This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from ...This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from the perspective of scientific imperialism.It analyzes the founders’motivations and their affiliation with the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland(RAS),framing NCBRAS as a product of scientific imperialism.Unlike previous sinology-centric research,this study explores the benefits derived from scientific institutions,Orientalist traditions,and Europe’s overseas expansion.Despite the opportunity provided by all the merits,the NCBRAS also faced challenges due to Chinese and foreign hostilities,financial inadequacies,and cultural differences.This dual situation played a pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of the NCBRAS.This inquiry into the context and drawbacks contributes to a deeper understanding of NCBRAS and offers new perspectives on natural history research in 1850s China.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different ...Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.展开更多
1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its...1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its Claude family of LLMs.Claude 4.0 is designed to introduce substantial improvements in reasoning,coding,and mathematical capabilities.展开更多
This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear i...This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear industry.Sino-British scientific interactions took place across multiple dimensions,involving various institutions and individuals.Around 1949,UK-trained Chinese nuclear scientists returned to China,bringing advanced technological knowledge and extensive practical experience.The PRC regarded the UK as a crucial gateway to overcoming the technological blockade imposed by the United States(and later the Soviet Union)and sought to establish scientific relations with the UK through semi-official and unofficial channels.Specifically,these connections manifested in the interactions between the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the Royal Society of London,the guiding role of the Chinese Charge d'Affaires Office in London in facilitating scientific and technological exchanges,and the technology investigations led by the Ministry of Foreign Trade in the name of trade.Additionally,the Sino-British scientific network extended to the international arena,allowing China to engage in nuclear-related global organizations and events.This study highlights the significant British influence on the early development of China's nuclear industry,revealing the extent of its British influence.It argues that China's urgent need for nuclear science and industrial advancement was a key driver of its scientific engagement withthe UK.展开更多
Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research ...Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.展开更多
The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Departmen...The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong China.The first Director of the Peking University Eye Center,China.展开更多
Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within C...Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within China’s folk practices and ethnic minority groups–remains unrecorded and unverified scientifically.Such knowledge,primarily preserved through oral instruction,is now at risk of disappearing due to its fragmented and regionalized nature.This paper underscores the importance of documenting and scientifically validating these medicinal animals as valuable resources.We advocate for a comprehensive,systematic approach to recording,screening,and verifying the pharmacological mechanisms of medicinal animals.It can contribute to the modernization and globalization of traditional Chinese medicine.In the future,interdisciplinary and international collaborations are essential to advance the systematic documentation and scientific management of medicinal animal knowledge,to ensure its preservation and application in global healthcare,sustainable health practices,and biodiversity conservation efforts.展开更多
The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Sc...The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Scientific City Forest. The general objective is to contribute to the knowledge of the trapping, mowing and sight hunting;the three types of traps used are: Barber pots, colored plates and aerial traps. This study made it possible to invent 1523 specimens belonging to 106 species, 99 genera, 59 families and 12 orders. The order Diptera is the most abundant and richest in species (47% and 26%). This order is followed by Hymenoptera (23% and 23%). Formicidae (14%) and Calliphoridae (13%) are the most abundant families. The Formicidae family presents the greatest species richness (7%), Calliphora sp and Polyrhachis cyaniventris present the highest specific relative abundance of the entire collection. These preliminary results of the entomofauna of Scientific City constitute a database. However, this study must be continued and extended to other areas of Brazzaville, using other capture techniques and taking into account the seasons.展开更多
Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have d...Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have different research careers?It is very obvious,the scholars may gain a high impact if they have more research experience or have spent more time(in terms of research career in a year).Then we cannot compare two scholars who have different research careers.Many bibliometrics indicators address the time-span of scholars.In this series,the h-index sequence and EM/EM’-index sequence have been introduced for assessment and comparison of the scientific impact of scholars.The h-index sequence,EM-index sequence,and EM’-index sequence consider the yearly impact of scholars,and comparison is done by the index value along with their component value.The time-series indicators fail to give a comparative analysis between senior and junior scholars if there is a huge difference in both scholars’research careers.Design/methodology/approach:We have proposed the cumulative index calculation method to appraise the scientific impact of scholars till that age and tested it with 89 scholars data.Findings:The proposed mechanism is implemented and tested on 89 scholars’publication data,providing a clear difference between the scientific impact of two scholars.This also helps in predicting future prominent scholars based on their research impact.Research limitations:This study adopts a simplistic approach by assigning equal credit to all authors,regardless of their individual contributions.Further,the potential impact of career breaks on research productivity is not taken into account.These assumptions may limit the generalizability of our findings Practical implications:The proposed method can be used by respected institutions to compare their scholars impact.Funding agencies can also use it for similar purposes.Originality/value:This research adds to the existing literature by introducing a novel methodology for comparing the scientific impact of scholars.The outcomes of this research have notable implications for the development of more precise and unbiased research assessment frameworks,enabling a more equitable evaluation of scholarly contributions.展开更多
This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and d...This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and differences in the selection of mathematical languages.It focuses on the issue of“selection of basic assumptions/axioms”for in-depth research.The paper analyzes the widespread problem of logical self-circulation in core theories across multiple fields of modern science,arguing that this problem is also an important reason for theoretical stagnation and the inability to explain phenomena in depth,and may lead to consequences in practical applications.In response,the paper reflects on the limitations of revolutionary methods and proposes a generalization method as a solution.The core of this method is to inherit the reasonable parts of Newtonian mechanics,reconstruct the physical theory of complex systems based on the latest cognition,adhere to clear concepts,logical self-consistency,and unrefuted axioms,and select axioms based on the criterion of supporting the sustainable development of human society.Finally,it points out that future research can be conducted in three directions:interdisciplinary research,new perspectives in the philosophy of science,and optimization of the logical structure of theories,so as to promote the improvement and development of scientific theories.展开更多
With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are charac...With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity,calling for robust and systematic data management skills.This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape,highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards,semantic misalignment,and limited awareness of compliance.These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers.In response,this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive,lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness.Furthermore,it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages—undergraduate,graduate,and professional,offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.展开更多
As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advan...As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advancement of educational reform,the role of scientific research in higher vocational colleges has become increasingly prominent.This paper started from the necessity of conducting scientific research in higher vocational colleges,providing an in-depth analysis of its importance in improving teaching quality,promoting teachers’professional development,driving social services,and enhancing the college’s core competitiveness.At the same time,addressing the existing problems in current scientific research work at higher vocational colleges,this paper proposed innovative pathways focusing on the scientific research management system,scientific research team construction,scientific research funding investment,and scientific research outcome transformation.The aim is to provide valuable references for the scientific research development of higher vocational colleges.展开更多
Based on the core principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech on July 9^(th),this article explores the relationship between Party-building and scientific innovation/technology services in researc...Based on the core principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech on July 9^(th),this article explores the relationship between Party-building and scientific innovation/technology services in research institutions.Combining practical cases from Changli Institute of Pomology under Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,it proposes practical implementations and reflections on how Party-building brands can drive scientific innovation and technology services.The study demonstrates that Party-building brand development can effectively promote deep integration between Party-building and professional work,providing strong political assurance and organizational support for agricultural scientific innovation and technology services.展开更多
Knowledge graphs convey precise semantic information that can be effectively interpreted by neural networks,and generating descriptive text based on these graphs places significant emphasis on content consistency.Howe...Knowledge graphs convey precise semantic information that can be effectively interpreted by neural networks,and generating descriptive text based on these graphs places significant emphasis on content consistency.However,knowledge graphs are inadequate for providing additional linguistic features such as paragraph structure and expressive modes,making it challenging to ensure content coherence in generating text that spans multiple sentences.This lack of coherence can further compromise the overall consistency of the content within a paragraph.In this work,we present the generation of scientific abstracts by leveraging knowledge graphs,with a focus on enhancing both content consistency and coherence.In particular,we construct the ACL Abstract Graph Dataset(ACL-AGD)which pairs knowledge graphs with text,incorporating sentence labels to guide text structure and diverse expressions.We then implement a Siamese network to complement and concretize the entities and relations based on paragraph structure by accomplishing two tasks:graph-to-text generation and entity alignment.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the logical paragraphs generated by our method exhibit entities with a uniform position distribution and appropriate frequency.In terms of content,our method accurately represents the information encoded in the knowledge graph,prevents the generation of irrelevant content,and achieves coherent and non-redundant adjacent sentences,even with a shared knowledge graph.展开更多
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,China has entered the era of artificial intelligence.It not only promotes social development and progress but also faces a series of ethical risks.In re...With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,China has entered the era of artificial intelligence.It not only promotes social development and progress but also faces a series of ethical risks.In response,this article starts from ethical risks,first expounds on the ethical turn in the development of artificial intelligence technology,then clarifies the core challenges of scientific and technological ethics governance in the era of artificial intelligence,and finally,proposes a theoretical framework and practical path for scientific and technological ethics governance,hoping to provide some reference for relevant personnel to better cope with scientific and technological ethics risks in the era of artificial intelligence.展开更多
In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Associa...In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized multidisciplinary symposia on TCM-dominant diseases with the aim of advancing research on clinically dominant diseases in TCM,supporting specialty development,cultivating clinical talent,developing strategic plans for national science,and fostering academic innovation.The 42nd Academic Salon on Clinically Dominant Diseases,which was convened in Shanghai on 24 November 2024,brought together TCM experts,Western medicine experts,and interdisciplinary researchers for in-depth discussions on the current status,strengths,and limitations of and strategies to improve the integrated diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell mastitis(PCM).While consensus had been reached on recommendations for TCM and integrated approaches,detailed research pathways remain to be developed.In this work,we systematically examine the pathogenesis of and clinical management challenges related to PCM.Building on the therapeutic strengths of TCM,we propose 5 prioritized research domains with corresponding scientific planning:(1)Early identification and intervention strategies for PCM;(2)Optimization of TCM syndrome differentiation systems for PCM;(3)Standardization of efficient evaluation metrics for PCM therapies;(4)Mechanistic studies on the pathogenesis of PCM and TCM therapeutic targets;(5)Prevention protocols and complication management frameworks for PCM.We further delineate recommended research directions,anticipated outcomes,value propositions,and funding priorities.The aim of this research model,which was derived from the PCM-focused academic salon series,is to advance the development of high-quality TCM practices by informing national scientific planning,innovative drug development,research priorities,and the formulation of clinical guidelines.展开更多
This paper examines the complex trajectory of Chinese medicine’s scientification(科学化)during the late Qing and Republican periods(1850–1949),analyzing how traditional medical knowledge adapted to and negotiated wi...This paper examines the complex trajectory of Chinese medicine’s scientification(科学化)during the late Qing and Republican periods(1850–1949),analyzing how traditional medical knowledge adapted to and negotiated with Western scientific paradigms.Through examination of institutional responses,knowledge transfer networks,and evolving research methodologies,this work demonstrates that the development of scientific Chinese medicine represented a sophisticated process of cultural adaptation rather than simple Westernization.The research identifies three distinct phases—early debates and responses,Japanese influence and knowledge transfers,and research methodologies and institutional development.The 1929 controversy over Yu Yunxiu’s(余云岫)proposal to abolish traditional medicine marked a crucial turning point,catalyzing systematic modernization efforts within the traditional medical community.Japanese influence proved particularly significant through the development of scientific Kampo medicine and the establishment of research networks at institutions.Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of scientific fields and Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory,the analysis reveals how different actors negotiated the transformation of traditional medical knowledge within changing social and political contexts.The study demonstrates that Japanese approaches to medical modernization,particularly in pharmacognosy research,provided an alternative model to Western biochemical analysis,emphasizing the preservation of traditional compound formulations while adopting modern scientific methods of converting Chinese medicine to modern.This study contributes to our understanding of medical modernization in East Asia by revealing the sophisticated ways in which traditional knowledge systems adapted to modern scientific requirements while maintaining their essential characteristics.展开更多
In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-dis...In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.展开更多
Against the backdrop of the modern-era conflict between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine,during which Western medicine gradually gained administrative authority over public health,Chinese medicine...Against the backdrop of the modern-era conflict between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine,during which Western medicine gradually gained administrative authority over public health,Chinese medicine faced an existential crisis.Due to Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage)being characterized by its emphasis on clinical efficacy rather than metaphysical speculation,and under the influence of Japanese Kampo medicine,which highly valued the study of Shang Han Lun and promoted Chinese-Western integration,Shang Han Lun Theory emerged as a primary breakthrough point for the scientification of TCM.Modern-era scholars of Shang Han Lun Theory developed innovative interpretations of the six meridians from multiple perspectives,including reinterpretation based on syndromic patterns,organ structures and physiopathological mechanisms,the Stage-based Model,and pathological location and nature.They also incorporated new scientific knowledge such as bacteriology,physiology,pathology,and pharmacology to reinterpret the etiology,medicinals,and formulas within the Shang Han Lun.Moreover,these scholars pioneered the clinical co-application of Western pharmaceuticals with Shang Han Lun–based formulas,introduced Western diagnostic instruments into TCM clinical practice,and explored institutional models of the Integration of TCM and Western Medicine.These innovations and transformations led to the formation of a new research paradigm within Shang Han Lun Theory,which not only countered the criticisms from Western medicine,thereby preserving the academic and clinical space for TCM,but also initiated a new educational model for Shang Han Lun studies.More importantly,it laid a crucial theoretical and practical foundation for the post-1949 development of the Integration of TCM and Western Medicine,marking a significant milestone in the modern history of Chinese medicine.展开更多
China’s Chang’E-4 probe successfully landed on 3 January 2019 in Von Kármán crater within the South Pole-Aitken(SPA)basin on the lunar far side.Based on the data acquired by the scientific payloads onboard...China’s Chang’E-4 probe successfully landed on 3 January 2019 in Von Kármán crater within the South Pole-Aitken(SPA)basin on the lunar far side.Based on the data acquired by the scientific payloads onboard the lander and the rover,the researchers obtained the related information such as the geologic and tectonic setting of the landing area,compositional characteristics of the landing surface materials,dielectric permittivity and density of the lunar soil.The experiments confirmed the existence of materials dominated by olivine and low-calcium pyroxene in the SPA basin on the lunar far side,which preliminary revealed the geological evolution history of the SPA basin and even that of the early time lunar crust,as well as the tectonic setting and formation mechanism of the materials in the lunar interior.The researchers also investigated the particle radiation,Linear Energy Transaction(LET)spectrum,and so forth on the lunar surface.The low-frequency radio observations were carried out on the lunar far side for the first time as well.This article summarizes the latest scientific results in the past years,focusing on the Chang’E-4 mission.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from the perspective of scientific imperialism.It analyzes the founders’motivations and their affiliation with the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland(RAS),framing NCBRAS as a product of scientific imperialism.Unlike previous sinology-centric research,this study explores the benefits derived from scientific institutions,Orientalist traditions,and Europe’s overseas expansion.Despite the opportunity provided by all the merits,the NCBRAS also faced challenges due to Chinese and foreign hostilities,financial inadequacies,and cultural differences.This dual situation played a pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of the NCBRAS.This inquiry into the context and drawbacks contributes to a deeper understanding of NCBRAS and offers new perspectives on natural history research in 1850s China.
基金supported by the ONR Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship(Grant No.N00014-22-1-2795).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.
文摘1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its Claude family of LLMs.Claude 4.0 is designed to introduce substantial improvements in reasoning,coding,and mathematical capabilities.
文摘This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear industry.Sino-British scientific interactions took place across multiple dimensions,involving various institutions and individuals.Around 1949,UK-trained Chinese nuclear scientists returned to China,bringing advanced technological knowledge and extensive practical experience.The PRC regarded the UK as a crucial gateway to overcoming the technological blockade imposed by the United States(and later the Soviet Union)and sought to establish scientific relations with the UK through semi-official and unofficial channels.Specifically,these connections manifested in the interactions between the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the Royal Society of London,the guiding role of the Chinese Charge d'Affaires Office in London in facilitating scientific and technological exchanges,and the technology investigations led by the Ministry of Foreign Trade in the name of trade.Additionally,the Sino-British scientific network extended to the international arena,allowing China to engage in nuclear-related global organizations and events.This study highlights the significant British influence on the early development of China's nuclear industry,revealing the extent of its British influence.It argues that China's urgent need for nuclear science and industrial advancement was a key driver of its scientific engagement withthe UK.
基金funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for project PID2023-149340OB-I00, “Ciencia abierta y ciencia ciudadana para una sociedad más sostenible e inclusiva: aportaciones del Sistema Universitario Espanol”
文摘Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.
文摘The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong China.The first Director of the Peking University Eye Center,China.
基金supported by the Project of Innovation team of General Institutes of Higher Education in Guangdong Province(2024KCXTD078)the Project of Integration of resource monitoring,epidemic diseases monitoring and rescue capability of wildlife in 2023(ZT202304111)the Special Project of the Lushan Botanical Garden(No.2024ZWZX06).
文摘Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within China’s folk practices and ethnic minority groups–remains unrecorded and unverified scientifically.Such knowledge,primarily preserved through oral instruction,is now at risk of disappearing due to its fragmented and regionalized nature.This paper underscores the importance of documenting and scientifically validating these medicinal animals as valuable resources.We advocate for a comprehensive,systematic approach to recording,screening,and verifying the pharmacological mechanisms of medicinal animals.It can contribute to the modernization and globalization of traditional Chinese medicine.In the future,interdisciplinary and international collaborations are essential to advance the systematic documentation and scientific management of medicinal animal knowledge,to ensure its preservation and application in global healthcare,sustainable health practices,and biodiversity conservation efforts.
文摘The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Scientific City Forest. The general objective is to contribute to the knowledge of the trapping, mowing and sight hunting;the three types of traps used are: Barber pots, colored plates and aerial traps. This study made it possible to invent 1523 specimens belonging to 106 species, 99 genera, 59 families and 12 orders. The order Diptera is the most abundant and richest in species (47% and 26%). This order is followed by Hymenoptera (23% and 23%). Formicidae (14%) and Calliphoridae (13%) are the most abundant families. The Formicidae family presents the greatest species richness (7%), Calliphora sp and Polyrhachis cyaniventris present the highest specific relative abundance of the entire collection. These preliminary results of the entomofauna of Scientific City constitute a database. However, this study must be continued and extended to other areas of Brazzaville, using other capture techniques and taking into account the seasons.
文摘Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have different research careers?It is very obvious,the scholars may gain a high impact if they have more research experience or have spent more time(in terms of research career in a year).Then we cannot compare two scholars who have different research careers.Many bibliometrics indicators address the time-span of scholars.In this series,the h-index sequence and EM/EM’-index sequence have been introduced for assessment and comparison of the scientific impact of scholars.The h-index sequence,EM-index sequence,and EM’-index sequence consider the yearly impact of scholars,and comparison is done by the index value along with their component value.The time-series indicators fail to give a comparative analysis between senior and junior scholars if there is a huge difference in both scholars’research careers.Design/methodology/approach:We have proposed the cumulative index calculation method to appraise the scientific impact of scholars till that age and tested it with 89 scholars data.Findings:The proposed mechanism is implemented and tested on 89 scholars’publication data,providing a clear difference between the scientific impact of two scholars.This also helps in predicting future prominent scholars based on their research impact.Research limitations:This study adopts a simplistic approach by assigning equal credit to all authors,regardless of their individual contributions.Further,the potential impact of career breaks on research productivity is not taken into account.These assumptions may limit the generalizability of our findings Practical implications:The proposed method can be used by respected institutions to compare their scholars impact.Funding agencies can also use it for similar purposes.Originality/value:This research adds to the existing literature by introducing a novel methodology for comparing the scientific impact of scholars.The outcomes of this research have notable implications for the development of more precise and unbiased research assessment frameworks,enabling a more equitable evaluation of scholarly contributions.
基金supported by the start-up funding from Westlake University under Grant Number 041030150118.
文摘This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and differences in the selection of mathematical languages.It focuses on the issue of“selection of basic assumptions/axioms”for in-depth research.The paper analyzes the widespread problem of logical self-circulation in core theories across multiple fields of modern science,arguing that this problem is also an important reason for theoretical stagnation and the inability to explain phenomena in depth,and may lead to consequences in practical applications.In response,the paper reflects on the limitations of revolutionary methods and proposes a generalization method as a solution.The core of this method is to inherit the reasonable parts of Newtonian mechanics,reconstruct the physical theory of complex systems based on the latest cognition,adhere to clear concepts,logical self-consistency,and unrefuted axioms,and select axioms based on the criterion of supporting the sustainable development of human society.Finally,it points out that future research can be conducted in three directions:interdisciplinary research,new perspectives in the philosophy of science,and optimization of the logical structure of theories,so as to promote the improvement and development of scientific theories.
文摘With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity,calling for robust and systematic data management skills.This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape,highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards,semantic misalignment,and limited awareness of compliance.These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers.In response,this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive,lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness.Furthermore,it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages—undergraduate,graduate,and professional,offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.
文摘As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advancement of educational reform,the role of scientific research in higher vocational colleges has become increasingly prominent.This paper started from the necessity of conducting scientific research in higher vocational colleges,providing an in-depth analysis of its importance in improving teaching quality,promoting teachers’professional development,driving social services,and enhancing the college’s core competitiveness.At the same time,addressing the existing problems in current scientific research work at higher vocational colleges,this paper proposed innovative pathways focusing on the scientific research management system,scientific research team construction,scientific research funding investment,and scientific research outcome transformation.The aim is to provide valuable references for the scientific research development of higher vocational colleges.
文摘Based on the core principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech on July 9^(th),this article explores the relationship between Party-building and scientific innovation/technology services in research institutions.Combining practical cases from Changli Institute of Pomology under Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,it proposes practical implementations and reflections on how Party-building brands can drive scientific innovation and technology services.The study demonstrates that Party-building brand development can effectively promote deep integration between Party-building and professional work,providing strong political assurance and organizational support for agricultural scientific innovation and technology services.
文摘Knowledge graphs convey precise semantic information that can be effectively interpreted by neural networks,and generating descriptive text based on these graphs places significant emphasis on content consistency.However,knowledge graphs are inadequate for providing additional linguistic features such as paragraph structure and expressive modes,making it challenging to ensure content coherence in generating text that spans multiple sentences.This lack of coherence can further compromise the overall consistency of the content within a paragraph.In this work,we present the generation of scientific abstracts by leveraging knowledge graphs,with a focus on enhancing both content consistency and coherence.In particular,we construct the ACL Abstract Graph Dataset(ACL-AGD)which pairs knowledge graphs with text,incorporating sentence labels to guide text structure and diverse expressions.We then implement a Siamese network to complement and concretize the entities and relations based on paragraph structure by accomplishing two tasks:graph-to-text generation and entity alignment.Extensive experiments demonstrate that the logical paragraphs generated by our method exhibit entities with a uniform position distribution and appropriate frequency.In terms of content,our method accurately represents the information encoded in the knowledge graph,prevents the generation of irrelevant content,and achieves coherent and non-redundant adjacent sentences,even with a shared knowledge graph.
文摘With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology,China has entered the era of artificial intelligence.It not only promotes social development and progress but also faces a series of ethical risks.In response,this article starts from ethical risks,first expounds on the ethical turn in the development of artificial intelligence technology,then clarifies the core challenges of scientific and technological ethics governance in the era of artificial intelligence,and finally,proposes a theoretical framework and practical path for scientific and technological ethics governance,hoping to provide some reference for relevant personnel to better cope with scientific and technological ethics risks in the era of artificial intelligence.
基金supported by the 2024 Youth Academic Salon Project on Clinically Dominant Diseases by the Chinese Society of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2024-QNXSSL-06)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82104854)+2 种基金the Shanghai“Rising Stars of Medical Talents”Youth Development Program that Youth Medical Talents Specialist Program(2023-33)the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center’s Second Three-Year Action Plan for Promoting Clinical Skills and Innovation in Municipal Hospitals(2020–2022)that Major Clinical Research Project(No.SHDC2020CR2051B)the Major Difficult and Complicated Diseases Collaborative Project of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine:Plasma Cell Mastitis(No.19).
文摘In accordance with the Guiding Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Promoting the Inheritance and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM),the China Association of Chinese Medicine(CACM)organized multidisciplinary symposia on TCM-dominant diseases with the aim of advancing research on clinically dominant diseases in TCM,supporting specialty development,cultivating clinical talent,developing strategic plans for national science,and fostering academic innovation.The 42nd Academic Salon on Clinically Dominant Diseases,which was convened in Shanghai on 24 November 2024,brought together TCM experts,Western medicine experts,and interdisciplinary researchers for in-depth discussions on the current status,strengths,and limitations of and strategies to improve the integrated diagnosis and treatment of plasma cell mastitis(PCM).While consensus had been reached on recommendations for TCM and integrated approaches,detailed research pathways remain to be developed.In this work,we systematically examine the pathogenesis of and clinical management challenges related to PCM.Building on the therapeutic strengths of TCM,we propose 5 prioritized research domains with corresponding scientific planning:(1)Early identification and intervention strategies for PCM;(2)Optimization of TCM syndrome differentiation systems for PCM;(3)Standardization of efficient evaluation metrics for PCM therapies;(4)Mechanistic studies on the pathogenesis of PCM and TCM therapeutic targets;(5)Prevention protocols and complication management frameworks for PCM.We further delineate recommended research directions,anticipated outcomes,value propositions,and funding priorities.The aim of this research model,which was derived from the PCM-focused academic salon series,is to advance the development of high-quality TCM practices by informing national scientific planning,innovative drug development,research priorities,and the formulation of clinical guidelines.
文摘This paper examines the complex trajectory of Chinese medicine’s scientification(科学化)during the late Qing and Republican periods(1850–1949),analyzing how traditional medical knowledge adapted to and negotiated with Western scientific paradigms.Through examination of institutional responses,knowledge transfer networks,and evolving research methodologies,this work demonstrates that the development of scientific Chinese medicine represented a sophisticated process of cultural adaptation rather than simple Westernization.The research identifies three distinct phases—early debates and responses,Japanese influence and knowledge transfers,and research methodologies and institutional development.The 1929 controversy over Yu Yunxiu’s(余云岫)proposal to abolish traditional medicine marked a crucial turning point,catalyzing systematic modernization efforts within the traditional medical community.Japanese influence proved particularly significant through the development of scientific Kampo medicine and the establishment of research networks at institutions.Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of scientific fields and Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory,the analysis reveals how different actors negotiated the transformation of traditional medical knowledge within changing social and political contexts.The study demonstrates that Japanese approaches to medical modernization,particularly in pharmacognosy research,provided an alternative model to Western biochemical analysis,emphasizing the preservation of traditional compound formulations while adopting modern scientific methods of converting Chinese medicine to modern.This study contributes to our understanding of medical modernization in East Asia by revealing the sophisticated ways in which traditional knowledge systems adapted to modern scientific requirements while maintaining their essential characteristics.
文摘In the post-college era,university research organizations are facing unprecedented changes in their structure and operational models.In terms of organizational form,these institutions are transitioning from single-disciplinebased models to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary collaboration models.This shift reflects the growing need to address complex,real-world problems that require expertise from multiple fields.From a management perspective,interdisciplinary research organizations face unique challenges.They must coordinate researchers from diverse disciplinary backgrounds,navigate potential conflicts between traditional departments and interdisciplinary units,and address differences in goals and organizational culture among members.These complexities make management more intricate and demanding.Simultaneously,the focus of university research organizations has become increasingly interest-driven,with research objectives,content,and participants reflecting specific areas of interest or societal demand.To adapt to these evolving trends,university research organizations must adopt flexible models tailored to their unique development needs.This approach will ensure the efficient execution of research activities and facilitate the effective transformation of research outcomes into practical applications.
基金financed by the grant from the major project of the second batch of approved topics under the Zhejiang Cultural Research Project in 2023(No.23WH27ZD).
文摘Against the backdrop of the modern-era conflict between traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and Western medicine,during which Western medicine gradually gained administrative authority over public health,Chinese medicine faced an existential crisis.Due to Shang Han Lun(《伤寒论》Treatise on Cold Damage)being characterized by its emphasis on clinical efficacy rather than metaphysical speculation,and under the influence of Japanese Kampo medicine,which highly valued the study of Shang Han Lun and promoted Chinese-Western integration,Shang Han Lun Theory emerged as a primary breakthrough point for the scientification of TCM.Modern-era scholars of Shang Han Lun Theory developed innovative interpretations of the six meridians from multiple perspectives,including reinterpretation based on syndromic patterns,organ structures and physiopathological mechanisms,the Stage-based Model,and pathological location and nature.They also incorporated new scientific knowledge such as bacteriology,physiology,pathology,and pharmacology to reinterpret the etiology,medicinals,and formulas within the Shang Han Lun.Moreover,these scholars pioneered the clinical co-application of Western pharmaceuticals with Shang Han Lun–based formulas,introduced Western diagnostic instruments into TCM clinical practice,and explored institutional models of the Integration of TCM and Western Medicine.These innovations and transformations led to the formation of a new research paradigm within Shang Han Lun Theory,which not only countered the criticisms from Western medicine,thereby preserving the academic and clinical space for TCM,but also initiated a new educational model for Shang Han Lun studies.More importantly,it laid a crucial theoretical and practical foundation for the post-1949 development of the Integration of TCM and Western Medicine,marking a significant milestone in the modern history of Chinese medicine.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFE0202100)Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z181100002918003)。
文摘China’s Chang’E-4 probe successfully landed on 3 January 2019 in Von Kármán crater within the South Pole-Aitken(SPA)basin on the lunar far side.Based on the data acquired by the scientific payloads onboard the lander and the rover,the researchers obtained the related information such as the geologic and tectonic setting of the landing area,compositional characteristics of the landing surface materials,dielectric permittivity and density of the lunar soil.The experiments confirmed the existence of materials dominated by olivine and low-calcium pyroxene in the SPA basin on the lunar far side,which preliminary revealed the geological evolution history of the SPA basin and even that of the early time lunar crust,as well as the tectonic setting and formation mechanism of the materials in the lunar interior.The researchers also investigated the particle radiation,Linear Energy Transaction(LET)spectrum,and so forth on the lunar surface.The low-frequency radio observations were carried out on the lunar far side for the first time as well.This article summarizes the latest scientific results in the past years,focusing on the Chang’E-4 mission.
