/L,with a detection limit of 2.1×10^(-7) mol/L.This sensor was also capable of detecting MTZ in serum and urine,with recovery between 94%and 100%,which are similar to those of the standard chromatographic method(HPLC-UV).Because the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor is amenable to mass production and allows for MTZ determination with simple principles of detection,it fulfills the requirements of therapeutic drug monitoring programs.展开更多
A novel electrochemical method for the rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues was realized on a dual-channel screen-printed electrode （DSPE） that was integrated with a portable smartphone-controlled ...A novel electrochemical method for the rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues was realized on a dual-channel screen-printed electrode （DSPE） that was integrated with a portable smartphone-controlled potentiostat. The two carbon working channels of DSPE were first modified by electrodepositing of Prussian blue. The channels were then modified with acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） via Nation. The inhibition ratio of AChE was detected by comparing the electrical current of acetylthiocholine （ATCh） that was catalyzed by the enzyme electrodes with （channel 1） and without （channel 2） organophosphorus pesticide. Inhibition ratios were related with the negative logarithm of the organophosphorus pesticide （trichlorfon, oxamyl, and isocarbophos） concentrations at optimum experimental conditions （pH 6.9 of electrolyte, 0.2V working potential, 2.5μL AChE modification amount, and 15 min inhibition time）. The linear equations were 1%=32.301gC＋ 253.3 （R=0.9750） for isocarbophos, I% = 35.991gC＋ 270.1 （R = 0.9668） for chlorpyrifos, and 1% = 33.701gC＋ 250.5 （R = 0.9606） for trichlorfon. The detection limits were calculated as 10-7 g/mL. Given that the inhibition ratios were only related with pesticide concentration and not with pesticide species, the proposed electrodes and electrometer can rapidly detect universal organophosphorus pesticides and assess pesticide pollution.展开更多
In this study, gold nanoparticles and thermochromic composite films modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (TM-AuNPsSPCEs) were developed as a platform for the simultaneous detection of protein and temperature. The...In this study, gold nanoparticles and thermochromic composite films modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (TM-AuNPsSPCEs) were developed as a platform for the simultaneous detection of protein and temperature. The TM-AuNPs composited film had better sensitivity resulting from the gold nanoparticles amplification effect. A phase transition model analysis of TM-AuNPs films found that the TM-AuNPs films had three-phase transition intervals (<45℃, 45℃ to 80℃ and >80℃) which accommodated the temperature requirements for protein denaturation. When used to detect different concentrations of haemoglobin (Hb) solution, the TM-AuNPs modified SPCEs had a better sensitivity in detecting the different concentrations in comparison to TM and AuNP modified SPCEs which showed no clear sensitivity towards the different Hb concentrations. The dual detection and excellent sensitivity show a good application prospect for the study of the TM-AuNPs composite film.展开更多
CuO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a two-jet electrospun method,and then screen-printed on silver-carbon electrodes,forming CuO-modified Ag-C(CuO/Ag-C)disposable strip electrodes.In natural environmen...CuO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a two-jet electrospun method,and then screen-printed on silver-carbon electrodes,forming CuO-modified Ag-C(CuO/Ag-C)disposable strip electrodes.In natural environment condition for glucose detection,the obtained CuO/Ag-C electrodes show a high sensitivity of 540 nA·mM^(-1)·cm^(-2),and a low limit of detection(0.68 mM)in a wide linear response range of 0.68 mM and 3 mM(signal/noise=3),respectively.In addition,the CuO/Ag-C electrodes also exhibit excellent anti-interference,air stability and repeatability.As a result,the fabrication of CuO nanoparticles via an electrospun process and the technique of screen-printed electrodes are of great significance for glucose detection.展开更多
Even in small concentrations,toxic metals like lead,cadmium,and mercury are dangerous to the environment and human health.Environmental monitoring depends on precisely identifying these heavy metals,particularly cadmi...Even in small concentrations,toxic metals like lead,cadmium,and mercury are dangerous to the environment and human health.Environmental monitoring depends on precisely identifying these heavy metals,particularly cadmium ions(Cd(Ⅱ)).In this study,we present a novel screen-printed carbon electrode(SPCE)modified with single crystallineα-Fe_(2)O_(3)nano-hexagons that functions as a sensor for detecting Cd(Ⅱ).The performance of the fabricated sensor was thoroughly assessed and compared with unmodified SPCE using the voltammetric method.The crystalline structure of the synthesizedα-Fe_(2)O_(3)nano-hexagons was confirmed through XRD,and surface analysis revealed an average diameter and thickness of 86 nm and 9 nm,respectively.Theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)modified SPCE yields a 7-fold enhanced response(at pH 5.0 vs.Ag/AgCl)to Cd(Ⅱ)than bare SPCE.The modified electrode effectively detects Cd(Ⅱ)with a linear response range of up to 333.0μmol/L and a detection limit of 0.65 nmol/L under ideal circumstances.This newly fabricated sensor offers significant potential for environmental monitoring applications by providing outstanding practicality,anti-interference ability,and repeatability for detecting Cd(Ⅱ)in water samples.展开更多
This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through...This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through single-step carbonization at 400℃ and 500℃(SSC-400℃ and SSC-500℃) and double-step carbonization at 400℃(DSC-400℃),with all samples activated using H_(3)PO_(4).The effects of carbonization stratergy on the structural,morphological,and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting carbon materials were systematically evaluated,using techniques such as BET,SEM,TEM,XRD,Raman scattering,FTIR,CV,GCD and EIS.Among the samples,SSC-400℃ exhibited the best electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 292.2 Fg^(-1),an energy density of 6.4 Wh kg^(-1),and a power density of 198.4 W kg^(-1).This superior performance is attributed to its optimized pore structure,improved sur-face functionality and enhanced conductivity.SSC-500℃showed marginally lower performance,whereas,DSC-400℃ displayed the least favorable results,indicating that double-step carbonization process may negatively affect material quality by disrupting the pore network.This work highlights a strong correlation between synthesis methodology and electrochemical efficiency,directly reinforcing the importance of process optimization in electrode material develop-ment.The findings contribute to the broader goal of developing cost-effective,renewable and environmentally friendly energy storage systems.By valorizing biomass waste,the study supports global movements toward green energy technologies and circular carbon economies,offering a viable pathway for sustainable supercapacitor development and practical applications in energy storage devices.展开更多
In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this stu...In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this study,the consistency of printed electrodes was measured by using a confocal microscope and the pressure distribution detected by online pressure monitoring system was compared to investigate the relationship.The results demonstrated the relationship between printing pressure and the consistency of printed electrodes.As printing pressure increases,the ink layer at the corresponding position becomes thicker and that higher printing pressure enhances the consistency of the printed electrodes.The experiment confirms the feasibility of the online pressure monitoring system,which aids in predicting and controlling the consistency of printed electrodes,thereby improving their performance.展开更多
As a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries,silicon monoxide(SiO)suffers from dramatic volume changes during cycling,causing excessive stress within the electrode and resulting in electrode deformation ...As a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries,silicon monoxide(SiO)suffers from dramatic volume changes during cycling,causing excessive stress within the electrode and resulting in electrode deformation and fragmentation.This ultimately leads to a decrease in cell capacity.The trends of volume expansion and capacity change of the SiO/graphite(SiO/C)composite electrode during cycling were investigated via in situ expansion monitoring.First,a series of expansion test schemes were designed,and the linear relationship between negative electrode expansion and cell capacity degradation was quantitatively analyzed.Then,the effects of different initial pressures on the long-term cycling performance of the cell were evaluated.Finally,the mechanism of their effects was analyzed by scanning electron microscope.The results show that after 50 cycles,the cell capacity decreases from 2.556 mAh to 1.689 mAh,with a capacity retention ratio(CRR)of only 66.08%.A linear relationship between the capacity retention ratio and thickness expansion was found.Electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscope images demonstrate that intense stress inhibits the lithiation of the negative electrode and that the electrode is more susceptible to irreversible damage during cycling.Overall,these results reveal the relationship between the cycling performance of SiO and the internal pressure of the electrode from a macroscopic point of view,which provides some reference for the application of SiO/C composite electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventi...Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.展开更多
The oil-based mud(OBM) borehole measurement environment presents significant limitations on the application of existing electrical logging instruments in high-resistance formations. In this paper, we propose a novel l...The oil-based mud(OBM) borehole measurement environment presents significant limitations on the application of existing electrical logging instruments in high-resistance formations. In this paper, we propose a novel logging method for detection of high-resistance formations in OBM using highfrequency electrodes. The method addresses the issue of shallow depth of investigation(DOI) in existing electrical logging instruments, while simultaneously ensuring the vertical resolution. Based on the principle of current continuity, the total impedance of the loop is obtained by equating the measurement loop to the series form of a capacitively coupled circuit. and its validity is verified in a homogeneous formation model and a radial two-layer formation model with a mud standoff. Then, the instrument operating frequency and electrode system parameters were preferentially determined by numerical simulation, and the effect of mud gap on impedance measurement was investigated. Subsequently, the DOI of the instrument was investigated utilizing the pseudo-geometric factor defined by the real part of impedance. It was determined that the detection depth of the instrument is 8.74 cm, while the effective vertical resolution was not less than 2 cm. Finally, a focused high-frequency electrode-type instrument was designed by introducing a pair of focused electrodes, which effectively enhanced the DOI of the instrument and was successfully deployed in the Oklahoma formation model. The simulation results demonstrate that the novel method can achieve a detection depth of 17.40 cm in highly-resistive formations drilling with OBM, which is approximately twice the depth of detection of the existing oil-based mud microimager instruments. Furthermore, its effective vertical resolution remains at or above 2 cm,which is comparable to the resolution of the existing OBM electrical logging instrument.展开更多
In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past...In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past.Reported here are measurements of the voltage distribution between the plates of a parallel-plate pulsed plasma thruster under different discharge voltages,based on which the variations in the total circuit inductance and resistance as well as those between the plates are calculated.The results show that the time-averaged voltage across the plates accounts for 28.7%-50.4%of the capacitor voltage.As the capacitor initial voltage increases from 1250 V to 2000 V,the voltage across the plates rises,but its proportion relative to the capacitor voltage decreases.For every 250 V increase in the capacitor initial voltage,the average voltage proportion across the plates decreases by approximately 2%-3%.Additionally,the voltage proportion decreases gradually from the end near the propellant outward.The voltage distribution ratio between the plates is correlated with the proportions of the resistance and inductance between the plates relative to the total circuit.展开更多
The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated cata...The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated catalytic activity and minimal energy consumption continues to pose a significant challenge.In this research,Fluorine-doped copper-carbon(F/Cu-GAC)particle electrodes were effectively synthesized through an impregnationcalcination technique,utilizing granular activated carbon as the carrier and fluorinedoped modified copper oxides as the catalytic agents.The particle electrodes were subsequently utilized to promote the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)in a threedimensional electrocatalytic reactor(3DER).The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes were polarized under the action of electric field,which promoted the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction in which H2O2 generated by two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e-ORR)of O_(2) was catalytically decomposed to·OH.The 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes showed 100%removal of 2,4,6-TCP and 79.24%removal of TOC with a specific energy consumption(EC)of approximately 0.019 kWh/g·COD after 2 h of operation.The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes exhibited an overpotential of 0.38 V and an electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)of 715 cm^(2),as determined through linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and cyclic voltammetry(CV)assessments.These findings suggest a high level of electrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the catalytic mechanism of the 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes was elucidated through the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),and active species capture experiments.This investigation offers a novel approach for the effective degradation of 2,4,6-TCP.展开更多
Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts has always been the focus of electrochemical research.Here,sea urchin-like nickel-molybdenum bimetallic phosphide nickel-molybdenum alloy(Ni_(4)Mo)and(Ni-Mo-P)were succ...Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts has always been the focus of electrochemical research.Here,sea urchin-like nickel-molybdenum bimetallic phosphide nickel-molybdenum alloy(Ni_(4)Mo)and(Ni-Mo-P)were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal,annealing and phosphating methods on nickel foam(NF).The unusual shape of the sea urchin facilitates gas release and mass transfer and increases the interaction between catalysts and electrolytes.The Ni_(4)Mo/NF and Ni-Mo-P/NF electrodes only need overpotentials of 72 and 197 mV to reach 50 mA·cm^(−2) under alkaline conditions for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,respectively.The Ni_(4)Mo/NF and Ni-Mo-P/NF asymmetric electrodes were used as anode and cathode for the overall water splitting,respectively.In 1.0 M KOH,at a voltage of 1.485 V,the electrolytic device generated 50 mA·cm^(−2) current density,maintaining for 24 h without reduction.The labor presents a simple method to synthesize a highly active,low-cost,and strongly durable self-supporting electrode for over-water splitting.展开更多
Supercapacitors are efficient and versatile energy storage devices,offering remarkable power density,fast charge/discharge rates,and exceptional cycle life.As research continues to push the boundaries of their perform...Supercapacitors are efficient and versatile energy storage devices,offering remarkable power density,fast charge/discharge rates,and exceptional cycle life.As research continues to push the boundaries of their performance,electrode fabrication techniques are critical aspects influencing the overall capabilities of supercapacitors.Herein,we aim to shed light on the advantages offered by dry electrode processing for advanced supercapacitors.Notably,our study explores the performance of these electrodes in three different types of electrolytes:organic,ionic liquids,and quasi-solid states.By examining the impact of dry electrode processing on various electrode and electrolyte systems,we show valuable insights into the versatility and efficacy of this technique.The supercapacitors employing dry electrodes demonstrated significant improvements compared with conventional wet electrodes,with a lifespan extension of+45%in organic,+192%in ionic liquids,and+84%in quasi-solid electrolytes.Moreover,the increased electrode densities achievable through the dry approach directly translate to improved volumetric outputs,enhancing energy storage capacities within compact form factors.Notably,dry electrode-prepared supercapacitors outperformed their wet electrode counterparts,exhibiting a higher energy density of 6.1 Wh cm^(-3)compared with 4.7 Wh cm^(-3)at a high power density of 195Wcm^(-3),marking a substantial 28%energy improvement in the quasi-solid electrolyte.展开更多
In pursuit of meeting the demands for the next generation of high energy density and flexible electronic products,there is a growing interest in flexible energy storage devices.Silicon(Si)stands out as a promising ele...In pursuit of meeting the demands for the next generation of high energy density and flexible electronic products,there is a growing interest in flexible energy storage devices.Silicon(Si)stands out as a promising electrode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity(~3579 mA h g^(-1)),low lithiation potential(~0.40 V),and abundance in nature.We have successfully developed freestanding and flexible CNT/Si/low-melting-point metal(LM)electrodes,which obviate the need for conductive additives,adhesives,and thereby increase the energy density of the device.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the CNT/Si/LM electrode demonstrates remarkable cycling stability and rate performance,achieving a reversible capacity of 1871.8 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1).In-situ XRD and in-situ thickness analysis are employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms during the lithiation/delithiation.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further substantiate the mechanism by which LM enhances the electrochemical performance of Si,focusing on the aspects of stress mitigation and reduction of the diffusion energy barrier.This research introduces a novel approach to flexible electrode design by integrating CNT films,LM,and Si,thereby charting a path forward for the development of next-generation flexible LIBs.展开更多
The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experien...The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experience capacity fading and poor cyclic performance,primarily due to the mechanical degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI).In this work,we present a homogenized constitutive model for Si-C composite electrodes under finite deformation,incorporating lithium-ion concentration-dependent properties.We perform a wrinkling analysis and systematically examine the influence of key parameters,such as modulus and thickness ratios,on the critical conditions for instability.Additionally,we investigate the ratcheting effect across varying silicon contents.Our findings reveal that maintaining the silicon content within an optimal range effectively reduces plastic accumulation during charge–discharge cycles.These insights provide crucial guidance for optimizing the design and fabrication of Si–C electrode systems,enhancing their durability and performance.展开更多
A novel characterization method for full-matrix constants of PzT-8 piezoceramics based on local electrodes excitation using one sample is proposed to avoid resonant peaks missing and overlapping in the inversion proce...A novel characterization method for full-matrix constants of PzT-8 piezoceramics based on local electrodes excitation using one sample is proposed to avoid resonant peaks missing and overlapping in the inversion process of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technology.Elastic matrix,which is sensitive to the resonance spectrum,is obtained by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy.Piezoelectric and dielectric matrices,which are sensitive to the capacitance of driving electrodes,are determined by capacitance inversion.The initial values of elastic constants are deviated by 30%to validate the reliability of this method.The relative errors between measured and inversed values of resonant frequencies are less than 1%and the relative errors of the capacitance are mostly less than 5%.The work has extensive applications in piezoelectric materials characterization.展开更多
Amidst the ever-growing interest in high-mass-loading Li battery electrodes,a persistent challenge has been the insufficient continuity of their ion/electron conduction pathways.Here,we propose cellulose elementary fi...Amidst the ever-growing interest in high-mass-loading Li battery electrodes,a persistent challenge has been the insufficient continuity of their ion/electron conduction pathways.Here,we propose cellulose elementary fibrils(CEFs)as a class of deagglomerated binder for high-mass-loading electrodes.Derived from natural wood,CEF represents the most fundamental unit of cellulose with nanoscale diameter.The preparation of the CEFs involves the modulation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the treatment with a proton acceptor and a hydrotropic agent.This elementary deagglomeration of the cellulose fibers increases surface area and anionic charge density,thus promoting uniform dispersion with carbon conductive additives and suppressing interfacial side reactions at electrodes.Consequently,a homogeneous redox reaction is achieved throughout the electrodes.The resulting CEF-based cathode(overlithiated layered oxide(OLO)is chosen as a benchmark electrode active material)exhibits a high areal-mass-loading(50 mg cm^(-2),equivalent to an areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm^(-2))and a high specific energy density(445.4 Wh kg–1)of a cell,which far exceeds those of previously reported OLO cathodes.This study highlights the viability of the deagglomerated binder in enabling sustainable high-mass-loading electrodes that are difficult to achieve with conventional synthetic polymer binders.展开更多
Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Neve...Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Nevertheless,the widespread applications of SOCs are remarkably restricted by the inferior stability and high material costs induced by the high operational temperatures(600-800℃).Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to suppressing the operating temperatures of SOCs to decrease the overall costs and enhance the long-term durability.However,fuel electrodes as key components in SOCs suffer from insufficient(electro)catalytic activity and inferior impurity tolerance/redox resistance at reduced temperatures.Nanostructures and relevant nanomaterials exhibit great potential to boost the performance of fuel electrodes for low-temperature(LT)-SOCs due to the unique surface/interface properties,enlarged active sites,and strong interaction.Herein,an in-time review about advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured fuel electrodes for LT-SOCs is presented by emphasizing the crucial role of nanostructure construction in boosting the performance of fuel electrodes and the relevant/distinct material design strategies.The main achievements,remaining challenges,and research trends about the development of nanostructured fuel electrodes in LT-SOCs are also presented,aiming to offer important insights for the future development of energy storage/conversion technologies.展开更多
Herein, the electrochemical behaviors of Sr on inert W electrode and reactive Zn/Al electrodes were systematically investig-ated in LiCl–KCl–SrCl2molten salts at 773 K using various electrochemical methods. The chem...Herein, the electrochemical behaviors of Sr on inert W electrode and reactive Zn/Al electrodes were systematically investig-ated in LiCl–KCl–SrCl2molten salts at 773 K using various electrochemical methods. The chemical reaction potentials of Li and Sr on re-active Zn/Al electrodes were determined. We observed that Sr could be extracted by decreasing the activity of the deposited metal Sr onthe reactive electrode, although the standard reduction potential of Sr(II)/Sr was more negative than that of Li(I)/Li. The electrochemicalextraction products of Sr on reactive Zn and Al electrodes were Zn13Sr and Al4Sr, respectively, with no codeposition of Li observed.Based on the density functional theory calculations, both Zn13Sr and Al4Sr were identified as stable intermetallic compounds with Zn-/Al-rich phases. In LiCl–KCl molten salt containing 3wt% SrCl2, the coulombic efficiency of Sr in the Zn electrode was ~54%. The depolar-ization values for Sr on Zn and Al electrodes were 0.864 and 0.485 V, respectively, exhibiting a stronger chemical interaction between Znand Sr than between Al and Sr. This study suggests that using reactive electrodes can facilitate extraction of Sr accumulated while elec-trorefining molten salts, thereby enabling the purification and reuse of the salt and decreasing the volume of the nuclear waste.展开更多
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support granted by CNPq,INEO,CAPES and FAPESP(Grant Nos.:2018/22214-6,2017/24053-7 and 2016/0991-5).
文摘Monitoring the concentration of antibiotics in body fluids is essential to optimizing the therapy and minimizing the risk of bacteria resistance,which can be made with electrochemical sensors tailored with appropriate materials.In this paper,we report on sensors made with screen-printed electrodes(SPE)coated with fullerene(C60),reduced graphene oxide(rGO)and Nafion(NF)(C60-rGO-NF/SPE)to determine the antibiotic metronidazole(MTZ).Under optimized conditions,the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor exhibited a linear response in square wave voltammetry for MTZ concentrations from 2.5×10^(-7) to 34×10^(-6) mol/L,with a detection limit of 2.1×10^(-7) mol/L.This sensor was also capable of detecting MTZ in serum and urine,with recovery between 94%and 100%,which are similar to those of the standard chromatographic method(HPLC-UV).Because the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor is amenable to mass production and allows for MTZ determination with simple principles of detection,it fulfills the requirements of therapeutic drug monitoring programs.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LQ17B050002)Analysis and Measurement Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.2015C37068)
文摘A novel electrochemical method for the rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues was realized on a dual-channel screen-printed electrode （DSPE） that was integrated with a portable smartphone-controlled potentiostat. The two carbon working channels of DSPE were first modified by electrodepositing of Prussian blue. The channels were then modified with acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） via Nation. The inhibition ratio of AChE was detected by comparing the electrical current of acetylthiocholine （ATCh） that was catalyzed by the enzyme electrodes with （channel 1） and without （channel 2） organophosphorus pesticide. Inhibition ratios were related with the negative logarithm of the organophosphorus pesticide （trichlorfon, oxamyl, and isocarbophos） concentrations at optimum experimental conditions （pH 6.9 of electrolyte, 0.2V working potential, 2.5μL AChE modification amount, and 15 min inhibition time）. The linear equations were 1%=32.301gC＋ 253.3 （R=0.9750） for isocarbophos, I% = 35.991gC＋ 270.1 （R = 0.9668） for chlorpyrifos, and 1% = 33.701gC＋ 250.5 （R = 0.9606） for trichlorfon. The detection limits were calculated as 10-7 g/mL. Given that the inhibition ratios were only related with pesticide concentration and not with pesticide species, the proposed electrodes and electrometer can rapidly detect universal organophosphorus pesticides and assess pesticide pollution.
文摘In this study, gold nanoparticles and thermochromic composite films modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (TM-AuNPsSPCEs) were developed as a platform for the simultaneous detection of protein and temperature. The TM-AuNPs composited film had better sensitivity resulting from the gold nanoparticles amplification effect. A phase transition model analysis of TM-AuNPs films found that the TM-AuNPs films had three-phase transition intervals (<45℃, 45℃ to 80℃ and >80℃) which accommodated the temperature requirements for protein denaturation. When used to detect different concentrations of haemoglobin (Hb) solution, the TM-AuNPs modified SPCEs had a better sensitivity in detecting the different concentrations in comparison to TM and AuNP modified SPCEs which showed no clear sensitivity towards the different Hb concentrations. The dual detection and excellent sensitivity show a good application prospect for the study of the TM-AuNPs composite film.
基金Funded by Cofoe Medical Technology Co.,Ltd and the Scientific Research Start-up Funds of Hexi University(No.KYQD2022006)。
文摘CuO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via a two-jet electrospun method,and then screen-printed on silver-carbon electrodes,forming CuO-modified Ag-C(CuO/Ag-C)disposable strip electrodes.In natural environment condition for glucose detection,the obtained CuO/Ag-C electrodes show a high sensitivity of 540 nA·mM^(-1)·cm^(-2),and a low limit of detection(0.68 mM)in a wide linear response range of 0.68 mM and 3 mM(signal/noise=3),respectively.In addition,the CuO/Ag-C electrodes also exhibit excellent anti-interference,air stability and repeatability.As a result,the fabrication of CuO nanoparticles via an electrospun process and the technique of screen-printed electrodes are of great significance for glucose detection.
文摘Even in small concentrations,toxic metals like lead,cadmium,and mercury are dangerous to the environment and human health.Environmental monitoring depends on precisely identifying these heavy metals,particularly cadmium ions(Cd(Ⅱ)).In this study,we present a novel screen-printed carbon electrode(SPCE)modified with single crystallineα-Fe_(2)O_(3)nano-hexagons that functions as a sensor for detecting Cd(Ⅱ).The performance of the fabricated sensor was thoroughly assessed and compared with unmodified SPCE using the voltammetric method.The crystalline structure of the synthesizedα-Fe_(2)O_(3)nano-hexagons was confirmed through XRD,and surface analysis revealed an average diameter and thickness of 86 nm and 9 nm,respectively.Theα-Fe_(2)O_(3)modified SPCE yields a 7-fold enhanced response(at pH 5.0 vs.Ag/AgCl)to Cd(Ⅱ)than bare SPCE.The modified electrode effectively detects Cd(Ⅱ)with a linear response range of up to 333.0μmol/L and a detection limit of 0.65 nmol/L under ideal circumstances.This newly fabricated sensor offers significant potential for environmental monitoring applications by providing outstanding practicality,anti-interference ability,and repeatability for detecting Cd(Ⅱ)in water samples.
文摘This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through single-step carbonization at 400℃ and 500℃(SSC-400℃ and SSC-500℃) and double-step carbonization at 400℃(DSC-400℃),with all samples activated using H_(3)PO_(4).The effects of carbonization stratergy on the structural,morphological,and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting carbon materials were systematically evaluated,using techniques such as BET,SEM,TEM,XRD,Raman scattering,FTIR,CV,GCD and EIS.Among the samples,SSC-400℃ exhibited the best electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 292.2 Fg^(-1),an energy density of 6.4 Wh kg^(-1),and a power density of 198.4 W kg^(-1).This superior performance is attributed to its optimized pore structure,improved sur-face functionality and enhanced conductivity.SSC-500℃showed marginally lower performance,whereas,DSC-400℃ displayed the least favorable results,indicating that double-step carbonization process may negatively affect material quality by disrupting the pore network.This work highlights a strong correlation between synthesis methodology and electrochemical efficiency,directly reinforcing the importance of process optimization in electrode material develop-ment.The findings contribute to the broader goal of developing cost-effective,renewable and environmentally friendly energy storage systems.By valorizing biomass waste,the study supports global movements toward green energy technologies and circular carbon economies,offering a viable pathway for sustainable supercapacitor development and practical applications in energy storage devices.
文摘In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this study,the consistency of printed electrodes was measured by using a confocal microscope and the pressure distribution detected by online pressure monitoring system was compared to investigate the relationship.The results demonstrated the relationship between printing pressure and the consistency of printed electrodes.As printing pressure increases,the ink layer at the corresponding position becomes thicker and that higher printing pressure enhances the consistency of the printed electrodes.The experiment confirms the feasibility of the online pressure monitoring system,which aids in predicting and controlling the consistency of printed electrodes,thereby improving their performance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2090000055)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2308085QG231).
文摘As a negative electrode material for lithium-ion batteries,silicon monoxide(SiO)suffers from dramatic volume changes during cycling,causing excessive stress within the electrode and resulting in electrode deformation and fragmentation.This ultimately leads to a decrease in cell capacity.The trends of volume expansion and capacity change of the SiO/graphite(SiO/C)composite electrode during cycling were investigated via in situ expansion monitoring.First,a series of expansion test schemes were designed,and the linear relationship between negative electrode expansion and cell capacity degradation was quantitatively analyzed.Then,the effects of different initial pressures on the long-term cycling performance of the cell were evaluated.Finally,the mechanism of their effects was analyzed by scanning electron microscope.The results show that after 50 cycles,the cell capacity decreases from 2.556 mAh to 1.689 mAh,with a capacity retention ratio(CRR)of only 66.08%.A linear relationship between the capacity retention ratio and thickness expansion was found.Electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscope images demonstrate that intense stress inhibits the lithiation of the negative electrode and that the electrode is more susceptible to irreversible damage during cycling.Overall,these results reveal the relationship between the cycling performance of SiO and the internal pressure of the electrode from a macroscopic point of view,which provides some reference for the application of SiO/C composite electrodes in lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22174055)Key R&D Program of Zhenjiang City(No.NY2022012)。
文摘Wearable flexible sensor devices have the characteristics of lightweight and miniaturization.Currently,power supply and detection components limit the portability of wearable flexible sensor devices.Meanwhile,conventional liquid electrolytes are unsuitable for the integration of sensing devices.To address these constraints,wearable biofuel cells and flexible electrochromic displays have been introduced,which can improve integration with other devices,safety,and color-coded display data.Meanwhile,electrode chips prepared through screen printing technology can further improve portability.In this work,a wearable sensor device with screen-printed chips was constructed and used for non-invasive detection of glucose.Agarose gel electrolytes doped with PDA-CNTs were prepared,and the mechanical strength and moisture retention were significantly improved compared with traditional gel electrolytes.Glucose in interstitial fluid was non-invasive extracted to the skin surface using reverse iontophoresis.As a biofuel for wearable biofuel cells,glucose drives self-powered sensor and electrochromic display to produce color change,allowing for visually measurement of glucose levels in body fluids.Accurate detection results can be visualized by reading the RGB value with a cell phone.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42074134,42474152,42374150)CNPC Innovation Found(2024DQ02-0152).
文摘The oil-based mud(OBM) borehole measurement environment presents significant limitations on the application of existing electrical logging instruments in high-resistance formations. In this paper, we propose a novel logging method for detection of high-resistance formations in OBM using highfrequency electrodes. The method addresses the issue of shallow depth of investigation(DOI) in existing electrical logging instruments, while simultaneously ensuring the vertical resolution. Based on the principle of current continuity, the total impedance of the loop is obtained by equating the measurement loop to the series form of a capacitively coupled circuit. and its validity is verified in a homogeneous formation model and a radial two-layer formation model with a mud standoff. Then, the instrument operating frequency and electrode system parameters were preferentially determined by numerical simulation, and the effect of mud gap on impedance measurement was investigated. Subsequently, the DOI of the instrument was investigated utilizing the pseudo-geometric factor defined by the real part of impedance. It was determined that the detection depth of the instrument is 8.74 cm, while the effective vertical resolution was not less than 2 cm. Finally, a focused high-frequency electrode-type instrument was designed by introducing a pair of focused electrodes, which effectively enhanced the DOI of the instrument and was successfully deployed in the Oklahoma formation model. The simulation results demonstrate that the novel method can achieve a detection depth of 17.40 cm in highly-resistive formations drilling with OBM, which is approximately twice the depth of detection of the existing oil-based mud microimager instruments. Furthermore, its effective vertical resolution remains at or above 2 cm,which is comparable to the resolution of the existing OBM electrical logging instrument.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.QY24166).
文摘In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past.Reported here are measurements of the voltage distribution between the plates of a parallel-plate pulsed plasma thruster under different discharge voltages,based on which the variations in the total circuit inductance and resistance as well as those between the plates are calculated.The results show that the time-averaged voltage across the plates accounts for 28.7%-50.4%of the capacitor voltage.As the capacitor initial voltage increases from 1250 V to 2000 V,the voltage across the plates rises,but its proportion relative to the capacitor voltage decreases.For every 250 V increase in the capacitor initial voltage,the average voltage proportion across the plates decreases by approximately 2%-3%.Additionally,the voltage proportion decreases gradually from the end near the propellant outward.The voltage distribution ratio between the plates is correlated with the proportions of the resistance and inductance between the plates relative to the total circuit.
基金supported by Guangxi Science and Technology Major Program(No.AA23073008)Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction(Wuhan University)(No.2023–05)Nanning Innovation and Entrepreneur Leading Talent Project(No.2021001).
文摘The three-dimensional particle electrode system exhibits significant potential for application in the treatment of wastewater.Nonetheless,the advancement of effective granular electrodes characterized by elevated catalytic activity and minimal energy consumption continues to pose a significant challenge.In this research,Fluorine-doped copper-carbon(F/Cu-GAC)particle electrodes were effectively synthesized through an impregnationcalcination technique,utilizing granular activated carbon as the carrier and fluorinedoped modified copper oxides as the catalytic agents.The particle electrodes were subsequently utilized to promote the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)in a threedimensional electrocatalytic reactor(3DER).The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes were polarized under the action of electric field,which promoted the heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction in which H2O2 generated by two-electron oxygen reduction reaction(2e-ORR)of O_(2) was catalytically decomposed to·OH.The 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes showed 100%removal of 2,4,6-TCP and 79.24%removal of TOC with a specific energy consumption(EC)of approximately 0.019 kWh/g·COD after 2 h of operation.The F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes exhibited an overpotential of 0.38 V and an electrochemically active surface area(ECSA)of 715 cm^(2),as determined through linear sweep voltammetry(LSV)and cyclic voltammetry(CV)assessments.These findings suggest a high level of electrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the catalytic mechanism of the 3DER equipped with F/Cu-GAC particle electrodes was elucidated through the application of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),electron spin resonance(ESR),and active species capture experiments.This investigation offers a novel approach for the effective degradation of 2,4,6-TCP.
基金supported by the Natural Science Research Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.23KJD150005)the Scientific Research Project of Nanjing Xiaozhuang University(No.2022NXY29).
文摘Developing efficient and stable electrocatalysts has always been the focus of electrochemical research.Here,sea urchin-like nickel-molybdenum bimetallic phosphide nickel-molybdenum alloy(Ni_(4)Mo)and(Ni-Mo-P)were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal,annealing and phosphating methods on nickel foam(NF).The unusual shape of the sea urchin facilitates gas release and mass transfer and increases the interaction between catalysts and electrolytes.The Ni_(4)Mo/NF and Ni-Mo-P/NF electrodes only need overpotentials of 72 and 197 mV to reach 50 mA·cm^(−2) under alkaline conditions for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,respectively.The Ni_(4)Mo/NF and Ni-Mo-P/NF asymmetric electrodes were used as anode and cathode for the overall water splitting,respectively.In 1.0 M KOH,at a voltage of 1.485 V,the electrolytic device generated 50 mA·cm^(−2) current density,maintaining for 24 h without reduction.The labor presents a simple method to synthesize a highly active,low-cost,and strongly durable self-supporting electrode for over-water splitting.
基金funding of the joint Polish-German project SUPILMIX(PR-1173/27)by the German Research Foundation(DFG,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)+1 种基金funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.D.L.the German Chemical Industry Fund for the financial support through a Liebig Fellowship.
文摘Supercapacitors are efficient and versatile energy storage devices,offering remarkable power density,fast charge/discharge rates,and exceptional cycle life.As research continues to push the boundaries of their performance,electrode fabrication techniques are critical aspects influencing the overall capabilities of supercapacitors.Herein,we aim to shed light on the advantages offered by dry electrode processing for advanced supercapacitors.Notably,our study explores the performance of these electrodes in three different types of electrolytes:organic,ionic liquids,and quasi-solid states.By examining the impact of dry electrode processing on various electrode and electrolyte systems,we show valuable insights into the versatility and efficacy of this technique.The supercapacitors employing dry electrodes demonstrated significant improvements compared with conventional wet electrodes,with a lifespan extension of+45%in organic,+192%in ionic liquids,and+84%in quasi-solid electrolytes.Moreover,the increased electrode densities achievable through the dry approach directly translate to improved volumetric outputs,enhancing energy storage capacities within compact form factors.Notably,dry electrode-prepared supercapacitors outperformed their wet electrode counterparts,exhibiting a higher energy density of 6.1 Wh cm^(-3)compared with 4.7 Wh cm^(-3)at a high power density of 195Wcm^(-3),marking a substantial 28%energy improvement in the quasi-solid electrolyte.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279070).
文摘In pursuit of meeting the demands for the next generation of high energy density and flexible electronic products,there is a growing interest in flexible energy storage devices.Silicon(Si)stands out as a promising electrode material due to its high theoretical specific capacity(~3579 mA h g^(-1)),low lithiation potential(~0.40 V),and abundance in nature.We have successfully developed freestanding and flexible CNT/Si/low-melting-point metal(LM)electrodes,which obviate the need for conductive additives,adhesives,and thereby increase the energy density of the device.As an anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),the CNT/Si/LM electrode demonstrates remarkable cycling stability and rate performance,achieving a reversible capacity of 1871.8 mA h g^(-1)after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A g^(-1).In-situ XRD and in-situ thickness analysis are employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms during the lithiation/delithiation.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further substantiate the mechanism by which LM enhances the electrochemical performance of Si,focusing on the aspects of stress mitigation and reduction of the diffusion energy barrier.This research introduces a novel approach to flexible electrode design by integrating CNT films,LM,and Si,thereby charting a path forward for the development of next-generation flexible LIBs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.12172102 and 12372097)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.HIT.OCEF.2022013).
文摘The silicon-graphite(Si-C)composite electrode is considered a promising candidate for next-generation commercial electrodes due to its high capacity.However,lithium-ion batteries with silicon electrodes often experience capacity fading and poor cyclic performance,primarily due to the mechanical degradation of the solid-electrolyte interphase(SEI).In this work,we present a homogenized constitutive model for Si-C composite electrodes under finite deformation,incorporating lithium-ion concentration-dependent properties.We perform a wrinkling analysis and systematically examine the influence of key parameters,such as modulus and thickness ratios,on the critical conditions for instability.Additionally,we investigate the ratcheting effect across varying silicon contents.Our findings reveal that maintaining the silicon content within an optimal range effectively reduces plastic accumulation during charge–discharge cycles.These insights provide crucial guidance for optimizing the design and fabrication of Si–C electrode systems,enhancing their durability and performance.
基金the Professional Technical Service Platform of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.19DZ2291103)。
文摘A novel characterization method for full-matrix constants of PzT-8 piezoceramics based on local electrodes excitation using one sample is proposed to avoid resonant peaks missing and overlapping in the inversion process of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy technology.Elastic matrix,which is sensitive to the resonance spectrum,is obtained by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy.Piezoelectric and dielectric matrices,which are sensitive to the capacitance of driving electrodes,are determined by capacitance inversion.The initial values of elastic constants are deviated by 30%to validate the reliability of this method.The relative errors between measured and inversed values of resonant frequencies are less than 1%and the relative errors of the capacitance are mostly less than 5%.The work has extensive applications in piezoelectric materials characterization.
基金supported by the Institute of Civil Military Technology Cooperation funded by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration and Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy of Korean government under grant No 23-CM-AI-08.
文摘Amidst the ever-growing interest in high-mass-loading Li battery electrodes,a persistent challenge has been the insufficient continuity of their ion/electron conduction pathways.Here,we propose cellulose elementary fibrils(CEFs)as a class of deagglomerated binder for high-mass-loading electrodes.Derived from natural wood,CEF represents the most fundamental unit of cellulose with nanoscale diameter.The preparation of the CEFs involves the modulation of intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the treatment with a proton acceptor and a hydrotropic agent.This elementary deagglomeration of the cellulose fibers increases surface area and anionic charge density,thus promoting uniform dispersion with carbon conductive additives and suppressing interfacial side reactions at electrodes.Consequently,a homogeneous redox reaction is achieved throughout the electrodes.The resulting CEF-based cathode(overlithiated layered oxide(OLO)is chosen as a benchmark electrode active material)exhibits a high areal-mass-loading(50 mg cm^(-2),equivalent to an areal capacity of 12.5 mAh cm^(-2))and a high specific energy density(445.4 Wh kg–1)of a cell,which far exceeds those of previously reported OLO cathodes.This study highlights the viability of the deagglomerated binder in enabling sustainable high-mass-loading electrodes that are difficult to achieve with conventional synthetic polymer binders.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB4002502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279057)。
文摘Solid oxide cells(SOCs)are attractive electrochemical energy conversion/storage technologies for electricity/green hydrogen production because of the high efficiencies,all-solid structure,and superb reversibility.Nevertheless,the widespread applications of SOCs are remarkably restricted by the inferior stability and high material costs induced by the high operational temperatures(600-800℃).Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to suppressing the operating temperatures of SOCs to decrease the overall costs and enhance the long-term durability.However,fuel electrodes as key components in SOCs suffer from insufficient(electro)catalytic activity and inferior impurity tolerance/redox resistance at reduced temperatures.Nanostructures and relevant nanomaterials exhibit great potential to boost the performance of fuel electrodes for low-temperature(LT)-SOCs due to the unique surface/interface properties,enlarged active sites,and strong interaction.Herein,an in-time review about advances in the design and fabrication of nanostructured fuel electrodes for LT-SOCs is presented by emphasizing the crucial role of nanostructure construction in boosting the performance of fuel electrodes and the relevant/distinct material design strategies.The main achievements,remaining challenges,and research trends about the development of nanostructured fuel electrodes in LT-SOCs are also presented,aiming to offer important insights for the future development of energy storage/conversion technologies.
基金financially supported by the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents, China (No. BX2021327)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22206194 and U2267222)+1 种基金the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2023J337)the Yongjiang Talent Introduction Programme, China (No. 2 021A-161-G)。
文摘Herein, the electrochemical behaviors of Sr on inert W electrode and reactive Zn/Al electrodes were systematically investig-ated in LiCl–KCl–SrCl2molten salts at 773 K using various electrochemical methods. The chemical reaction potentials of Li and Sr on re-active Zn/Al electrodes were determined. We observed that Sr could be extracted by decreasing the activity of the deposited metal Sr onthe reactive electrode, although the standard reduction potential of Sr(II)/Sr was more negative than that of Li(I)/Li. The electrochemicalextraction products of Sr on reactive Zn and Al electrodes were Zn13Sr and Al4Sr, respectively, with no codeposition of Li observed.Based on the density functional theory calculations, both Zn13Sr and Al4Sr were identified as stable intermetallic compounds with Zn-/Al-rich phases. In LiCl–KCl molten salt containing 3wt% SrCl2, the coulombic efficiency of Sr in the Zn electrode was ~54%. The depolar-ization values for Sr on Zn and Al electrodes were 0.864 and 0.485 V, respectively, exhibiting a stronger chemical interaction between Znand Sr than between Al and Sr. This study suggests that using reactive electrodes can facilitate extraction of Sr accumulated while elec-trorefining molten salts, thereby enabling the purification and reuse of the salt and decreasing the volume of the nuclear waste.
