1 The Fair Isle sweater,a timeless fashion element,continues to charm the world.This comfortable,colorful knit has grown from a practical workwear piece into a high-fashion item beloved by the royal family,celebrities...1 The Fair Isle sweater,a timeless fashion element,continues to charm the world.This comfortable,colorful knit has grown from a practical workwear piece into a high-fashion item beloved by the royal family,celebrities and even the latest fashion designers.Despite its long history,the Fair Isle sweater remains popular,especially as winter approaches.展开更多
The thirteen cuneiform texts presented in this study are currently housed in the collection of National Museums Scotland.This article provides an edition of thirteen Neo-Sumerian administrative tablets from Puzriš-Dag...The thirteen cuneiform texts presented in this study are currently housed in the collection of National Museums Scotland.This article provides an edition of thirteen Neo-Sumerian administrative tablets from Puzriš-Dagān(modern Drehem),which was one of the most important royal tribute centers then and primarily concerned with the administrative and economic affairs of the central authority.展开更多
Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an example, experiences of EU rural eco-compensation policy were discussed to enlighten China. The implementing objectives and processing program of Scottish policy were respec...Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an example, experiences of EU rural eco-compensation policy were discussed to enlighten China. The implementing objectives and processing program of Scottish policy were respectively set forth,including 6 steps of statement of Intent, proposal, assessment, contract signing, claims and inspections, breaches and penalties.Therein 3 meaningful aspects for the construction of current compensation mechanism in China were as following: keeping consistency between national and local policies to establish close connection in eco-goal and funding subsidy, setting both improved assessment procedure and scientific compensation system to promote the lasting implementation of environmental-friendly measures, making correspondent check and monitor mechanism together with breach and penalty mechanism to secure the payment execution.展开更多
This paper addresses consumers’ choices by examining: current food choices made by different socio-economic groups;price barriers to diet improvement;and ways in which marketing may affect product choice. The study s...This paper addresses consumers’ choices by examining: current food choices made by different socio-economic groups;price barriers to diet improvement;and ways in which marketing may affect product choice. The study seeks: first, to analyze the differences in consumption of sausages of different nutritional composition among different socio-demo- graphic and lifestage groups;and second, using the example of sausages, to measure whether it is possible to improve diet quality without affecting household expenditure. Sausages represent a relatively high proportion of red and processed meat purchases in Scotland, contributing significantly to the fat and sodium in the Scottish diet. The data used consisted of two-years of weekly information from a top-4, UK supermarket. The results suggest that it is possible to purchase the same amount of a lower saturated fat or lower sodium sausage for the same price as a higher saturated fat or sodium sausage. However, it would cost more for some of the groups to replace a sausage that was both higher in saturated fat and higher in sodium with a lower saturated fat, lower sodium version in the household’s food basket.展开更多
At the beginning of the 6th century, Scotland was ruled byScottish kings and queens, but was divided between different groupsof people: the Picts ahd Celts, who were the oldest inhabitants, theScots, who came from Nor...At the beginning of the 6th century, Scotland was ruled byScottish kings and queens, but was divided between different groupsof people: the Picts ahd Celts, who were the oldest inhabitants, theScots, who came from Northern Ireland, the Britons, who were drivennorth by the Anglo--Saxon invaders of England, and the Angles,展开更多
The adoption of a stakeholder approach to public engagement within the public sector has been extensive. However, there remain critical gaps in the understanding of stakeholder participation arising from hidden dispar...The adoption of a stakeholder approach to public engagement within the public sector has been extensive. However, there remain critical gaps in the understanding of stakeholder participation arising from hidden disparities that contribute to unequal access to communication channels, information, and hence ultimately knowledge and decision making. The term “epistemic injustice” has been used to describe such inequality of access and consequently, the outcome that ensues. Epistemic injustice is much overlooked in stakeholder theory. This article shows how epistemic injustice can act as a barrier to effective stakeholder engagement and hence to successful public policy formulation and implementation. We use the case of vaccine hesitancy among Scotland's African, Caribbean, and Black(ACB) communities to illustrate this problem of unequal participation. The study drew on primary data involving 85 participants and secondary data sources from extant literature and explored salient factors shaping barriers to vaccine uptake during the recent pandemic. The findings demonstrate how the failure to grasp epistemic injustice undermines the effectiveness of the stakeholder approach, even with the most wellintentioned efforts. We argue that epistemic injustice is a critical barrier to effective stakeholder approaches.展开更多
Book Week Scotland is a vibrant^(1) celebration of books and reading that brings together people from all walks of life across the nation.This week is filled with events,activities,and discussions designed^(2) to set ...Book Week Scotland is a vibrant^(1) celebration of books and reading that brings together people from all walks of life across the nation.This week is filled with events,activities,and discussions designed^(2) to set off a passion^(3) for reading.苏格兰图书周是一个充满活力的图书和阅读庆典,它将全英国各行各业的人们聚集在一起。该图书周排满了旨在激发阅读热情的聚会、活动和研讨会。展开更多
Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include sta...Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include stakeholders with an interest in a local area,are emerging as one potential approach to building community resilience. A conceptual framework has been developed to identify the common requirements for community resilience, building upon existing work in the wider community resilience literature. Aberdeen Resilient,Included and Supported Group, Scotland, UK is an example of a LRPG. In this study the data collected during a workshop with the Aberdeen LRPG were used with the conceptual framework to identify some of the challenges faced when building community resilience. The study examined whether the Aberdeen LRPG illustrates the challenges and constraints faced by LRPGs more widely,and how the membership influences the potential to develop the attributes of community resilience outlined in the conceptual framework. The thematic analysis of the workshop revealed Aberdeen LRPG’s six dominant challenges: engaging with individuals, culture, attitudes,assumptions, terminology, and timescale. These challenges impede the group in utilizing the skills, knowledge, and resources that its members possess to build community resilience. While the Aberdeen LRPG cannot change all factors that affect community resilience, framing specific problems experienced by the group within a conceptual framework applicable to any community contributes to understanding the practical challenges to developing community resilience.展开更多
As countries continue to deal with the global COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, policymakers recognize that science, technology, and innovation(STI) practices offer a means of addressing many of the health probl...As countries continue to deal with the global COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, policymakers recognize that science, technology, and innovation(STI) practices offer a means of addressing many of the health problems that arise from the ongoing pandemic. Such recognition has given rise to many STI policy initiatives across various areas of science and policy, leading to a better understanding of coronavirus and the development of COVID-19 vaccines,treatments, and diagnostics. However, the practical implementation of vaccine and treatment strategies within local communities extends well beyond the laboratory. This study explored how misinformation and trust amplify or attenuate coronavirus and COVID-19 vaccine perceptions of those from ethnic minority groups deemed more susceptible to the impacts of the virus. Primary data in this study were collected in Scotland through semistructured interviews with 26 expert and nonexpert members from Scotland’s minority ethnic communities. The study findings show that risk perception is fluid and dependent on the information and evidential environment in which people find themselves. Misinformation, fake news, conspiracies, and trust or distrust(from prior experiences and historic practices) influence the perception of coronavirus and how risk messages are received, including the acceptance of coronavirus vaccines.This article reflects on Scotland’s approach to building trust and COVID-19 vaccine confidence and engagement based on the findings of this study, identifying areas of strength and areas for further improvement or research. The authors believe, as shown by our research, that vaccine engagement will be more impactful if developed by and with the public,and reflects public values, concerns, and priorities.展开更多
Heavy snow disruptions are common and costly occurrences in the UK,including Scotland.Yet,heavy snow remains an underresearched aspect of disaster risks in Scotland.This study critically examined the 2018 heavy snow e...Heavy snow disruptions are common and costly occurrences in the UK,including Scotland.Yet,heavy snow remains an underresearched aspect of disaster risks in Scotland.This study critically examined the 2018 heavy snow event in Scotland referred to as the“Beast from the East”(BfE)in order to explore the different sources of information used by the public in preparation for and response to heavy snow emergencies.Our study also examined the effectiveness of BfE risk communication between authorities and the public and sought to determine if there is a relationship between risk information received and the intention to mitigate risk.Data were collected through a semistructured survey from(n=180)residents of the Annandale and Eskdale region of Dumfries and Galloway,Scotland.Our analysis shows that public authority information sources were the most sought-after information sources,followed by online and web sources.We found statistically significant differences between groups(such as age,gender,and mobility/disability)in terms of using risk information sources.Further analysis shows that the relationship between information received and the intention to mitigate risks is not linear but influenced by intervening variables such as work pressures,financial commitment,and stakeholders’expectations.We argue that where full adherence to official risk advice is required,policymakers should carefully consider issues around these three factors.展开更多
This paper investigates the expansion of electric cars and their impact on the environment and the user;assuming a future scenario where all of the light-duty vehicles that use an internal combustion engine will be re...This paper investigates the expansion of electric cars and their impact on the environment and the user;assuming a future scenario where all of the light-duty vehicles that use an internal combustion engine will be replaced by electric cars in Scotland.The idea is to investigate the impact on the environment and the financial effect on the user.The methodology is based on analysing the most common electric and conventional vehicles to estimate the amount of additional electricity that would be needed to charge that expansion.The paper has also looked at the running costs.The results show that approximately 4 GWh per annum of additional electricity will be needed to compensate for such growth in electricity demand.With the rise in electricity production,the amount of carbon emissions from the electrical grid is expected to increase slightly by 0.47 megatons CO_(2)per annum.Given that the carbon dioxide generated by the light internal combustion vehicles at the moment is 3.6 megatons of CO_(2)per year,it is concluded that the total amount of greenhouse gases from the electricity grid will decrease by circa 33.7%if all conventional cars in Scotland are replaced by electric cars.The initial cost of an electric car is found to be higher than conventional diesel or petrol one,but in the long term,the cost to power an electric vehicle is expected to be much cheaper.However,electric cars still have their own drawbacks as they need significant time to be charged,and will consume significant energy for heating the interior and windscreens to prevent condensation in cold weather leading to an estimated reduction in range of approximately 28%in some situations.展开更多
Baroclinic transport and the barotropic effect are two different viewpoints for understanding the mechanism of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow. The mechanism of this overflow, being an important deep branch of t...Baroclinic transport and the barotropic effect are two different viewpoints for understanding the mechanism of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow. The mechanism of this overflow, being an important deep branch of thermohaline circulation, deserves research discussion, especially against the background of global warming. Using the newly developed ECHAM5/MPI-OM, of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which is an advanced atmospheresea iceocean coupled climate model, the mechanism of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow variation under different atmospheric CO2 scenarios is studied. First, a control experiment is forced by a fixed CO2 concentration of 280 ppmv, which is the pre-industrial level before 1860. Three sensitive experiments are carried out under different scenarios of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which are listed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report (B1, A1B and A2). In the control run, more water with higher salinity intruding into the Greenland-Icelandic-Norwegian Seas results in greater barotropic transport and greater overflow because of the baroclinic effect. Therefore, the barotropic effect and baroclinic effect on the overflow are unified. Under the atmospheric CO2 scenarios, the strength of overflow across the Faro-Bank Channel is controlled by the baroclinic effect and the increase in Denmark Strait overflow is attributed to the barotropic effect.展开更多
文摘1 The Fair Isle sweater,a timeless fashion element,continues to charm the world.This comfortable,colorful knit has grown from a practical workwear piece into a high-fashion item beloved by the royal family,celebrities and even the latest fashion designers.Despite its long history,the Fair Isle sweater remains popular,especially as winter approaches.
文摘The thirteen cuneiform texts presented in this study are currently housed in the collection of National Museums Scotland.This article provides an edition of thirteen Neo-Sumerian administrative tablets from Puzriš-Dagān(modern Drehem),which was one of the most important royal tribute centers then and primarily concerned with the administrative and economic affairs of the central authority.
基金Supported by the Project of Intelligence import and demonstration in 2018(2018-yzzx-zr)the Project for the International Exchange and Cooperation in Agriculture in 2018(2018-gjhz-zkq)
文摘Taking Scotland Rural Priority Scheme as an example, experiences of EU rural eco-compensation policy were discussed to enlighten China. The implementing objectives and processing program of Scottish policy were respectively set forth,including 6 steps of statement of Intent, proposal, assessment, contract signing, claims and inspections, breaches and penalties.Therein 3 meaningful aspects for the construction of current compensation mechanism in China were as following: keeping consistency between national and local policies to establish close connection in eco-goal and funding subsidy, setting both improved assessment procedure and scientific compensation system to promote the lasting implementation of environmental-friendly measures, making correspondent check and monitor mechanism together with breach and penalty mechanism to secure the payment execution.
文摘This paper addresses consumers’ choices by examining: current food choices made by different socio-economic groups;price barriers to diet improvement;and ways in which marketing may affect product choice. The study seeks: first, to analyze the differences in consumption of sausages of different nutritional composition among different socio-demo- graphic and lifestage groups;and second, using the example of sausages, to measure whether it is possible to improve diet quality without affecting household expenditure. Sausages represent a relatively high proportion of red and processed meat purchases in Scotland, contributing significantly to the fat and sodium in the Scottish diet. The data used consisted of two-years of weekly information from a top-4, UK supermarket. The results suggest that it is possible to purchase the same amount of a lower saturated fat or lower sodium sausage for the same price as a higher saturated fat or sodium sausage. However, it would cost more for some of the groups to replace a sausage that was both higher in saturated fat and higher in sodium with a lower saturated fat, lower sodium version in the household’s food basket.
文摘At the beginning of the 6th century, Scotland was ruled byScottish kings and queens, but was divided between different groupsof people: the Picts ahd Celts, who were the oldest inhabitants, theScots, who came from Northern Ireland, the Britons, who were drivennorth by the Anglo--Saxon invaders of England, and the Angles,
文摘The adoption of a stakeholder approach to public engagement within the public sector has been extensive. However, there remain critical gaps in the understanding of stakeholder participation arising from hidden disparities that contribute to unequal access to communication channels, information, and hence ultimately knowledge and decision making. The term “epistemic injustice” has been used to describe such inequality of access and consequently, the outcome that ensues. Epistemic injustice is much overlooked in stakeholder theory. This article shows how epistemic injustice can act as a barrier to effective stakeholder engagement and hence to successful public policy formulation and implementation. We use the case of vaccine hesitancy among Scotland's African, Caribbean, and Black(ACB) communities to illustrate this problem of unequal participation. The study drew on primary data involving 85 participants and secondary data sources from extant literature and explored salient factors shaping barriers to vaccine uptake during the recent pandemic. The findings demonstrate how the failure to grasp epistemic injustice undermines the effectiveness of the stakeholder approach, even with the most wellintentioned efforts. We argue that epistemic injustice is a critical barrier to effective stakeholder approaches.
文摘Book Week Scotland is a vibrant^(1) celebration of books and reading that brings together people from all walks of life across the nation.This week is filled with events,activities,and discussions designed^(2) to set off a passion^(3) for reading.苏格兰图书周是一个充满活力的图书和阅读庆典,它将全英国各行各业的人们聚集在一起。该图书周排满了旨在激发阅读热情的聚会、活动和研讨会。
基金funded by the Scottish Funding Council, as part of the NCR
文摘Governments are increasingly trying to ensure that communities are resilient to the effects of climate change and encourage community empowerment and autonomy. Local resilience planning groups(LRPGs),which include stakeholders with an interest in a local area,are emerging as one potential approach to building community resilience. A conceptual framework has been developed to identify the common requirements for community resilience, building upon existing work in the wider community resilience literature. Aberdeen Resilient,Included and Supported Group, Scotland, UK is an example of a LRPG. In this study the data collected during a workshop with the Aberdeen LRPG were used with the conceptual framework to identify some of the challenges faced when building community resilience. The study examined whether the Aberdeen LRPG illustrates the challenges and constraints faced by LRPGs more widely,and how the membership influences the potential to develop the attributes of community resilience outlined in the conceptual framework. The thematic analysis of the workshop revealed Aberdeen LRPG’s six dominant challenges: engaging with individuals, culture, attitudes,assumptions, terminology, and timescale. These challenges impede the group in utilizing the skills, knowledge, and resources that its members possess to build community resilience. While the Aberdeen LRPG cannot change all factors that affect community resilience, framing specific problems experienced by the group within a conceptual framework applicable to any community contributes to understanding the practical challenges to developing community resilience.
文摘As countries continue to deal with the global COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, policymakers recognize that science, technology, and innovation(STI) practices offer a means of addressing many of the health problems that arise from the ongoing pandemic. Such recognition has given rise to many STI policy initiatives across various areas of science and policy, leading to a better understanding of coronavirus and the development of COVID-19 vaccines,treatments, and diagnostics. However, the practical implementation of vaccine and treatment strategies within local communities extends well beyond the laboratory. This study explored how misinformation and trust amplify or attenuate coronavirus and COVID-19 vaccine perceptions of those from ethnic minority groups deemed more susceptible to the impacts of the virus. Primary data in this study were collected in Scotland through semistructured interviews with 26 expert and nonexpert members from Scotland’s minority ethnic communities. The study findings show that risk perception is fluid and dependent on the information and evidential environment in which people find themselves. Misinformation, fake news, conspiracies, and trust or distrust(from prior experiences and historic practices) influence the perception of coronavirus and how risk messages are received, including the acceptance of coronavirus vaccines.This article reflects on Scotland’s approach to building trust and COVID-19 vaccine confidence and engagement based on the findings of this study, identifying areas of strength and areas for further improvement or research. The authors believe, as shown by our research, that vaccine engagement will be more impactful if developed by and with the public,and reflects public values, concerns, and priorities.
基金the Scottish Funding Council,as part of the National Centre for Resilince.This research received no external funding.
文摘Heavy snow disruptions are common and costly occurrences in the UK,including Scotland.Yet,heavy snow remains an underresearched aspect of disaster risks in Scotland.This study critically examined the 2018 heavy snow event in Scotland referred to as the“Beast from the East”(BfE)in order to explore the different sources of information used by the public in preparation for and response to heavy snow emergencies.Our study also examined the effectiveness of BfE risk communication between authorities and the public and sought to determine if there is a relationship between risk information received and the intention to mitigate risk.Data were collected through a semistructured survey from(n=180)residents of the Annandale and Eskdale region of Dumfries and Galloway,Scotland.Our analysis shows that public authority information sources were the most sought-after information sources,followed by online and web sources.We found statistically significant differences between groups(such as age,gender,and mobility/disability)in terms of using risk information sources.Further analysis shows that the relationship between information received and the intention to mitigate risks is not linear but influenced by intervening variables such as work pressures,financial commitment,and stakeholders’expectations.We argue that where full adherence to official risk advice is required,policymakers should carefully consider issues around these three factors.
基金The authors would like to thank DTA3 COFUND H2020/Marie Skłodowska-Curie PhD Fellowship programme for partially funding this research work(Grant Agreement Number:801604).
文摘This paper investigates the expansion of electric cars and their impact on the environment and the user;assuming a future scenario where all of the light-duty vehicles that use an internal combustion engine will be replaced by electric cars in Scotland.The idea is to investigate the impact on the environment and the financial effect on the user.The methodology is based on analysing the most common electric and conventional vehicles to estimate the amount of additional electricity that would be needed to charge that expansion.The paper has also looked at the running costs.The results show that approximately 4 GWh per annum of additional electricity will be needed to compensate for such growth in electricity demand.With the rise in electricity production,the amount of carbon emissions from the electrical grid is expected to increase slightly by 0.47 megatons CO_(2)per annum.Given that the carbon dioxide generated by the light internal combustion vehicles at the moment is 3.6 megatons of CO_(2)per year,it is concluded that the total amount of greenhouse gases from the electricity grid will decrease by circa 33.7%if all conventional cars in Scotland are replaced by electric cars.The initial cost of an electric car is found to be higher than conventional diesel or petrol one,but in the long term,the cost to power an electric vehicle is expected to be much cheaper.However,electric cars still have their own drawbacks as they need significant time to be charged,and will consume significant energy for heating the interior and windscreens to prevent condensation in cold weather leading to an estimated reduction in range of approximately 28%in some situations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40940025 and 41006002)the Public science and technology research funds projects of ocean (200905001, 201005019 and 2012418018)the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission project (09JCYBJC07400), and DAAD fund
文摘Baroclinic transport and the barotropic effect are two different viewpoints for understanding the mechanism of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow. The mechanism of this overflow, being an important deep branch of thermohaline circulation, deserves research discussion, especially against the background of global warming. Using the newly developed ECHAM5/MPI-OM, of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, which is an advanced atmospheresea iceocean coupled climate model, the mechanism of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge overflow variation under different atmospheric CO2 scenarios is studied. First, a control experiment is forced by a fixed CO2 concentration of 280 ppmv, which is the pre-industrial level before 1860. Three sensitive experiments are carried out under different scenarios of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which are listed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report (B1, A1B and A2). In the control run, more water with higher salinity intruding into the Greenland-Icelandic-Norwegian Seas results in greater barotropic transport and greater overflow because of the baroclinic effect. Therefore, the barotropic effect and baroclinic effect on the overflow are unified. Under the atmospheric CO2 scenarios, the strength of overflow across the Faro-Bank Channel is controlled by the baroclinic effect and the increase in Denmark Strait overflow is attributed to the barotropic effect.
