Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication ...Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the original version of Kuhn＇s epoch-making book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （henceforth： SSR） should thus provide a thorough reflection on this thesis. However, this thesis is not easy to interpret. It is not only complex in itself but has also undergone a historical development--in Kuhn＇s own hands and in those of his interpreters. In this article, I sort out the different interpretations of it, in particular, in Part A. In Part B, I demonstrate their epistemological consequences. Under closer scrutiny, Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis contains several sub-theses Different senses of ＂incommensurability＂ thus need to be distinguished. However, the way in which those distinctions are drawn in Kuhn-scholarship differs. In paragraph I of Part A, I provide an overview of the reception of the incommensurability-thesis in Kuhn-scholarship. In Paragraph II, I trace its development in Kuhn＇s later writings： given its importance and contested nature, Kuhn later clarifies his original thesis. Those later clarifications＇ main function consists in domesticating the most radically relativistic aspects his original incommensurability-thesis had, at least, in the eyes of his interpreters. The upshot of Part A （Paragraphs I and II） is to provide a coherent interpretation of Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis. To that end, I distinguish in line with much of Kuhn-scholarship a semantic from a methodological sense of incommensurability. In part B, the question is raised： What sort of epistemological consequences follow from both senses of incommensurability？ In particular, what consequences follow for the issues of reference, subjectivity （objectivity）, pluralism, and realism？ The underlying question is to what extent Kuhnian incommensurability caters to a relativistic understanding of those issues. This question is answered in Paragraph Ill with the help of the analyses of a currently leading Kuhn-scholar, C. H. Sankey. His answers are taken as a vantage point for my concluding evaluation of the consequences of Kuhnian incommensurability in Paragraph IV.展开更多
Conducting complete energy audit (both process and utility) of a sponge iron unit is challenging as there is no laid down procedure to audit the process side. Further, the average heat to power ratio (kWth/kWe) of spo...Conducting complete energy audit (both process and utility) of a sponge iron unit is challenging as there is no laid down procedure to audit the process side. Further, the average heat to power ratio (kWth/kWe) of sponge iron plants ranges from (25:1) to (31:1). This shows that the manufacturing process mostly uses thermal energy and application of electrical energy is insignificant. The main & only source of thermal energy is coal and the entire coal is fed to the rotary kiln. Therefore we find that “Kiln” is the “Black-Box” of this industry and the success of energy efficiency is hidden in the kiln process chemistry. This article tries to establish detailed energy audit methodology of sponge iron manufacturing process or kiln operation with a view to finding out major energy saving potential of the unit. In the research work we find that it is the incomplete reaction of coal that causes the major energy inefficiency in the process. Substantial amount of un-reacted carbon comes out with the char (by-product) which has virtually zero commercial value. The article also puts a question mark on the justification of using high-grade imported coal in such energy inefficient industries.展开更多
Organ cross-talk,also known as the organ axis or organ interaction network,plays a vital role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli.This review comprehensively integrates cut...Organ cross-talk,also known as the organ axis or organ interaction network,plays a vital role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli.This review comprehensively integrates cutting-edge observations in organ communication research,with a particular focus on the brain,heart,and gut—the three core organs that garner the most attention in organ connection studies.The current state of organ interaction network research is clearly presented as a Sankey diagram.For brain-related connections,the interactions among the brain-gut,brain-liver,and brain-heart connections are thoroughly reviewed;for heart-related connections,the relationships among the heart-kidney,heart-lung,and heart-liver connections are explored in detail;and for gut-related connections,the interactions among the gut-liver,gut-kidney,and gut-lung connections are emphasized.Additional information on other prevalent organ connections is systematically organized in tables for intuitive presentation.Through the integration of profound insights into molecular mechanisms and biological functions,the complex signaling pathways regulating organ interactions in health and disease states have been systematically elucidated.In terms of therapeutic strategy development,numerous directions with potential application value are proposed on the basis of these research findings.Furthermore,this review meticulously discusses the diverse methods and advanced technologies employed in organ connection research,comprehensively highlighting the critical role of technological support in advancing this field.In the future,this review advocates the adoption of network-driven models,innovative diagnostic approaches,and personalized treatment strategies to offer new perspectives for addressing complex diseases from a systems biology standpoint.展开更多
This paper mainly studies big data-related position portrait construction based on recruitment data crawled from the 51job website.We first use text mining technique to classify job information and accurately obtain t...This paper mainly studies big data-related position portrait construction based on recruitment data crawled from the 51job website.We first use text mining technique to classify job information and accurately obtain the texts of two important aspects:work content and job requirements.We then apply the information extraction technique to extract labels describing different aspects of positions from structured and unstructured text data,and also adopt the Kano model to obtain more labels.Finally,we construct a multi-aspect and multi-dimensional position portrait through the sunburst chart.The position portrait constructed in this paper provides multi-dimensional analysis of the requirements of big data-related jobs and can help job seekers,enterprises,universities,and even third-party training institutions know the demand for talents and quickly determine the pertinence of a candidate's resume.展开更多
文摘Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis is crucial for consequences for the pursuit of epistemology. A interpreting his views on the development of science and their commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the publication of the original version of Kuhn＇s epoch-making book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions （henceforth： SSR） should thus provide a thorough reflection on this thesis. However, this thesis is not easy to interpret. It is not only complex in itself but has also undergone a historical development--in Kuhn＇s own hands and in those of his interpreters. In this article, I sort out the different interpretations of it, in particular, in Part A. In Part B, I demonstrate their epistemological consequences. Under closer scrutiny, Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis contains several sub-theses Different senses of ＂incommensurability＂ thus need to be distinguished. However, the way in which those distinctions are drawn in Kuhn-scholarship differs. In paragraph I of Part A, I provide an overview of the reception of the incommensurability-thesis in Kuhn-scholarship. In Paragraph II, I trace its development in Kuhn＇s later writings： given its importance and contested nature, Kuhn later clarifies his original thesis. Those later clarifications＇ main function consists in domesticating the most radically relativistic aspects his original incommensurability-thesis had, at least, in the eyes of his interpreters. The upshot of Part A （Paragraphs I and II） is to provide a coherent interpretation of Kuhn＇s incommensurability-thesis. To that end, I distinguish in line with much of Kuhn-scholarship a semantic from a methodological sense of incommensurability. In part B, the question is raised： What sort of epistemological consequences follow from both senses of incommensurability？ In particular, what consequences follow for the issues of reference, subjectivity （objectivity）, pluralism, and realism？ The underlying question is to what extent Kuhnian incommensurability caters to a relativistic understanding of those issues. This question is answered in Paragraph Ill with the help of the analyses of a currently leading Kuhn-scholar, C. H. Sankey. His answers are taken as a vantage point for my concluding evaluation of the consequences of Kuhnian incommensurability in Paragraph IV.
文摘Conducting complete energy audit (both process and utility) of a sponge iron unit is challenging as there is no laid down procedure to audit the process side. Further, the average heat to power ratio (kWth/kWe) of sponge iron plants ranges from (25:1) to (31:1). This shows that the manufacturing process mostly uses thermal energy and application of electrical energy is insignificant. The main & only source of thermal energy is coal and the entire coal is fed to the rotary kiln. Therefore we find that “Kiln” is the “Black-Box” of this industry and the success of energy efficiency is hidden in the kiln process chemistry. This article tries to establish detailed energy audit methodology of sponge iron manufacturing process or kiln operation with a view to finding out major energy saving potential of the unit. In the research work we find that it is the incomplete reaction of coal that causes the major energy inefficiency in the process. Substantial amount of un-reacted carbon comes out with the char (by-product) which has virtually zero commercial value. The article also puts a question mark on the justification of using high-grade imported coal in such energy inefficient industries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82394430,82361148130).
文摘Organ cross-talk,also known as the organ axis or organ interaction network,plays a vital role in maintaining physiological homeostasis and responding to environmental stimuli.This review comprehensively integrates cutting-edge observations in organ communication research,with a particular focus on the brain,heart,and gut—the three core organs that garner the most attention in organ connection studies.The current state of organ interaction network research is clearly presented as a Sankey diagram.For brain-related connections,the interactions among the brain-gut,brain-liver,and brain-heart connections are thoroughly reviewed;for heart-related connections,the relationships among the heart-kidney,heart-lung,and heart-liver connections are explored in detail;and for gut-related connections,the interactions among the gut-liver,gut-kidney,and gut-lung connections are emphasized.Additional information on other prevalent organ connections is systematically organized in tables for intuitive presentation.Through the integration of profound insights into molecular mechanisms and biological functions,the complex signaling pathways regulating organ interactions in health and disease states have been systematically elucidated.In terms of therapeutic strategy development,numerous directions with potential application value are proposed on the basis of these research findings.Furthermore,this review meticulously discusses the diverse methods and advanced technologies employed in organ connection research,comprehensively highlighting the critical role of technological support in advancing this field.In the future,this review advocates the adoption of network-driven models,innovative diagnostic approaches,and personalized treatment strategies to offer new perspectives for addressing complex diseases from a systems biology standpoint.
文摘This paper mainly studies big data-related position portrait construction based on recruitment data crawled from the 51job website.We first use text mining technique to classify job information and accurately obtain the texts of two important aspects:work content and job requirements.We then apply the information extraction technique to extract labels describing different aspects of positions from structured and unstructured text data,and also adopt the Kano model to obtain more labels.Finally,we construct a multi-aspect and multi-dimensional position portrait through the sunburst chart.The position portrait constructed in this paper provides multi-dimensional analysis of the requirements of big data-related jobs and can help job seekers,enterprises,universities,and even third-party training institutions know the demand for talents and quickly determine the pertinence of a candidate's resume.
