China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjus...China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjust or unlawful.Yet,despite these constraints,Zimbabwe remains a nation rich in natural resources and endowed with a highly educated population,with its youth standing out as a particularly dynamic force.展开更多
Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to wea...Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.展开更多
Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigat...Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.展开更多
The hypergame analysis mainly processes the conflict in which one or more of the players are notfully aware of the nature of the conflict situation. it is a kind of qualitative technology which describes thedecieve an...The hypergame analysis mainly processes the conflict in which one or more of the players are notfully aware of the nature of the conflict situation. it is a kind of qualitative technology which describes thedecieve and anti-decieve strategies.The defect of hypergame analysis appears in that the decision goalcombines with the course of the decision analysis. This paper puts forward the concept 'sanctioned rampart', which reflects the dynamics course of players' decision analysis based on decision goal. At the end.the extended hypergame is used to analyse the whole course of 'Gulf Crisis'.展开更多
In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the ...In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the water resources in the world, bringing about serious problems for humans and other living organisms. According to the human life on earth depends on the way different water resources are exploited, the most important way to preserve the quality of water resources is to codify appropriate regulations and standards and develop plans for proper and principled implementation of them. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to take required actions to manage water resources optimally. In this regard, one of the most significant legal tools is the law. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research aims to consider legal challenges in the context of water contamination briefly. Investigations indicate that, given the limitations in water resources, in future, water contamination will raise serious problems for the country should the solutions and measures required for tackling this issue are not well incorporated into respective regulations. As such, in order to systemize the activities within this scope, it is necessary to codify a comprehensive act about different water-related topics, so as to cover all separate and sparse pieces of regulations on water. Further, acquiring help from experts when preparing the regulations with an emphasis on the inhibitory role of penalties, roles of NGOs and culture-making in the society will contribute to the successful legal protection of the quality of water resources.展开更多
After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism ...After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism and institution of import strategy,accelerated the revision of industry plans,implemented a series of supporting measures,further promoted the implementation of import substitution strategy,and placed greater emphasis on technical sovereignty,safety-related industries,and non-market means.However,Russia’s import substitution strategy is still constrained by multiple factors,such as limited path choice,weak foundations of industry and technology,and the urgent need to rebuild the production chain and supply chain.However,it should be noted that Russia’s import substitution does not imply allround substitution and comprehensive self-closure,nor will it be a shortterm strategy.Simultaneously,parallel import will become an expedient measure for Russia to replace import substitution in the future,while strengthening cooperation with non-Western countries,particularly Asia-Pacific countries represented by China,is the general trend,so Sino-Russian pragmatic cooperation will bring along new economic growth opportunities.展开更多
A new system of protection,regulation,and improvement of environment has been introduced in Serbia since 2004,on the basis of numerous fatified universal and regional international documents.Preventive measures having...A new system of protection,regulation,and improvement of environment has been introduced in Serbia since 2004,on the basis of numerous fatified universal and regional international documents.Preventive measures having the aim to prevent the possibility of jeopardizing,endangering,or pollution of the environment as a whole or some of its segments like air,water,soil,flora,and fauna have a special importance in the system of ecological protection of biodiversity.However,in case when such preventive measures are not sufficient or efficient,ecological values are protected from different forms of violation and jeopardizing by prescribing ecological delicts like:criminal offences,economic felonies and offences.These delicts having wide range of measures,sanctions,and actions lead by competent courts(general,economic,or misdemeanor)for natural and legal persons,i.e.enterpreneurs,should provide efficient,quality,and legal ecological security,that is its protection from economic offences and that is what this paper is about.展开更多
Since Donald Trump has come into office as president of the United States, the US foreign policy toward Iran has undergone major changes, which has been prominently manifested in such actions as endorsing hardline adv...Since Donald Trump has come into office as president of the United States, the US foreign policy toward Iran has undergone major changes, which has been prominently manifested in such actions as endorsing hardline advocates who are against Iran to important political offices, withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPOA), and imposing high economic, political and military pressure on Iran. The introduction of such policies toward Iran by the Trump administration has not only been brought about by Trump himself, but also influenced by the domestic political environment of the United States.Moreover, it is also closely related to the current changes in the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East. The Iran policy of the Trump administration will likely have multiple impacts, such as giving rise to political instability within Iran, worsening regional security, impacting the international non-proliferation regime, widening the disparity between the US and Europe, and even increasing the possibility of a military conflict breaking out between the US and Iran.展开更多
The use of economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool dates back to the Megarian decree of 432 BC,but has long been controversial.Economic sanctions are commonly employed by governments as a coercive tool to adjust t...The use of economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool dates back to the Megarian decree of 432 BC,but has long been controversial.Economic sanctions are commonly employed by governments as a coercive tool to adjust the behavior of a state actor that is in violation of international behavior norms,yet there remains concern as to the effectiveness of applying economic sanctions and the extent to which sanctions should be applied.Further questions arise regarding both the viability and morality of sanctions.This paper will examine case studies to determine the moral,economic,and political impact of imposing sanctions on state actors.In doing so,this paper will specifically examine the economic sanctions applied to South Africa,Iran,and Crimea.It will examine the application of sanctions and the effectiveness in achieving established foreign policy goals,while also analyzing the impact on innocents to determine the ethical implications of sanctions.展开更多
In 2022,the United States stepped up its sanctions on Russia.Most notably,it restricted the flow of the Russian Central Bank's foreign exchange(forex)assets,using financial administrative power as a source of stra...In 2022,the United States stepped up its sanctions on Russia.Most notably,it restricted the flow of the Russian Central Bank's foreign exchange(forex)assets,using financial administrative power as a source of strategic leverage.This move should have reduced the appeal of US dollar assets but in reality has not accelerated as expected the decline of the greenback as a store of value.The US dollar's share of global forex reserves increased instead of decreased during 2022 and 2023.Despite the rise of economic costs caused by tightened US financial sanctions,countries that recognize the geopolitical role of the United States have further accepted the dollar's international status;their continued willingness to live with the dollar's“security premium”has given a fillip to the US dollar in the short term,boosting its appeal as a reserve currency.Meanwhile,de-dollarization of forex reserves has yet to reach a sufficient scale,thus falling short of significantly challenging the dollar's reign.From a longer-term perspective,as economic and security conditions shift,countries that accept the dollar's international role or seek de-dollarization may change their choices.As a result,four possible scenarios may arise:(i)the preeminence of the US dollar remains unthreatened;(ii)the international monetary system splits into blocs;(iii)the international monetary system fragments;and(iv)the dollar loses its throne.The author believes that the last scenario is the most likely outcome.展开更多
The 2nd U.S.-North Korea Summit between U.S.President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un was held in Hanoi,Vietnam on February 27 and 28,2019.However,no agreement was made despite high expectations befor...The 2nd U.S.-North Korea Summit between U.S.President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un was held in Hanoi,Vietnam on February 27 and 28,2019.However,no agreement was made despite high expectations before the summit.The author of this paper,who was involved in the press conference following the summit as an interpreter for a Japanese TV program in Tokyo,recognized that Trump,who often criticizes some media outlets,calling them“fake news”,handled the press respectfully.To answer the question why there is a gap between his attitudes toward various media outlets,this paper examines the interactions between the president and all 21 reporters who were allowed to ask him questions during the Hanoi press conference,focusing on their questions,the organizations they belonged to,and some personal details.President Trump’s extremely well-calculated media strategy is then revealed.展开更多
The EU has always played an important role in solving Iran nuclear issue, and has different policies in different periods of the issue. During the initial period, the EU proposed that the issue be solved in the framew...The EU has always played an important role in solving Iran nuclear issue, and has different policies in different periods of the issue. During the initial period, the EU proposed that the issue be solved in the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）, with EU itself playing the role of an active mediator between the US and Iran. When the mediation failed, the EU strongly advocated referring the Iran nuclear issue to the United Nations Security Council （UNSC） for discussion, and due to Iran＇s refusing the demands and promoting its nuclear capability continually, actively pushed forward sanctions against Iran by the UNSC, and began to launch its unilateral sanctions in 2010. Later on, EU sanctions became increasingly severe and reached their highest level in severity in 2012. EU＇s unilateral economic sanctions were one of the main factors that helped to bring about the interim deal on Iran nuclear issue reached on November 24, 2013. EU had seriously practiced the interim Iran nuclear deal and for several times frozen its sanction against Iran, which created good conditions for the comprehensive Iran nuclear deal reached in July 14, 2015. The goals of the EU＇s policy toward Iran nuclear issue changed constantly, which was mainly shown by changes in EU＇s perception of Iran＇s nuclear rights. EU＇s policy on Iran nuclear issue has had some impact on China which on the whole is mainly reflected by the fact that the policy of the EU aggravates the discords overt or covert between EU and China over international norms.展开更多
We examine two strategies for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction （WMD）： ＂sanctions＂ and ＂monitoring and inspections＂. Our main conclusions are summarized as follows. Firstly, there is a substit...We examine two strategies for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction （WMD）： ＂sanctions＂ and ＂monitoring and inspections＂. Our main conclusions are summarized as follows. Firstly, there is a substitutive relationship between sanctions and monitoring and inspections. We posit that the proliferation of WMD may be prevented through intensified sanctions or increased monitoring and inspections. Secondly, monitoring activities may be decreased through the increased effectiveness of sanctions aimed at preventing proliferation. Thirdly, if the increased development costs of WMD can decrease the need for inspection activities sufficiently, the extent of monitoring activities could also reduce.展开更多
Financial support from National Science Foundation for Distinguished Youth （Grant No.70925006）, National Natural Sciences Fund Program （Grant No.71103059）, Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Program of the Minis...Financial support from National Science Foundation for Distinguished Youth （Grant No.70925006）, National Natural Sciences Fund Program （Grant No.71103059）, Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Program of the Ministry of Education （Grant No. 10YJC7902930）, is gratefully acknowledged. Authors highly appreciate the comments of anonymous reviewers and take sole responsibility for this paper.展开更多
Since the Crimean crisis, the US has continuously tightened financial sanctions on Russia. In the short term, this doesn't appear to be working very effectively, but in the long run, it has indeed had an irreversi...Since the Crimean crisis, the US has continuously tightened financial sanctions on Russia. In the short term, this doesn't appear to be working very effectively, but in the long run, it has indeed had an irreversible impact on the Russian economy. Though the US has repeatedly upgraded its sanction plans, four puzzles have long remained unsolved: appropriate sanctions have avoided a humanitarian crisis, but raised moral dilemmas; actual enforcement of sanctions is getting more and more difficult; EU cooperation with the US is vital, but the two regions more often than not play different tunes; and the frequent use of sanctions weakens US legitimacy and integrity, leading to a degradation of the sanction mechanism. Sanctions have continued to be implemented since President Trump took office, but with some new adjustments.展开更多
Apart from enabling its individuals to cope with external reality, to varying extents a culture may also disable them for identity purposes, i.e., to make them fit into specific roles defining that culture＇s self-rep...Apart from enabling its individuals to cope with external reality, to varying extents a culture may also disable them for identity purposes, i.e., to make them fit into specific roles defining that culture＇s self-representation and hence adequate to reality as perceived by it. Rendering explicit the underlying assumptions of this process through a phenomenological analysis constitutes a necessary step toward a version of education extended beyond schools, and as such meant to deepen the self-understanding of the society in case as a whole. A local cultural sanction can be regarded as symptom of a problematic normalization within the wider, global context--at least as a form of moral apathy if not quite what psychiatrists call ＂la belle indifference＂. Within the international context of education, passive resistance through inculcated shyness acquires a peculiar status closely analyzed here. To remain non-judgmental would mean to make concessions to such resistances, to ascribe to taboo--ultimately, to institute a detrimental cult of the them a sacrosanct status and to protect them by means of a unnamable and unspeakable in the cross-cultural dialogue.展开更多
In this paper, we analyze direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on I. R. Iran’s economic growth from 1979 to 2012 focusing on the external sector of the economy. Our data for variables except for sanction...In this paper, we analyze direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on I. R. Iran’s economic growth from 1979 to 2012 focusing on the external sector of the economy. Our data for variables except for sanction are derived from 1966 to 2012 and a dummy variable is used for each sanction’s beginning years. The designed model is based on the endogenous growth models in which we analyze the effects by 2SLS econometric method. Our findings indicate that economic sanctions have not directly affected Iran’s economic growth so much. These effects have been indirect through restricting total imports, capital goods imports, imports of intermediate goods and primary products and also the export leading to decreased economic growth of the country.展开更多
文摘China-Zimbabwe collaboration is creating new opportunities for innovation and development of youth Zimbabwe’s development has long faced obstacles linked to Western economic sanctions,measures that many view as unjust or unlawful.Yet,despite these constraints,Zimbabwe remains a nation rich in natural resources and endowed with a highly educated population,with its youth standing out as a particularly dynamic force.
文摘Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis,the European Union(EU)has imposed multiple rounds of systematic economic sanctions on Russia,covering key areas such as finance,energy,trade,and technology,in an attempt to weaken Russia's war capacity.In response,Russia has taken forceful measures,legitimizing its counteractions through legal tools,hedging EU sanctions with economic and financial instruments,and leveraging resources as a“weapon.”Additionally,Russia has reinforced its defense through internal structural adjustments,seeking strategic breakthroughs by diversifying foreign relations.These measures have effectively mitigated the impact of EU sanctions,increased EU costs in carrying out the sanctions,and prevented the EU from achieving its intended political objectives.Currently,Russia's military operation in Ukraine continues,with its foreign cooperation pattern and development path undergoing significant shifts.Specifically,Russia is accelerating its“turn to the East”in terms of foreign economic relations,and its development model is becoming increasingly conservative and security-oriented.As its confrontation with the EU enters a prolonged phase,Russia,while striving to maintain overall economic stability,faces numerous challenges and long-term risks threatening its economic transformation and reorientation of foreign cooperation.The difficulties awaiting its future counteractions will even increase.
文摘Lying in politics has long been seen as both routine and destructive.While some falsehoods appear trivial,others undermine democratic processes,erode trust,and inflict significant harm on society.This essay investigates the moral,legal,and political dimensions of punishing political lies,drawing on Kantian deontological ethics,consequentialist reasoning,and theories of democratic communication.It distinguishes minor misstatements from harmful falsehoods that distort elections,public health responses,and national security.Building on Hannah Arendt’s warning about the collapse of truth and Jürgen Habermas’s emphasis on communicative integrity,the analysis shows how unchecked deception corrodes the foundations of democratic legitimacy.Although legal punishment risks overreach and potential misuse,political and social sanctions remain essential tools of accountability.By examining cases such as misinformation in the Iraq War and the COVID-19 pandemic,the essay argues that meaningful consequences for harmful lies are indispensable to maintaining truth as a shared democratic norm.
文摘The hypergame analysis mainly processes the conflict in which one or more of the players are notfully aware of the nature of the conflict situation. it is a kind of qualitative technology which describes thedecieve and anti-decieve strategies.The defect of hypergame analysis appears in that the decision goalcombines with the course of the decision analysis. This paper puts forward the concept 'sanctioned rampart', which reflects the dynamics course of players' decision analysis based on decision goal. At the end.the extended hypergame is used to analyse the whole course of 'Gulf Crisis'.
文摘In the present era, water contamination represents one of the considerable environmental problems. Population growth along with ever increasing industrial developments has resulted in the contamination of most of the water resources in the world, bringing about serious problems for humans and other living organisms. According to the human life on earth depends on the way different water resources are exploited, the most important way to preserve the quality of water resources is to codify appropriate regulations and standards and develop plans for proper and principled implementation of them. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to take required actions to manage water resources optimally. In this regard, one of the most significant legal tools is the law. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present research aims to consider legal challenges in the context of water contamination briefly. Investigations indicate that, given the limitations in water resources, in future, water contamination will raise serious problems for the country should the solutions and measures required for tackling this issue are not well incorporated into respective regulations. As such, in order to systemize the activities within this scope, it is necessary to codify a comprehensive act about different water-related topics, so as to cover all separate and sparse pieces of regulations on water. Further, acquiring help from experts when preparing the regulations with an emphasis on the inhibitory role of penalties, roles of NGOs and culture-making in the society will contribute to the successful legal protection of the quality of water resources.
文摘After Russia launched the special military operation,Western countries imposed unprecedentedly severe sanctions on Russia,jeopardizing the country’s key industrial sectors.Therefore,Russia has adjusted its mechanism and institution of import strategy,accelerated the revision of industry plans,implemented a series of supporting measures,further promoted the implementation of import substitution strategy,and placed greater emphasis on technical sovereignty,safety-related industries,and non-market means.However,Russia’s import substitution strategy is still constrained by multiple factors,such as limited path choice,weak foundations of industry and technology,and the urgent need to rebuild the production chain and supply chain.However,it should be noted that Russia’s import substitution does not imply allround substitution and comprehensive self-closure,nor will it be a shortterm strategy.Simultaneously,parallel import will become an expedient measure for Russia to replace import substitution in the future,while strengthening cooperation with non-Western countries,particularly Asia-Pacific countries represented by China,is the general trend,so Sino-Russian pragmatic cooperation will bring along new economic growth opportunities.
文摘A new system of protection,regulation,and improvement of environment has been introduced in Serbia since 2004,on the basis of numerous fatified universal and regional international documents.Preventive measures having the aim to prevent the possibility of jeopardizing,endangering,or pollution of the environment as a whole or some of its segments like air,water,soil,flora,and fauna have a special importance in the system of ecological protection of biodiversity.However,in case when such preventive measures are not sufficient or efficient,ecological values are protected from different forms of violation and jeopardizing by prescribing ecological delicts like:criminal offences,economic felonies and offences.These delicts having wide range of measures,sanctions,and actions lead by competent courts(general,economic,or misdemeanor)for natural and legal persons,i.e.enterpreneurs,should provide efficient,quality,and legal ecological security,that is its protection from economic offences and that is what this paper is about.
基金the result of research supported by Chinese Universities Scientific Fundthe initial findings of the Youth Fund Project of the Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education (serial number: 18YJCGJW003), entitled"Studies of Overseas Interests Protection by the US and Its Revelations to China."
文摘Since Donald Trump has come into office as president of the United States, the US foreign policy toward Iran has undergone major changes, which has been prominently manifested in such actions as endorsing hardline advocates who are against Iran to important political offices, withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(JCPOA), and imposing high economic, political and military pressure on Iran. The introduction of such policies toward Iran by the Trump administration has not only been brought about by Trump himself, but also influenced by the domestic political environment of the United States.Moreover, it is also closely related to the current changes in the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East. The Iran policy of the Trump administration will likely have multiple impacts, such as giving rise to political instability within Iran, worsening regional security, impacting the international non-proliferation regime, widening the disparity between the US and Europe, and even increasing the possibility of a military conflict breaking out between the US and Iran.
文摘The use of economic sanctions as a foreign policy tool dates back to the Megarian decree of 432 BC,but has long been controversial.Economic sanctions are commonly employed by governments as a coercive tool to adjust the behavior of a state actor that is in violation of international behavior norms,yet there remains concern as to the effectiveness of applying economic sanctions and the extent to which sanctions should be applied.Further questions arise regarding both the viability and morality of sanctions.This paper will examine case studies to determine the moral,economic,and political impact of imposing sanctions on state actors.In doing so,this paper will specifically examine the economic sanctions applied to South Africa,Iran,and Crimea.It will examine the application of sanctions and the effectiveness in achieving established foreign policy goals,while also analyzing the impact on innocents to determine the ethical implications of sanctions.
文摘In 2022,the United States stepped up its sanctions on Russia.Most notably,it restricted the flow of the Russian Central Bank's foreign exchange(forex)assets,using financial administrative power as a source of strategic leverage.This move should have reduced the appeal of US dollar assets but in reality has not accelerated as expected the decline of the greenback as a store of value.The US dollar's share of global forex reserves increased instead of decreased during 2022 and 2023.Despite the rise of economic costs caused by tightened US financial sanctions,countries that recognize the geopolitical role of the United States have further accepted the dollar's international status;their continued willingness to live with the dollar's“security premium”has given a fillip to the US dollar in the short term,boosting its appeal as a reserve currency.Meanwhile,de-dollarization of forex reserves has yet to reach a sufficient scale,thus falling short of significantly challenging the dollar's reign.From a longer-term perspective,as economic and security conditions shift,countries that accept the dollar's international role or seek de-dollarization may change their choices.As a result,four possible scenarios may arise:(i)the preeminence of the US dollar remains unthreatened;(ii)the international monetary system splits into blocs;(iii)the international monetary system fragments;and(iv)the dollar loses its throne.The author believes that the last scenario is the most likely outcome.
文摘The 2nd U.S.-North Korea Summit between U.S.President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un was held in Hanoi,Vietnam on February 27 and 28,2019.However,no agreement was made despite high expectations before the summit.The author of this paper,who was involved in the press conference following the summit as an interpreter for a Japanese TV program in Tokyo,recognized that Trump,who often criticizes some media outlets,calling them“fake news”,handled the press respectfully.To answer the question why there is a gap between his attitudes toward various media outlets,this paper examines the interactions between the president and all 21 reporters who were allowed to ask him questions during the Hanoi press conference,focusing on their questions,the organizations they belonged to,and some personal details.President Trump’s extremely well-calculated media strategy is then revealed.
文摘The EU has always played an important role in solving Iran nuclear issue, and has different policies in different periods of the issue. During the initial period, the EU proposed that the issue be solved in the framework of the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA）, with EU itself playing the role of an active mediator between the US and Iran. When the mediation failed, the EU strongly advocated referring the Iran nuclear issue to the United Nations Security Council （UNSC） for discussion, and due to Iran＇s refusing the demands and promoting its nuclear capability continually, actively pushed forward sanctions against Iran by the UNSC, and began to launch its unilateral sanctions in 2010. Later on, EU sanctions became increasingly severe and reached their highest level in severity in 2012. EU＇s unilateral economic sanctions were one of the main factors that helped to bring about the interim deal on Iran nuclear issue reached on November 24, 2013. EU had seriously practiced the interim Iran nuclear deal and for several times frozen its sanction against Iran, which created good conditions for the comprehensive Iran nuclear deal reached in July 14, 2015. The goals of the EU＇s policy toward Iran nuclear issue changed constantly, which was mainly shown by changes in EU＇s perception of Iran＇s nuclear rights. EU＇s policy on Iran nuclear issue has had some impact on China which on the whole is mainly reflected by the fact that the policy of the EU aggravates the discords overt or covert between EU and China over international norms.
文摘We examine two strategies for the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction （WMD）： ＂sanctions＂ and ＂monitoring and inspections＂. Our main conclusions are summarized as follows. Firstly, there is a substitutive relationship between sanctions and monitoring and inspections. We posit that the proliferation of WMD may be prevented through intensified sanctions or increased monitoring and inspections. Secondly, monitoring activities may be decreased through the increased effectiveness of sanctions aimed at preventing proliferation. Thirdly, if the increased development costs of WMD can decrease the need for inspection activities sufficiently, the extent of monitoring activities could also reduce.
基金Financial support from National Science Foundation for Distinguished Youth （Grant No.70925006）, National Natural Sciences Fund Program （Grant No.71103059）, Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Program of the Ministry of Education （Grant No. 10YJC7902930）, is gratefully acknowledged. Authors highly appreciate the comments of anonymous reviewers and take sole responsibility for this paper.
文摘Financial support from National Science Foundation for Distinguished Youth （Grant No.70925006）, National Natural Sciences Fund Program （Grant No.71103059）, Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Program of the Ministry of Education （Grant No. 10YJC7902930）, is gratefully acknowledged. Authors highly appreciate the comments of anonymous reviewers and take sole responsibility for this paper.
文摘Since the Crimean crisis, the US has continuously tightened financial sanctions on Russia. In the short term, this doesn't appear to be working very effectively, but in the long run, it has indeed had an irreversible impact on the Russian economy. Though the US has repeatedly upgraded its sanction plans, four puzzles have long remained unsolved: appropriate sanctions have avoided a humanitarian crisis, but raised moral dilemmas; actual enforcement of sanctions is getting more and more difficult; EU cooperation with the US is vital, but the two regions more often than not play different tunes; and the frequent use of sanctions weakens US legitimacy and integrity, leading to a degradation of the sanction mechanism. Sanctions have continued to be implemented since President Trump took office, but with some new adjustments.
文摘Apart from enabling its individuals to cope with external reality, to varying extents a culture may also disable them for identity purposes, i.e., to make them fit into specific roles defining that culture＇s self-representation and hence adequate to reality as perceived by it. Rendering explicit the underlying assumptions of this process through a phenomenological analysis constitutes a necessary step toward a version of education extended beyond schools, and as such meant to deepen the self-understanding of the society in case as a whole. A local cultural sanction can be regarded as symptom of a problematic normalization within the wider, global context--at least as a form of moral apathy if not quite what psychiatrists call ＂la belle indifference＂. Within the international context of education, passive resistance through inculcated shyness acquires a peculiar status closely analyzed here. To remain non-judgmental would mean to make concessions to such resistances, to ascribe to taboo--ultimately, to institute a detrimental cult of the them a sacrosanct status and to protect them by means of a unnamable and unspeakable in the cross-cultural dialogue.
文摘In this paper, we analyze direct and indirect effects of economic sanctions on I. R. Iran’s economic growth from 1979 to 2012 focusing on the external sector of the economy. Our data for variables except for sanction are derived from 1966 to 2012 and a dummy variable is used for each sanction’s beginning years. The designed model is based on the endogenous growth models in which we analyze the effects by 2SLS econometric method. Our findings indicate that economic sanctions have not directly affected Iran’s economic growth so much. These effects have been indirect through restricting total imports, capital goods imports, imports of intermediate goods and primary products and also the export leading to decreased economic growth of the country.
