This paper examines the development of the Navalar Movement and how the Christian missionaries and their works influenced and inspired Arumuga Navalar to be known widely as a leader of the native Saiva-Tamil people in...This paper examines the development of the Navalar Movement and how the Christian missionaries and their works influenced and inspired Arumuga Navalar to be known widely as a leader of the native Saiva-Tamil people in the 19th century.For that,this study traces Arumuga Navalar’s interaction with foreign missionaries and the native-Tamil Christians,especially the opportunities in which he was made to form and lead forward his non-institutionalized movement:Saiva-Tamil Movement in order to reawaken Saivism and also to revive Tamil language and culture in Sri Lanka and South India.Drawing extensively from literature and the Navalar’s writings,the research critically analyzes the inculturation of Navalar and the activities of movement by applying the socio-cultural historical perspective to his journey of life in the hybrid ritualism.This approach provides the focus for the discussion with illustrative examples from the literature and reinterprets the rise and mission of Navalar and how the Movement grew out of the colonial encounter and how it evolved through the years.Further this study will be beneficial to researchers and scholars of Saivism and Christianity religious studies,social and cultural history of Sri Lanka.展开更多
The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy （para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti） in the Atmopadesa Satakam （＂One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction＂）, the most important philosophica...The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy （para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti） in the Atmopadesa Satakam （＂One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction＂）, the most important philosophical work of Narayana Guru composed in Malayalam. In order to better understand the issue, the same pair of opposites is discussed at length on the basis of Narayana＇s earlier Malayalam poems--devotional hymns （Siva Satakarn--＂One Hundred Verses on Siva＂, Kah Natakam--＂Dance of Kali＂, and Janani Nava Ratna Manjari--＂Nine Gemmed Bouquet to Mother＂） as well as later Sanskrit philosophical work [Darsuna Mala--＂Garland of Visions＂）. The comparative analysis of these texts demonstrates that--whereas Darsana Mala reflects more or less accurately Vedantic concepts, Atrnopadesa Satakam presents deeply syncretic formation, influenced to a large extent by philosophical systems related to bhakti （devotion）, like Sata or Saiva Siddhanta. The reason for such a state of affairs could be the purpose of Malayalam work destined to become vehicle for instructions given to lower caste people in Kerala. The paper offers an analysis of the relevant passages of the texts accompanied with explanatory notes extracted from the commentarial literature.展开更多
文摘This paper examines the development of the Navalar Movement and how the Christian missionaries and their works influenced and inspired Arumuga Navalar to be known widely as a leader of the native Saiva-Tamil people in the 19th century.For that,this study traces Arumuga Navalar’s interaction with foreign missionaries and the native-Tamil Christians,especially the opportunities in which he was made to form and lead forward his non-institutionalized movement:Saiva-Tamil Movement in order to reawaken Saivism and also to revive Tamil language and culture in Sri Lanka and South India.Drawing extensively from literature and the Navalar’s writings,the research critically analyzes the inculturation of Navalar and the activities of movement by applying the socio-cultural historical perspective to his journey of life in the hybrid ritualism.This approach provides the focus for the discussion with illustrative examples from the literature and reinterprets the rise and mission of Navalar and how the Movement grew out of the colonial encounter and how it evolved through the years.Further this study will be beneficial to researchers and scholars of Saivism and Christianity religious studies,social and cultural history of Sri Lanka.
文摘The paper presents an analysis of the concept of the higher/the lower energy （para-apara maya/prakrti/sakti） in the Atmopadesa Satakam （＂One Hundred Verses of Self-instruction＂）, the most important philosophical work of Narayana Guru composed in Malayalam. In order to better understand the issue, the same pair of opposites is discussed at length on the basis of Narayana＇s earlier Malayalam poems--devotional hymns （Siva Satakarn--＂One Hundred Verses on Siva＂, Kah Natakam--＂Dance of Kali＂, and Janani Nava Ratna Manjari--＂Nine Gemmed Bouquet to Mother＂） as well as later Sanskrit philosophical work [Darsuna Mala--＂Garland of Visions＂）. The comparative analysis of these texts demonstrates that--whereas Darsana Mala reflects more or less accurately Vedantic concepts, Atrnopadesa Satakam presents deeply syncretic formation, influenced to a large extent by philosophical systems related to bhakti （devotion）, like Sata or Saiva Siddhanta. The reason for such a state of affairs could be the purpose of Malayalam work destined to become vehicle for instructions given to lower caste people in Kerala. The paper offers an analysis of the relevant passages of the texts accompanied with explanatory notes extracted from the commentarial literature.
