The rapid development of energy storage technology has provided tremendous support for the energy transition in countries worldwide.Salt cavern energy storage,as a form of energy storage technology,has gained widespre...The rapid development of energy storage technology has provided tremendous support for the energy transition in countries worldwide.Salt cavern energy storage,as a form of energy storage technology,has gained widespread attention due to its large storage capacity and broad distribution.Therefore,this paper primarily discusses the current research status of salt cavern energy storage technology,with a focus on analyzing its classifications,advantages,disadvantages,and the challenges and countermeasures associated with its development.This study aims to promote further advancement in salt cavern energy storage technology.展开更多
The publisher regrets that the article type for this publication was incorrectly labeled as a Research Article.The correct designation should be Review Article.
A significant number of salt caverns have high proportions of insoluble sediments,but the thermal storage utilization potential of insoluble sediments remains understudied within current research.Therefore,this study ...A significant number of salt caverns have high proportions of insoluble sediments,but the thermal storage utilization potential of insoluble sediments remains understudied within current research.Therefore,this study aims to explore the feasibility of an integrated compressed-air energy storage(CAES)coupled with insoluble sediment as the thermal storage media for salt caverns.In order to fulfill this objective,this study presents two steps to analyze the insoluble sediment's thermo-mechanical behavior under ordinary CAES conditions and coupled thermal energy storage(TES)conditions separately.A multiphysics-coupled numerical model was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of insoluble sediments at different heights.Then,a dual-cavity model with a sediment-filled channel was constructed to study the heat storage process in long-and short-term modes.Results demonstrated that sediment effectively protected cavern walls from thermal shocks caused by compressed air,maintaining temperature differentials within 1 K.Dual-cavity simulations revealed the sediment's capability to mitigate the temperature fluctuation of compressed air in caverns,achieving a 66% temperature reduction in the outflow interface during operation.The findings confirmed the feasibility of utilizing insoluble sediments for long-term thermal storage applications involving thermal cycles with ΔT=150 K,attaining a heat storage density of 50 kW·h/m^(3).The results show that the heat capacity of the sediment contributes to the cavern wall's stability and provide references for developing integrated CAES-TES systems in sediment-filled salt caverns.展开更多
Salt cavern hydrogen storage(SCHS)is an important component of large-scale underground hydrogen storage,with advantages such as large hydrogen storage capacity and economic feasibility.However,the uniqueness of the sa...Salt cavern hydrogen storage(SCHS)is an important component of large-scale underground hydrogen storage,with advantages such as large hydrogen storage capacity and economic feasibility.However,the uniqueness of the salt cavern structure and the inherent high risk of hydrogen storage pose a potential leakage risk.This study aims to assess the leakage risk of salt cavern hydrogen storage through a comprehensive assessment.First,the three major influencing factors of leakage risk are summarized,taking into account the unique engineering,geological conditions,and operating conditions of salt cavern storage.Subsequently,the salt cavern hydrogen storage leakage risk evaluation index system was established,and the weights of the evaluation indexes were assigned using the combination assignment method.On the basis of the two-dimensional cloud model,a new leakage risk assessment method was proposed.In addition,the risk level assessment of the salt cavern hydrogen storage facility proposed to be constructed in Pingdingshan City,Henan Province,was carried out.Finally,corresponding risk control and preventive measures are proposed.The results of the study are useful and instructive for the safe construction of deep salt cavern hydrogen storage.展开更多
Underground salt cavern CO_(2) storage(SCCS)offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO_(2) storage and facilitating the utilization of CO_(2) resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market.Its...Underground salt cavern CO_(2) storage(SCCS)offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO_(2) storage and facilitating the utilization of CO_(2) resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market.Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option.Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances,differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness,carbon injection,brine extraction control,long-term carbon storage stability,and site selection criteria.These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO_(2) and the application scenarios of SCCS.Therefore,targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative.This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS,emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions,carbon utilization,and renewable energy peak shaving.It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods,and addresses associated scientific challenges.In this paper,we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction,that considers the phase change characteristics of CO_(2),and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection.By comparing the viscosities of CO_(2) and other gases,SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated.Building on this,we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices,which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability.Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed.Site selection criteria for SCCS are established,preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China,and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8-77.7 million tons,utilizing only 20%-30%volume of abandoned salt caverns.This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters,such as the operating pressure,burial depth,and storage scale,and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.展开更多
Large‐scale underground hydrogen storage(UHS)provides a promising method for increasing the role of hydrogen in the process of carbon neutrality and energy transition.Of all the existing storage deposits,salt caverns...Large‐scale underground hydrogen storage(UHS)provides a promising method for increasing the role of hydrogen in the process of carbon neutrality and energy transition.Of all the existing storage deposits,salt caverns are recognized as ideal sites for pure hydrogen storage.Evaluation and optimization of site selection for hydrogen storage facilities in salt caverns have become significant issues.In this article,the software CiteSpace is used to analyze and filter hot topics in published research.Based on a detailed classification and analysis,a“four‐factor”model for the site selection of salt cavern hydrogen storage is proposed,encompassing the dynamic demands of hydrogen energy,geological,hydrological,and ground factors of salt mines.Subsequently,20 basic indicators for comprehensive suitability grading of the target site were screened using the analytic hierarchy process and expert survey methods were adopted,which provided a preliminary site selection system for salt cavern hydrogen storage.Ultimately,the developed system was applied for the evaluation of salt cavern hydrogen storage sites in the salt mines of Pingdingshan City,Henan Province,thereby confirming its rationality and effectiveness.This research provides a feasible method and theoretical basis for the site selection of UHS in salt caverns in China.展开更多
Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well ...Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well water solution mining with oil as a cushion,engineering challenges arise with the leaching tubing,leading to issues like damage and instability.These problems significantly hinder the progress of cavern construction and the control of cavern shape.The primary cause of this is the flowinduced vibration instability of leaching tubing within a confined space,which results in severe bending or damage to the tubing.This study presents a model experimental investigation on the dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing using a self-developed liquid-solid coupling physical model experiment apparatus.The experiment utilizes a silicone-rubber pipe(SRP)and a polycarbonate pipe(PCP)to examine the effects of various factors on the dynamic stability of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid.These factors include external space constraint,flexural rigidity,medium outside the pipe,overhanging length,and end conditions.The experiments reveal four dynamic response phenomena:water hammer,static buckling,chaotic motion,and flutter instability.The study further demonstrates that the length of the external space constraint has a direct impact on the flutter critical flow velocity of the cantilevered pipe conveying fluid.Additionally,the flutter critical flow velocity is influenced by the end conditions and different external media.展开更多
When constructing salt cavern gas or petroleum storage in lacustrine sedimentary salt formations rich in mudstone interlayers, the influence of the sealing performance of interlayers and salt-mud interface on the stor...When constructing salt cavern gas or petroleum storage in lacustrine sedimentary salt formations rich in mudstone interlayers, the influence of the sealing performance of interlayers and salt-mud interface on the storage tightness should be considered adequately. In order to reveal the gas seepage in deep formations surrounding bedded salt cavern underground storage, a leakage analysis model was established based on the characteristics of a low dip angle and the interbedded structure of bedded rock salt. The gas seepage governing equations for one-dimensional and plane radial flow were derived and solved. A gas seepage simulation experiment was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the theoretical calculation results. The error of the seepage range was approximately 6.70%, which is acceptable. The analysis and calculation results indicate that the motion equation of gas in deep formations satisfies a non-Darcy's law with a threshold pressure gradient and slippage effect. The sufficient condition for the gas flow to stop is that the pressure gradient is equal to the threshold pressure gradient.The relationship between the leakage range and operating time is a positive power function, that is, the leakage range gradually increases with time and eventually stabilizes. As the seepage range increases, the seepage pressure decreases sharply during the early stage, and then decreases gradually until the flow stops.Combining the research results with engineering applications, three quantitative evaluation indexes named the maximum admissible leakage range, leakage volume and leakage rate are proposed for the tightness evaluation of gas storage salt cavern during their operating stage. These indexes can be used directly in actual engineering applications and can be compared with the key design parameters stipulated in the relevant specifications. This work is expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the gas loss and tightness evaluation of gas storage salt caverns.展开更多
This paper presents a proposal for an experimental salt cavern in offshore ultra-deep water for CO2 abatement,including the instrumentation plan and well conceptual design evaluated for carbon capture and storage(CCS)...This paper presents a proposal for an experimental salt cavern in offshore ultra-deep water for CO2 abatement,including the instrumentation plan and well conceptual design evaluated for carbon capture and storage(CCS)application.These studies are based on applied computational mechanics associated with field experimentation that has contributed to the technical feasibility of the underground potash mine at the State of Sergipe in Brazil.This knowhow allowed the stability analysis of several salt caverns for brine production at the State of Alagoas in Brazil and to the drilling through stratified thick layers of salt of the pre-salt reservoirs in Santos Basin.Now,this knowledge has been applied in the design of onshore and offshore salt caverns opened by dissolution for storage of natural gas and CO2.The geomechanical study,through the application of computational mechanics,of offshore giant salt caverns of 450 m high by 150 m in diameter,shows that one cavern can store about 4 billion Sm3 or 7.2 million tons of CO2.Before the construction of the giant cavern,which will be the first gas storage offshore in the world,it has been decided to develop an experimental one,with smaller size,to obtained field parameters.The experimental cavern will allow the calibration of parameters to be used in the structural integrity analysis of the cavern and well for storage of natural gas which is rich in CO2 under high pressure.展开更多
Owing to perfect impermeability,dynamics stability,flexible and efficient operation mode and strong adjustment,underground salt cavern natural gas storage is especially adapted to be used for short-term dispatch.Based...Owing to perfect impermeability,dynamics stability,flexible and efficient operation mode and strong adjustment,underground salt cavern natural gas storage is especially adapted to be used for short-term dispatch.Based on characteristics of gas flow and heat transfer,dynamic mathematic models were built to simulate the injection and withdrawal performance of underground salt cavern gas storage.Temperature and pressure variations of natural gas in gas storage were simulated on the basis of building models during withdrawal operation,and factors affecting on the operation of gas storage were also analyzed.Therefore,these models can provide theore-tic foundation and technology support for the design,building and operation of salt cavern gas storage.展开更多
Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage(UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the targe...Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage(UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional(3D)geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa(i.e. a gradient of about 18 k Pa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.展开更多
To expedite China’s pursuit of the“dual-carbon”goal,a gradual transition from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy sources is imperative for the nation’s energy mix.Hydrogen energy,poised to become a pivo...To expedite China’s pursuit of the“dual-carbon”goal,a gradual transition from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy sources is imperative for the nation’s energy mix.Hydrogen energy,poised to become a pivotal component of the future energy industry,offers myriad advantages,including diverse sources,high efficiency,cleanliness,and high energy density.Salt caverns present distinct benefits for underground storage.This research synthesizes the current development trajectories of renewable energy and hydrogen energy in China,summarizing the advantages,disadvantages,and economic comparisons of various underground hydrogen storage methods,with a particular emphasis on the merits of salt cavern hydrogen storage.Furthermore,it reviews the current state and opportunities for salt cavern hydrogen storage both domestically and internationally,underscoring its substantial potential within China.Ultimately,the research identifies three major scientific and technological challenges associated with hydrogen storage in salt caverns in China and envisions future directions for this technology.The findings of this research are anticipated to contribute to the development of a hydrogen storage strategy in salt caverns that aligns with China’s national conditions.展开更多
The challenge of wide brine source and its additional problems come from the economy(energy consumption and other costs),security(re-dissolution of surrounding salt rocks),and environment(groundwater pollution by brin...The challenge of wide brine source and its additional problems come from the economy(energy consumption and other costs),security(re-dissolution of surrounding salt rocks),and environment(groundwater pollution by brine)of salt cavern oil storage are worth examining to improve the efficiency of oil storage.Against this background,this work presented an operating mode of salt cavern oil and gas co-storage and using natural gas displacement for petroleum recovery.A gas-oil two-phase flow model with gas dissolution and exsolution was proposed to evaluate the application prospects of the new method precisely.Numerical studies indicated that the gas void fraction at the wellhead under quasi-steady state conditions is approximately 0.153,which belongs to bubbly flow,and the pressure at the wellhead of the central tube increased from 5.54 to 6.12 MPa during the entire transient flow stage,with an increase of 10.47%.Compared to the traditional method of using brine as the working fluid,the pump pressure rises from 2.92 to 14.01 MPa.However,if the new mode can be linked with the salt cavern gas storage and when the initial wellhead gas pressure exceeds 13 MPa,the energy consumption of the new method will be lower than that of the traditional brine-based operational mode.A new empirical formula is proposed to determine the two-phase flow pattern under different operating parameters.A special focus was given to energy consumption for oil recovery,which grows roughly in accordance with the operating pressure and oil recovery rate.However,the energy cost per volume of crude oil remains almost unchanged.This work provided a new solution for the serious brine problem and is expected to achieve petroleum recovery through natural gas displacement.展开更多
Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt format...Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt formations,insoluble impurities and interlayers detach during salt dissolution and accumulate as sediment at the cavern base,thereby reducing the storage capacity and economic viability of salt cavern gas storage(SCGS).This study investigates sediment formation mechanisms,void distribution,and voidage in the Huai'an low-grade salt mine,introducing a novel self-developed physical simulation device for two butted-well horizontal(TWH)caverns that replicates compressed air injection and brine discharge.Experiments comparing“one injection and one discharge”and“two injections and one discharge”modes revealed that(1)compressed air effectively displaces brine from sediment voids,(2)a 0.5 MPa injection pressure corresponds to a 10.3 MPa operational lower limit in practice,aligning with field data,and(3)sediment voidage is approximately 46%,validated via air-brine interface theory.The“two injections and one discharge”mode outperformed in both discharge volume and rate.Additionally,a mathematical model for brine displacement via compressed air was established.These results provide foundational insights for optimizing compressed air energy storage(CAES)in low-grade salt mines,advancing their role in renewable energy integration.展开更多
Salt cavern energy storage technology contributes to energy reserves and renewable energy scale-up.This study focuses on salt cavern gas storage in Jintan to assess the long-term stability of its surrounding rock unde...Salt cavern energy storage technology contributes to energy reserves and renewable energy scale-up.This study focuses on salt cavern gas storage in Jintan to assess the long-term stability of its surrounding rock under frequent operation.The fatigue test results indicate that stress holding significantly reduces fatigue life,with the magnitude of stress level outweighing the duration of holding time in determining peak strain.Employing a machine learning approach,the impact of various factors on fatigue life and peak strain was quantified,revealing that higher stress limits and stress holding adversely impact the fatigue index,whereas lower stress limits and rate exhibit a positive effect.A novel fatigue-creep composite damage constitutive model is constructed,which is able to consider stress magnitude,rate,and stress holding.The model,validated through multi-path tests,accurately captures the elasto-viscous behavior of salt rock during loading,unloading,and stress holding.Sensitivity analysis further reveals the time-and stress-dependent behavior of model parameters,clarifying that strain changes stem not only from stress variations but are also influenced by alterations in elasto-viscous parameters.This study provides a new method for the mechanical assessment of salt cavern gas storage surrounding rocks.展开更多
The failure of pillars between bedded salt cavern gas storages can be seen as processes that the deformations of pillars convert from continuous gradual change system to catastrophe state,which are typical nonlinear c...The failure of pillars between bedded salt cavern gas storages can be seen as processes that the deformations of pillars convert from continuous gradual change system to catastrophe state,which are typical nonlinear catastrophe problems.In the paper,the cusp catastrophe model is proposed to obtain the stability factors of pillars.It can overcome the shortages of traditional strength reduction finite element method(SR FEM) and greatly improve the accuracy of stability factors obtained by numerical simulations.The influences of cavern depth,gas pressure,pillar width,and time on the stability factors are studied.Y-1 and Y-2 salt cavern gas storages,located at Jiangsu province of China,were simulated as examples.The stability factors of pillars between Y-1 and Y-2 were evaluated,and the running parameters were recommended to ensure the pillars stability.The results showed that the cusp catastrophe model has high practicability and can precisely predict the stability factors.The stability factors are equidirectional with the increase of gas pressure and pillar width,but reverse to the increase of cavern depth and time.The stability factors of pillars between Y-1 and Y-2 are small for narrow widths,which are influenced greatly by gas pressure,time,pressure difference,and gas production rate.In order to ensure the safety of pillars,the lowest gas pressure,safe running time,max.pressure difference and max.gas production rate of Y-1 and Y-2 were recommended as 7 MPa,5 years,3 MPa,and 0.50 MPa/d,respectively.展开更多
A new model is proposed to predict the dynamic subsidence of ground surface above salt cavern gas storage during the leaching and storage, which takes into account the creep of rock salt. In the model, the extended fo...A new model is proposed to predict the dynamic subsidence of ground surface above salt cavern gas storage during the leaching and storage, which takes into account the creep of rock salt. In the model, the extended form of Gaussian curve is adopted to figure out the shape of subsidence areas. The corresponding theoretical formulas are derived. In addition, parameters are studied to investigate the surface subsidence as a function of the salt ejection rate, internal pressure, buried depth, diameter, height, running time, etc. Through an example, the subsidence of the salt cavern gas storage located at Jiangsu of China obtained by the new model was compared with those by Peter A F formula, Schober & Sroka formula and FLAC3D through simulation. The results showed the proposed model is precise and correct, and can meet the actual engineering demands. The surface subsidence is equidirectional with the increase of salt ejection rate, depth, diameter, height, and running time, but reverse to the increase of internal pressure. The depth, diameter, running time and internal pressure have great effects on the subsidence, whereas the salt ejection rate and height have little influences on it.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20A20266)Scientific and technological research projects in Sichuan province(Grant No.2024NSFSC0973)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024YFHZ0286)。
文摘The rapid development of energy storage technology has provided tremendous support for the energy transition in countries worldwide.Salt cavern energy storage,as a form of energy storage technology,has gained widespread attention due to its large storage capacity and broad distribution.Therefore,this paper primarily discusses the current research status of salt cavern energy storage technology,with a focus on analyzing its classifications,advantages,disadvantages,and the challenges and countermeasures associated with its development.This study aims to promote further advancement in salt cavern energy storage technology.
文摘The publisher regrets that the article type for this publication was incorrectly labeled as a Research Article.The correct designation should be Review Article.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52090081 and 42477180Beijing Nova Program,Grant/Award Number:20250484906+2 种基金National Science and Technology Major Project of China,Grant/Award Number:2024ZD1003600SINOPEC Science and Technology Department Project,Grant/Award Number:P25006Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology,Grant/Award Number:YESS20220300。
文摘A significant number of salt caverns have high proportions of insoluble sediments,but the thermal storage utilization potential of insoluble sediments remains understudied within current research.Therefore,this study aims to explore the feasibility of an integrated compressed-air energy storage(CAES)coupled with insoluble sediment as the thermal storage media for salt caverns.In order to fulfill this objective,this study presents two steps to analyze the insoluble sediment's thermo-mechanical behavior under ordinary CAES conditions and coupled thermal energy storage(TES)conditions separately.A multiphysics-coupled numerical model was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of insoluble sediments at different heights.Then,a dual-cavity model with a sediment-filled channel was constructed to study the heat storage process in long-and short-term modes.Results demonstrated that sediment effectively protected cavern walls from thermal shocks caused by compressed air,maintaining temperature differentials within 1 K.Dual-cavity simulations revealed the sediment's capability to mitigate the temperature fluctuation of compressed air in caverns,achieving a 66% temperature reduction in the outflow interface during operation.The findings confirmed the feasibility of utilizing insoluble sediments for long-term thermal storage applications involving thermal cycles with ΔT=150 K,attaining a heat storage density of 50 kW·h/m^(3).The results show that the heat capacity of the sediment contributes to the cavern wall's stability and provide references for developing integrated CAES-TES systems in sediment-filled salt caverns.
基金Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Number:No.Y2023089Excellent Young Scientists Fund,Grant/Award Number:No.52122403National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:No.52374069。
文摘Salt cavern hydrogen storage(SCHS)is an important component of large-scale underground hydrogen storage,with advantages such as large hydrogen storage capacity and economic feasibility.However,the uniqueness of the salt cavern structure and the inherent high risk of hydrogen storage pose a potential leakage risk.This study aims to assess the leakage risk of salt cavern hydrogen storage through a comprehensive assessment.First,the three major influencing factors of leakage risk are summarized,taking into account the unique engineering,geological conditions,and operating conditions of salt cavern storage.Subsequently,the salt cavern hydrogen storage leakage risk evaluation index system was established,and the weights of the evaluation indexes were assigned using the combination assignment method.On the basis of the two-dimensional cloud model,a new leakage risk assessment method was proposed.In addition,the risk level assessment of the salt cavern hydrogen storage facility proposed to be constructed in Pingdingshan City,Henan Province,was carried out.Finally,corresponding risk control and preventive measures are proposed.The results of the study are useful and instructive for the safe construction of deep salt cavern hydrogen storage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074046,52122403,51834003,and 52274073)the Graduate Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing(CYB22023)+2 种基金the Chongqing Talents Plan for Young Talents(cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0035)Hunan Institute of Engineering(21RC025 and XJ2005)Hunan Province Education Department(21B0664).
文摘Underground salt cavern CO_(2) storage(SCCS)offers the dual benefits of enabling extensive CO_(2) storage and facilitating the utilization of CO_(2) resources while contributing the regulation of the carbon market.Its economic and operational advantages over traditional carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)projects make SCCS a more cost-effective and flexible option.Despite the widespread use of salt caverns for storing various substances,differences exist between SCCS and traditional salt cavern energy storage in terms of gas-tightness,carbon injection,brine extraction control,long-term carbon storage stability,and site selection criteria.These distinctions stem from the unique phase change characteristics of CO_(2) and the application scenarios of SCCS.Therefore,targeted and forward-looking scientific research on SCCS is imperative.This paper introduces the implementation principles and application scenarios of SCCS,emphasizing its connections with carbon emissions,carbon utilization,and renewable energy peak shaving.It delves into the operational characteristics and economic advantages of SCCS compared with other CCUS methods,and addresses associated scientific challenges.In this paper,we establish a pressure equation for carbon injection and brine extraction,that considers the phase change characteristics of CO_(2),and we analyze the pressure during carbon injection.By comparing the viscosities of CO_(2) and other gases,SCCS’s excellent sealing performance is demonstrated.Building on this,we develop a long-term stability evaluation model and associated indices,which analyze the impact of the injection speed and minimum operating pressure on stability.Field countermeasures to ensure stability are proposed.Site selection criteria for SCCS are established,preliminary salt mine sites suitable for SCCS are identified in China,and an initial estimate of achievable carbon storage scale in China is made at over 51.8-77.7 million tons,utilizing only 20%-30%volume of abandoned salt caverns.This paper addresses key scientific and engineering challenges facing SCCS and determines crucial technical parameters,such as the operating pressure,burial depth,and storage scale,and it offers essential guidance for implementing SCCS projects in China.
基金supported by the Henan Institute for Chinese Development Strategy of Engineering&Technology(Grant No.2022HENZDA02)the Since&Technology Department of Sichuan Province Project(Grant No.2021YFH0010)the High‐End Foreign Experts Program of the Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan of Yunnan Province.
文摘Large‐scale underground hydrogen storage(UHS)provides a promising method for increasing the role of hydrogen in the process of carbon neutrality and energy transition.Of all the existing storage deposits,salt caverns are recognized as ideal sites for pure hydrogen storage.Evaluation and optimization of site selection for hydrogen storage facilities in salt caverns have become significant issues.In this article,the software CiteSpace is used to analyze and filter hot topics in published research.Based on a detailed classification and analysis,a“four‐factor”model for the site selection of salt cavern hydrogen storage is proposed,encompassing the dynamic demands of hydrogen energy,geological,hydrological,and ground factors of salt mines.Subsequently,20 basic indicators for comprehensive suitability grading of the target site were screened using the analytic hierarchy process and expert survey methods were adopted,which provided a preliminary site selection system for salt cavern hydrogen storage.Ultimately,the developed system was applied for the evaluation of salt cavern hydrogen storage sites in the salt mines of Pingdingshan City,Henan Province,thereby confirming its rationality and effectiveness.This research provides a feasible method and theoretical basis for the site selection of UHS in salt caverns in China.
基金financial support received from the Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering,Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.Z019011)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.ZR2020QE112)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51874273)the Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52122403)。
文摘Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well water solution mining with oil as a cushion,engineering challenges arise with the leaching tubing,leading to issues like damage and instability.These problems significantly hinder the progress of cavern construction and the control of cavern shape.The primary cause of this is the flowinduced vibration instability of leaching tubing within a confined space,which results in severe bending or damage to the tubing.This study presents a model experimental investigation on the dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing using a self-developed liquid-solid coupling physical model experiment apparatus.The experiment utilizes a silicone-rubber pipe(SRP)and a polycarbonate pipe(PCP)to examine the effects of various factors on the dynamic stability of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid.These factors include external space constraint,flexural rigidity,medium outside the pipe,overhanging length,and end conditions.The experiments reveal four dynamic response phenomena:water hammer,static buckling,chaotic motion,and flutter instability.The study further demonstrates that the length of the external space constraint has a direct impact on the flutter critical flow velocity of the cantilevered pipe conveying fluid.Additionally,the flutter critical flow velocity is influenced by the end conditions and different external media.
基金the financial supports from Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 20212BAB214009, 20212BAB214014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51874273)+1 种基金the Key Science and Technology Research Project in Jiangxi Province Department of Education (Grant No. GJJ200634, GJJ200637)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. Z020016)。
文摘When constructing salt cavern gas or petroleum storage in lacustrine sedimentary salt formations rich in mudstone interlayers, the influence of the sealing performance of interlayers and salt-mud interface on the storage tightness should be considered adequately. In order to reveal the gas seepage in deep formations surrounding bedded salt cavern underground storage, a leakage analysis model was established based on the characteristics of a low dip angle and the interbedded structure of bedded rock salt. The gas seepage governing equations for one-dimensional and plane radial flow were derived and solved. A gas seepage simulation experiment was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the theoretical calculation results. The error of the seepage range was approximately 6.70%, which is acceptable. The analysis and calculation results indicate that the motion equation of gas in deep formations satisfies a non-Darcy's law with a threshold pressure gradient and slippage effect. The sufficient condition for the gas flow to stop is that the pressure gradient is equal to the threshold pressure gradient.The relationship between the leakage range and operating time is a positive power function, that is, the leakage range gradually increases with time and eventually stabilizes. As the seepage range increases, the seepage pressure decreases sharply during the early stage, and then decreases gradually until the flow stops.Combining the research results with engineering applications, three quantitative evaluation indexes named the maximum admissible leakage range, leakage volume and leakage rate are proposed for the tightness evaluation of gas storage salt cavern during their operating stage. These indexes can be used directly in actual engineering applications and can be compared with the key design parameters stipulated in the relevant specifications. This work is expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the gas loss and tightness evaluation of gas storage salt caverns.
基金the support from the company Shell Brasil Petroleo and FAPESP through the “Reserch Centre for Gas Innovation-RCGI”(Fapesp Proc.2014/50279-4),hosted by the University of Sao Paulo,and the strategic importance of the support given by ANP(Brazil’s National Oil,Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency)through the R&D levy regulation.
文摘This paper presents a proposal for an experimental salt cavern in offshore ultra-deep water for CO2 abatement,including the instrumentation plan and well conceptual design evaluated for carbon capture and storage(CCS)application.These studies are based on applied computational mechanics associated with field experimentation that has contributed to the technical feasibility of the underground potash mine at the State of Sergipe in Brazil.This knowhow allowed the stability analysis of several salt caverns for brine production at the State of Alagoas in Brazil and to the drilling through stratified thick layers of salt of the pre-salt reservoirs in Santos Basin.Now,this knowledge has been applied in the design of onshore and offshore salt caverns opened by dissolution for storage of natural gas and CO2.The geomechanical study,through the application of computational mechanics,of offshore giant salt caverns of 450 m high by 150 m in diameter,shows that one cavern can store about 4 billion Sm3 or 7.2 million tons of CO2.Before the construction of the giant cavern,which will be the first gas storage offshore in the world,it has been decided to develop an experimental one,with smaller size,to obtained field parameters.The experimental cavern will allow the calibration of parameters to be used in the structural integrity analysis of the cavern and well for storage of natural gas which is rich in CO2 under high pressure.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50676025)National Great Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs Funded by Ministry of Science & Technology of China During the 11th Five-year Plan (Grand No.2006BAB03B09)
文摘Owing to perfect impermeability,dynamics stability,flexible and efficient operation mode and strong adjustment,underground salt cavern natural gas storage is especially adapted to be used for short-term dispatch.Based on characteristics of gas flow and heat transfer,dynamic mathematic models were built to simulate the injection and withdrawal performance of underground salt cavern gas storage.Temperature and pressure variations of natural gas in gas storage were simulated on the basis of building models during withdrawal operation,and factors affecting on the operation of gas storage were also analyzed.Therefore,these models can provide theore-tic foundation and technology support for the design,building and operation of salt cavern gas storage.
基金financial supports of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41502296)Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Grant No. 2016296)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China Innovative Research Team (Grant No. 51621006)Natural Science Foundation for Innovation Group of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 2016CFA014)
文摘Increasing the allowable gas pressure of underground gas storage(UGS) is one of the most effective methods to increase its working gas capacity. In this context, hydraulic fracturing tests are implemented on the target formation for the UGS construction of Jintan salt caverns, China, in order to obtain the minimum principal in situ stress and the fracture breakdown pressure. Based on the test results, the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern is calibrated. To determine the maximum allowable gas pressure, KING-1 and KING-2 caverns are used as examples. A three-dimensional(3D)geomechanical model is established based on the sonar data of the two caverns with respect to the features of the target formation. New criteria for evaluating gas penetration failure and gas seepage are proposed. Results show that the maximum allowable gas pressure of the Jintan UGS salt cavern can be increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa(i.e. a gradient of about 18 k Pa/m at the casing shoe depth). Based on numerical results, a field test with increasing maximum gas pressure to 18 MPa has been carried out in KING-1 cavern. Microseismic monitoring has been conducted during the test to evaluate the safety of the rock mass around the cavern. Field monitoring data show that KING-1 cavern is safe globally when the maximum gas pressure is increased from 17 MPa to 18 MPa. This shows that the geomechanical model and criteria proposed in this context for evaluating the maximum allowable gas pressure are reliable.
基金supported by the Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52122403)Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(No.2024040701010062)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374069)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.Y2023089).
文摘To expedite China’s pursuit of the“dual-carbon”goal,a gradual transition from traditional fossil energy to renewable energy sources is imperative for the nation’s energy mix.Hydrogen energy,poised to become a pivotal component of the future energy industry,offers myriad advantages,including diverse sources,high efficiency,cleanliness,and high energy density.Salt caverns present distinct benefits for underground storage.This research synthesizes the current development trajectories of renewable energy and hydrogen energy in China,summarizing the advantages,disadvantages,and economic comparisons of various underground hydrogen storage methods,with a particular emphasis on the merits of salt cavern hydrogen storage.Furthermore,it reviews the current state and opportunities for salt cavern hydrogen storage both domestically and internationally,underscoring its substantial potential within China.Ultimately,the research identifies three major scientific and technological challenges associated with hydrogen storage in salt caverns in China and envisions future directions for this technology.The findings of this research are anticipated to contribute to the development of a hydrogen storage strategy in salt caverns that aligns with China’s national conditions.
基金The financial support from the National Science and Technology Major Project,China(No.2024ZD1004107)the Natural Science Foundation of Wuhan(No.2024040701010062)is greatly appreciated。
文摘The challenge of wide brine source and its additional problems come from the economy(energy consumption and other costs),security(re-dissolution of surrounding salt rocks),and environment(groundwater pollution by brine)of salt cavern oil storage are worth examining to improve the efficiency of oil storage.Against this background,this work presented an operating mode of salt cavern oil and gas co-storage and using natural gas displacement for petroleum recovery.A gas-oil two-phase flow model with gas dissolution and exsolution was proposed to evaluate the application prospects of the new method precisely.Numerical studies indicated that the gas void fraction at the wellhead under quasi-steady state conditions is approximately 0.153,which belongs to bubbly flow,and the pressure at the wellhead of the central tube increased from 5.54 to 6.12 MPa during the entire transient flow stage,with an increase of 10.47%.Compared to the traditional method of using brine as the working fluid,the pump pressure rises from 2.92 to 14.01 MPa.However,if the new mode can be linked with the salt cavern gas storage and when the initial wellhead gas pressure exceeds 13 MPa,the energy consumption of the new method will be lower than that of the traditional brine-based operational mode.A new empirical formula is proposed to determine the two-phase flow pattern under different operating parameters.A special focus was given to energy consumption for oil recovery,which grows roughly in accordance with the operating pressure and oil recovery rate.However,the energy cost per volume of crude oil remains almost unchanged.This work provided a new solution for the serious brine problem and is expected to achieve petroleum recovery through natural gas displacement.
基金financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFB4007100)the Basic ForwardLooking Project of the Sinopec Science and Technology Department,“Research on the Long-Term Sealing Mechanism of Multi-layer Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage”(No.P24197-4)。
文摘Renewable energy storage technologies are critical for transitioning to sustainable energy systems,with salt caverns playing a significant role in large-scale solutions.In water-soluble mining of low-grade salt formations,insoluble impurities and interlayers detach during salt dissolution and accumulate as sediment at the cavern base,thereby reducing the storage capacity and economic viability of salt cavern gas storage(SCGS).This study investigates sediment formation mechanisms,void distribution,and voidage in the Huai'an low-grade salt mine,introducing a novel self-developed physical simulation device for two butted-well horizontal(TWH)caverns that replicates compressed air injection and brine discharge.Experiments comparing“one injection and one discharge”and“two injections and one discharge”modes revealed that(1)compressed air effectively displaces brine from sediment voids,(2)a 0.5 MPa injection pressure corresponds to a 10.3 MPa operational lower limit in practice,aligning with field data,and(3)sediment voidage is approximately 46%,validated via air-brine interface theory.The“two injections and one discharge”mode outperformed in both discharge volume and rate.Additionally,a mathematical model for brine displacement via compressed air was established.These results provide foundational insights for optimizing compressed air energy storage(CAES)in low-grade salt mines,advancing their role in renewable energy integration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374078,U24A20616 and 52074043)the Sichuan-Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Program Project(No.2024TIAD-CYKJCXX0011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2023CDJKYJH021)。
文摘Salt cavern energy storage technology contributes to energy reserves and renewable energy scale-up.This study focuses on salt cavern gas storage in Jintan to assess the long-term stability of its surrounding rock under frequent operation.The fatigue test results indicate that stress holding significantly reduces fatigue life,with the magnitude of stress level outweighing the duration of holding time in determining peak strain.Employing a machine learning approach,the impact of various factors on fatigue life and peak strain was quantified,revealing that higher stress limits and stress holding adversely impact the fatigue index,whereas lower stress limits and rate exhibit a positive effect.A novel fatigue-creep composite damage constitutive model is constructed,which is able to consider stress magnitude,rate,and stress holding.The model,validated through multi-path tests,accurately captures the elasto-viscous behavior of salt rock during loading,unloading,and stress holding.Sensitivity analysis further reveals the time-and stress-dependent behavior of model parameters,clarifying that strain changes stem not only from stress variations but are also influenced by alterations in elasto-viscous parameters.This study provides a new method for the mechanical assessment of salt cavern gas storage surrounding rocks.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant Nos 2008ZX05017, 2008ZX05036)the Ex-cellent Doctor Degree Dissertation Training Program of China University of Petroleum (Grant No Z10-10)
文摘The failure of pillars between bedded salt cavern gas storages can be seen as processes that the deformations of pillars convert from continuous gradual change system to catastrophe state,which are typical nonlinear catastrophe problems.In the paper,the cusp catastrophe model is proposed to obtain the stability factors of pillars.It can overcome the shortages of traditional strength reduction finite element method(SR FEM) and greatly improve the accuracy of stability factors obtained by numerical simulations.The influences of cavern depth,gas pressure,pillar width,and time on the stability factors are studied.Y-1 and Y-2 salt cavern gas storages,located at Jiangsu province of China,were simulated as examples.The stability factors of pillars between Y-1 and Y-2 were evaluated,and the running parameters were recommended to ensure the pillars stability.The results showed that the cusp catastrophe model has high practicability and can precisely predict the stability factors.The stability factors are equidirectional with the increase of gas pressure and pillar width,but reverse to the increase of cavern depth and time.The stability factors of pillars between Y-1 and Y-2 are small for narrow widths,which are influenced greatly by gas pressure,time,pressure difference,and gas production rate.In order to ensure the safety of pillars,the lowest gas pressure,safe running time,max.pressure difference and max.gas production rate of Y-1 and Y-2 were recommended as 7 MPa,5 years,3 MPa,and 0.50 MPa/d,respectively.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant Nos. 2008ZX05017, 2008ZX05036)the Excellent Doctor Degree Dissertation Training Program of China University of Petroleum (Grant No. Z10-10)
文摘A new model is proposed to predict the dynamic subsidence of ground surface above salt cavern gas storage during the leaching and storage, which takes into account the creep of rock salt. In the model, the extended form of Gaussian curve is adopted to figure out the shape of subsidence areas. The corresponding theoretical formulas are derived. In addition, parameters are studied to investigate the surface subsidence as a function of the salt ejection rate, internal pressure, buried depth, diameter, height, running time, etc. Through an example, the subsidence of the salt cavern gas storage located at Jiangsu of China obtained by the new model was compared with those by Peter A F formula, Schober & Sroka formula and FLAC3D through simulation. The results showed the proposed model is precise and correct, and can meet the actual engineering demands. The surface subsidence is equidirectional with the increase of salt ejection rate, depth, diameter, height, and running time, but reverse to the increase of internal pressure. The depth, diameter, running time and internal pressure have great effects on the subsidence, whereas the salt ejection rate and height have little influences on it.
