Objective:To detect some common microbial agents of vaginal discharge and improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of female genital swabs collected from obste...Objective:To detect some common microbial agents of vaginal discharge and improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of female genital swabs collected from obstetrics and gynecology units of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Kano,Nigeria and an analysed of microscopy,culture and sensitivity in the medical microbiology and parasitology laboratory of this hospital were conducted from December 2007 to December 2008.Data on epidemiologic indices were collected from the patients,using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires.Results:Eight hundred and forty Candida species were detected,constituting 60%(n=840) of 1 400 female genital discharge samples of microbial etiology in a total of 2 000 female genital samples received.The distribution of vaginal candidiasis was tbe highest in young adults aged 21 to 30 years with 43%(n=360) of the total 840 cases. Pregnant women that presented with vaginal candidiasis constituted 40%(n=360) of the total 840 cases.Other risk groups included the immuno-suppression with 24%(n=202),group on hormonal therapy with 15%(n=126) and broad spectrum antibiotics users with 16%(n=134).Conclusions: The results show that Candida is the most common cause of vaginitis and vulvo-vaginal candidiasis followed by C.albicans in the young adults aged 21 to 30 years,pregnant mothers, immuno-suppression,contraceptive and broad spectrum antibiotic users.Proper management of vaginal candidiasis and vulvo-vaginal candidiasis is recommended especially among the risk groups in order to avoid complications and reduce HIV transmission.展开更多
AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomi...AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomized consecutive sampling each month for 7 AERs.Authors collected a total of 420 swab cultures,including 300 cultures from 5 gastroscope AERs,and 120 cultures from 2 colonoscope AERs.Swab cultures were obtained from the residual water from the AERs after a full reprocessing cycle.Samples were cultured to test for aerobic bacteria,anaerobic bacteria,and mycobacterium tuberculosis.RESULTS:The positive culture rate of the AERs was 2.0%(6/300) for gastroscope AERs and 0.8%(1/120) for colonoscope AERs.All the positive cultures,including 6 from gastroscope and 1 from colonoscope AERs,showed monofloral colonization.Of the gastroscopeAER samples,50%(3/6) were colonized by aerobic bacterial and 50%(3/6) by fungal contaminations.CONCLUSION:A full reprocessing cycle of an AER with HLD is adequate for disinfection of the machine.Swab culture is a useful method for monitoring AER decontamination after each reprocessing cycle.Fungal contamination of AERs after reprocessing should also be kept in mind.展开更多
Background: Uterovaginal prolapse is the descent of the uterus through the vaginal canal. This may be a predisposing factor to infections in the urogenital system. This study aimed to assess the endocervical swab micr...Background: Uterovaginal prolapse is the descent of the uterus through the vaginal canal. This may be a predisposing factor to infections in the urogenital system. This study aimed to assess the endocervical swab microscopy, culture and sensitivity in patients with third degree uterovaginal prolapse at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional prospective study to assess the endocervical swab microbial findings in patients with third degree uterovaginal prolapse using simple random sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic variables, risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse, and endocervical swab findings among women with third degree uterovaginal prolapse were collated and analysed using statistical methods. Results: The mean age and parity were 50.5 years ± 9.1 and 6.7 ± 2.0 respectively. Thirty-six (85.7%) of the clients were grandmultipara and 37 (88.1%) were farmers. Pus cells were present in all samples while 27 (64.3%) had microbial isolates. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 7 (16.7%), Streptococcus faecalis in 5 (11.9%), Escherichia coli in 5 (11.9), Staphylococcus aureus in 4 (9.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2 (4.8%) and Yeast cells in 4 (9.5%) of the endocervical swabs. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin. Bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Conclusion: This study showed growth of pathogenic organisms from the endocervix of women with third degree uterovaginal prolapse. A 100% sensitivity to gentamicin was observed in the study.展开更多
This study focuses on a robot vision localization method for coping with the operational task ofautomatic nasal swab sampling. The application is important in the detection and epidemic prevention of CoronaVirus Disea...This study focuses on a robot vision localization method for coping with the operational task ofautomatic nasal swab sampling. The application is important in the detection and epidemic prevention of CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to alleviate the large-scale negative impact of individuals suffering from pneumoniaowing to COVID-19. In this method, the idea of a hierarchical decision network is used to consider the stronginfectious characteristics of the COVID-19, which is followed by processing the robot behavior constraint condition.The visual navigation and positioning method using a single-arm robot for sampling is also planned, whichconsiders the operation characteristics of medical staff. In the decision network, the risk factor for potentialcontact infection caused by swab sampling operations is established to avoid the spread among personnel. A robotvisual servo control with artificial intelligence characteristics is developed to achieve a stable and safe nasal swabsampling operation. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve good vision positioning forthe robots and provide technical support for managing new major public health situations.展开更多
Objective:To find out the association of microbial contamination withβ-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG)in-vitro fertilization(IVF)positive and negative.Methods:A total of 73 fresh IVF cycle women were included in...Objective:To find out the association of microbial contamination withβ-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG)in-vitro fertilization(IVF)positive and negative.Methods:A total of 73 fresh IVF cycle women were included in the retrospective study.Vaginal swab culture samples were collected prior to ovum pick-up and embryo transfer.The follicular fluids were collected during ovum pick-up and catheter tip culture samples were collected after successful embryo transfer.After 14 days of the embryo transfer,women were classified intoβ-hCG IVF positive and negative.The comparative statistical analyses of aerobic microbial culture reports were done betweenβ-hCG IVF positive and negative women.Results:Out of 73 women,42(57.5%)were found to beβ-hCG IVF positive and 31(43.5%)were negative.In the aerobic culture of ovum pick-up vaginal swab,follicular fluid,embryo transplantation vaginal swab and catheter tip,Enterococcus faecalis was found to be higher compared to other bacteria(Streptococcus spp.,Candida,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella).Regarding the comparison between IVF positive and negative,the overall microbial infection rate of vaginal swab culture during ovum pick-up and embryo transplantation was found to be higher in IVF negative women than in IVF positive women(38.71%vs.28.57%);however,it was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The follicular fluid and catheter tip culture microbial infection rate was found to slightly higher in IVF positive women than in IVF negative women(54.76%vs.41.94%and 19.05%vs.9.68%,respectively),but there were not significant differences(P>0.05).Conclusions:The aerobic microbial culture reports of follicular fluid,vaginal swab culture,and catheter tip culture are not statistically significantly withβ-hCG IVF positive.展开更多
Introduction: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the entire World was overrun by a pandemic. Science has managed, in a short time, to characterize a new disease, sequence a new viral ...Introduction: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the entire World was overrun by a pandemic. Science has managed, in a short time, to characterize a new disease, sequence a new viral genome, develop diagnostics, produce treatment protocols and establish the efficacy of drugs and vaccines in randomized controlled trials. In this paper we have dealt with different topics regarding the pandemic linked to COVID-19. Objectives: Aim of this paper is to compare the number of deaths attributable to COVID-19, that occurred in the different Italian macro-areas, in the different pandemic waves;we studied the trend of the curves relating to the proportion of deaths to the number of infected in the Italian macro-areas for the pandemic waves and analysed the mortality data, focusing on the Italian context and comparing it with other foreign countries. We examined the data regarding swabs, hospitalizations, home isolation, admissions to intensive care and deaths registered in pandemic period. Results: Geographically, Italy was differently affected by the pandemic. Northern Italy was the most affected area. In comparison with some foreign countries, Italy is one of the nations that paid the most in terms of deaths, due to: delays in understanding the seriousness of the emergency;the slow management in the tracking systems of contagions;the high number of hospitalizations;a corporate organizational system poorly planned. Conclusion: The years 2020 and 2021 have been dramatic and unprecedented. The year 2021 was the year of redemption, where, despite social, economic and health difficulties, thanks to mass vaccination, we were able to give a real strong response to the pandemic. Trust in science has led to a drastic decrease in mortality throughout the world.展开更多
The study was conducted for the detection of streptococcus bacteria of two groups of people with pharyngitis and tonsillitis. All the plates with α-haemolytic and β-haemolytic colonies were identified by conventiona...The study was conducted for the detection of streptococcus bacteria of two groups of people with pharyngitis and tonsillitis. All the plates with α-haemolytic and β-haemolytic colonies were identified by conventional methods. β-haemolytic colonies was further identified by observing its sensitivity towards bacitracin disc tested on sheep blood agar plate. Alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar plate were identified with optchin disc. Different bacteria which included Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pnenmoniae and S. celis that had proportions 48.57%, 51.43%, 59.1% and 40.9% respectively isolated by the sensitivity test （depends on agents bacitracin and optchin）. Isolates of beta-Streptococcal which included S. pyogenes at child group （A） and the isolates alpha- Streptococcal which included S. pnenmoniae at adults group （B） showed marked rise.展开更多
The nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing is generally considered safe;however, it is primarily performed by staff that may not completely understand the anatomy of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. We report the t...The nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing is generally considered safe;however, it is primarily performed by staff that may not completely understand the anatomy of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. We report the treatment of a 48-year-old man who developed unilateral left rhinorrhea after a nasopharyngeal swab sample. It is aimed to draw attention to this complication that can be prevented with the appropriate technique during nasopharyngeal swab sampling.展开更多
Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pha...Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pharyngeal swab and anal swab were compared.Case presentation: A 3-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19. Her parents had both been diagnosed with COVID-19. The results of pharyngeal swab and anal swab of the little girl were recorded and compared during the course of the disease. The oropharyngeal specimen showed negative result for SARS-CoV-2 on the 14th day after onset of the illness. However, the anal swab was still positive for SARS-CoV-2 on the 28th day after the onset of the illness.Conclusion: The possibility of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 should be assessed. Personal hygiene during home quarantine merits considerable attention.展开更多
Upper respiratory tract samples are the most commonly used samples for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)diagnosis.The samples collected from the nasopharynx are preferred for viral nucleic acids detection.Commercial ...Upper respiratory tract samples are the most commonly used samples for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)diagnosis.The samples collected from the nasopharynx are preferred for viral nucleic acids detection.Commercial nasopharyngeal swabs(NPSs)are the major factor that influences the sampling quality.We here evaluated the acceptability and efficiency of NPSs from five manufacturers by examining the concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene(GAPDH)retrieved from the swabs using the RT-PCR method.Significant different concentrations of GAPDH were detected,ranged from 4.36×10^(8) copies/mL to 6.98×10^(10) copies/mL among the five swabs(P<0.05).The designation of the swab head,with or without tip expansion,had limited influence on the collection efficiency.The discrepancy among the NPSs emphasized the improvement of the swab head material.展开更多
Mediterranean spotted fever(MSF)has been diagnosed clinically in the Crimean Peninsula since the 1930s.We describe the recent illness of an elderly patient from Crimea who had developed a classic triad of MSF symptoms...Mediterranean spotted fever(MSF)has been diagnosed clinically in the Crimean Peninsula since the 1930s.We describe the recent illness of an elderly patient from Crimea who had developed a classic triad of MSF symptoms consisting of fever,maculopapular rash,and eschar.Clinical diagnosis of rickettsiosis was confirmed using real-time PCR and sequencing of 4 Rickettsia protein genes.The strain causing clinical illness was characterized as Rickettsia conorii subspecies conorii Malish 7.This report corroborates the utility of eschar swab material as a source of DNA for PCR-based diagnostics that enables timely patient treatment and management.展开更多
Nasal swabs are non-invasive testing methods for detecting diseases by collecting samples from the nasal cavity or nasopharynx.Dysosmia is regarded as an early sign of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and nasal swab...Nasal swabs are non-invasive testing methods for detecting diseases by collecting samples from the nasal cavity or nasopharynx.Dysosmia is regarded as an early sign of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and nasal swabs are the gold standard for the detection.By nasal swabs,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)nucleic acids can be cyclically amplified and detected using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction after sampling.Similarly,olfactory dysfunction precedes the onset of typical clinical manifestations by several years in prion diseases and other neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,dementia with Lewy bodies,and multiple system atrophy.In neurodegenerative diseases,nasal swab tests are currently being explored using seed amplification assay(SAA)of pathogenic misfolded proteins,such as prion,α-synuclein,and tau.These misfolded proteins can serve as templates for the conformational change of other copies from the native form into the same misfolded form in a prion-like manner.SAA for misfolded prion-like proteins from nasal swab extracts has been developed,conceptually analogous to PCR,showing high sensitivity and specificity for molecular diagnosis of degenerative diseases even in the prodromal stage.Cyclic amplification assay of nasal swab extracts is an attractive and feasible method for accurate and non-invasive detection of trace amount of pathogenic substances for screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease.展开更多
COVID-19,the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,is highly contagious.The persistence of the virus after infected individuals die remains unclear.This article reports the findings taken from postmortem nasopharynge...COVID-19,the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,is highly contagious.The persistence of the virus after infected individuals die remains unclear.This article reports the findings taken from postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs performed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the corpses transferred to the Genoa District Mortuary from the outset of the Italian lockdown(March 9)to the end of the first emergency phase(July 13).One hundred and eighty swabs were carried out:13 corpses resulted positive for the virus,with the diagnosis being reached only after death.Seven were male and 6 female with an average age of 73.5 years old.The most frequent comorbidities recorded were arterial hypertension,diabetes,Alzheimer 5s,and pulmonary disease.In two cases,the swab tested positive at a distance of 125 h and 165 h from actual death.The nasopharyngeal swab results a useful way to screen corpses for COVID-19 and to handle bodies in Legal Medicine Centers where safe autoptic rooms are not available.Swabs are also a means of safeguarding forensic pathologists,identifying the presence of breeding grounds in the community and providing information for the Public Prosecutor's Office in legal cases.They are able to produce reliable results up to at least 7 days following death,provided that the corpse is correctly preserved.展开更多
Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV preva...Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV prevalence is not known in remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants,who are at high risk of respiratory infection and where the population prevalence of urogenital HPV in women is high.These data are necessary to inform HPV vaccination regimens.A retrospective analysis using PCR specific for HPV was performed on 64 stored nasopharyngeal swabs from remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants<6 months of age,with and without hospitalised pneumonia.HPV DNA was not detected in any specimen.Despite the negative result,we cannot exclude a role for HPV in respiratory infections affecting infants in this population;however,our data do not support HPV as an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginal children.展开更多
文摘Objective:To detect some common microbial agents of vaginal discharge and improve the current syndromic management of abnormal vaginal discharge.Methods:A prospective study of female genital swabs collected from obstetrics and gynecology units of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Kano,Nigeria and an analysed of microscopy,culture and sensitivity in the medical microbiology and parasitology laboratory of this hospital were conducted from December 2007 to December 2008.Data on epidemiologic indices were collected from the patients,using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires.Results:Eight hundred and forty Candida species were detected,constituting 60%(n=840) of 1 400 female genital discharge samples of microbial etiology in a total of 2 000 female genital samples received.The distribution of vaginal candidiasis was tbe highest in young adults aged 21 to 30 years with 43%(n=360) of the total 840 cases. Pregnant women that presented with vaginal candidiasis constituted 40%(n=360) of the total 840 cases.Other risk groups included the immuno-suppression with 24%(n=202),group on hormonal therapy with 15%(n=126) and broad spectrum antibiotics users with 16%(n=134).Conclusions: The results show that Candida is the most common cause of vaginitis and vulvo-vaginal candidiasis followed by C.albicans in the young adults aged 21 to 30 years,pregnant mothers, immuno-suppression,contraceptive and broad spectrum antibiotic users.Proper management of vaginal candidiasis and vulvo-vaginal candidiasis is recommended especially among the risk groups in order to avoid complications and reduce HIV transmission.
基金Supported by The Gastrointestinal Scope Unit of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital(Kaohsiung)of Taiwan
文摘AIM:To conduct a bacterial culture study for monitoring decontamination of automated endoscope reprocessors(AERs) after high-level disinfection(HLD).METHODS:From February 2006 to January 2011,authors conducted randomized consecutive sampling each month for 7 AERs.Authors collected a total of 420 swab cultures,including 300 cultures from 5 gastroscope AERs,and 120 cultures from 2 colonoscope AERs.Swab cultures were obtained from the residual water from the AERs after a full reprocessing cycle.Samples were cultured to test for aerobic bacteria,anaerobic bacteria,and mycobacterium tuberculosis.RESULTS:The positive culture rate of the AERs was 2.0%(6/300) for gastroscope AERs and 0.8%(1/120) for colonoscope AERs.All the positive cultures,including 6 from gastroscope and 1 from colonoscope AERs,showed monofloral colonization.Of the gastroscopeAER samples,50%(3/6) were colonized by aerobic bacterial and 50%(3/6) by fungal contaminations.CONCLUSION:A full reprocessing cycle of an AER with HLD is adequate for disinfection of the machine.Swab culture is a useful method for monitoring AER decontamination after each reprocessing cycle.Fungal contamination of AERs after reprocessing should also be kept in mind.
文摘Background: Uterovaginal prolapse is the descent of the uterus through the vaginal canal. This may be a predisposing factor to infections in the urogenital system. This study aimed to assess the endocervical swab microscopy, culture and sensitivity in patients with third degree uterovaginal prolapse at the National Obstetric Fistula Centre, Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional prospective study to assess the endocervical swab microbial findings in patients with third degree uterovaginal prolapse using simple random sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic variables, risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse, and endocervical swab findings among women with third degree uterovaginal prolapse were collated and analysed using statistical methods. Results: The mean age and parity were 50.5 years ± 9.1 and 6.7 ± 2.0 respectively. Thirty-six (85.7%) of the clients were grandmultipara and 37 (88.1%) were farmers. Pus cells were present in all samples while 27 (64.3%) had microbial isolates. Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 7 (16.7%), Streptococcus faecalis in 5 (11.9%), Escherichia coli in 5 (11.9), Staphylococcus aureus in 4 (9.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2 (4.8%) and Yeast cells in 4 (9.5%) of the endocervical swabs. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin. Bacterial isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Conclusion: This study showed growth of pathogenic organisms from the endocervix of women with third degree uterovaginal prolapse. A 100% sensitivity to gentamicin was observed in the study.
基金the Director Foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detection Technology and Instrument(No.YQ21110)。
文摘This study focuses on a robot vision localization method for coping with the operational task ofautomatic nasal swab sampling. The application is important in the detection and epidemic prevention of CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) to alleviate the large-scale negative impact of individuals suffering from pneumoniaowing to COVID-19. In this method, the idea of a hierarchical decision network is used to consider the stronginfectious characteristics of the COVID-19, which is followed by processing the robot behavior constraint condition.The visual navigation and positioning method using a single-arm robot for sampling is also planned, whichconsiders the operation characteristics of medical staff. In the decision network, the risk factor for potentialcontact infection caused by swab sampling operations is established to avoid the spread among personnel. A robotvisual servo control with artificial intelligence characteristics is developed to achieve a stable and safe nasal swabsampling operation. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve good vision positioning forthe robots and provide technical support for managing new major public health situations.
文摘Objective:To find out the association of microbial contamination withβ-human chorionic gonadotropin(β-hCG)in-vitro fertilization(IVF)positive and negative.Methods:A total of 73 fresh IVF cycle women were included in the retrospective study.Vaginal swab culture samples were collected prior to ovum pick-up and embryo transfer.The follicular fluids were collected during ovum pick-up and catheter tip culture samples were collected after successful embryo transfer.After 14 days of the embryo transfer,women were classified intoβ-hCG IVF positive and negative.The comparative statistical analyses of aerobic microbial culture reports were done betweenβ-hCG IVF positive and negative women.Results:Out of 73 women,42(57.5%)were found to beβ-hCG IVF positive and 31(43.5%)were negative.In the aerobic culture of ovum pick-up vaginal swab,follicular fluid,embryo transplantation vaginal swab and catheter tip,Enterococcus faecalis was found to be higher compared to other bacteria(Streptococcus spp.,Candida,Escherichia coli and Klebsiella).Regarding the comparison between IVF positive and negative,the overall microbial infection rate of vaginal swab culture during ovum pick-up and embryo transplantation was found to be higher in IVF negative women than in IVF positive women(38.71%vs.28.57%);however,it was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The follicular fluid and catheter tip culture microbial infection rate was found to slightly higher in IVF positive women than in IVF negative women(54.76%vs.41.94%and 19.05%vs.9.68%,respectively),but there were not significant differences(P>0.05).Conclusions:The aerobic microbial culture reports of follicular fluid,vaginal swab culture,and catheter tip culture are not statistically significantly withβ-hCG IVF positive.
文摘Introduction: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the entire World was overrun by a pandemic. Science has managed, in a short time, to characterize a new disease, sequence a new viral genome, develop diagnostics, produce treatment protocols and establish the efficacy of drugs and vaccines in randomized controlled trials. In this paper we have dealt with different topics regarding the pandemic linked to COVID-19. Objectives: Aim of this paper is to compare the number of deaths attributable to COVID-19, that occurred in the different Italian macro-areas, in the different pandemic waves;we studied the trend of the curves relating to the proportion of deaths to the number of infected in the Italian macro-areas for the pandemic waves and analysed the mortality data, focusing on the Italian context and comparing it with other foreign countries. We examined the data regarding swabs, hospitalizations, home isolation, admissions to intensive care and deaths registered in pandemic period. Results: Geographically, Italy was differently affected by the pandemic. Northern Italy was the most affected area. In comparison with some foreign countries, Italy is one of the nations that paid the most in terms of deaths, due to: delays in understanding the seriousness of the emergency;the slow management in the tracking systems of contagions;the high number of hospitalizations;a corporate organizational system poorly planned. Conclusion: The years 2020 and 2021 have been dramatic and unprecedented. The year 2021 was the year of redemption, where, despite social, economic and health difficulties, thanks to mass vaccination, we were able to give a real strong response to the pandemic. Trust in science has led to a drastic decrease in mortality throughout the world.
文摘The study was conducted for the detection of streptococcus bacteria of two groups of people with pharyngitis and tonsillitis. All the plates with α-haemolytic and β-haemolytic colonies were identified by conventional methods. β-haemolytic colonies was further identified by observing its sensitivity towards bacitracin disc tested on sheep blood agar plate. Alpha-hemolytic colonies on blood agar plate were identified with optchin disc. Different bacteria which included Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae, S. pnenmoniae and S. celis that had proportions 48.57%, 51.43%, 59.1% and 40.9% respectively isolated by the sensitivity test （depends on agents bacitracin and optchin）. Isolates of beta-Streptococcal which included S. pyogenes at child group （A） and the isolates alpha- Streptococcal which included S. pnenmoniae at adults group （B） showed marked rise.
文摘The nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing is generally considered safe;however, it is primarily performed by staff that may not completely understand the anatomy of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. We report the treatment of a 48-year-old man who developed unilateral left rhinorrhea after a nasopharyngeal swab sample. It is aimed to draw attention to this complication that can be prevented with the appropriate technique during nasopharyngeal swab sampling.
文摘Introduction: The transmission pathways of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain not completely clear. In this case study the test for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in pharyngeal swab and anal swab were compared.Case presentation: A 3-month-old girl was admitted to our hospital with COVID-19. Her parents had both been diagnosed with COVID-19. The results of pharyngeal swab and anal swab of the little girl were recorded and compared during the course of the disease. The oropharyngeal specimen showed negative result for SARS-CoV-2 on the 14th day after onset of the illness. However, the anal swab was still positive for SARS-CoV-2 on the 28th day after the onset of the illness.Conclusion: The possibility of fecal-oral transmission of COVID-19 should be assessed. Personal hygiene during home quarantine merits considerable attention.
基金funded in part by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2020-I2M-2-013)+1 种基金Nonprofit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2019PT310029)funding from Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z201100008920008).
文摘Upper respiratory tract samples are the most commonly used samples for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)diagnosis.The samples collected from the nasopharynx are preferred for viral nucleic acids detection.Commercial nasopharyngeal swabs(NPSs)are the major factor that influences the sampling quality.We here evaluated the acceptability and efficiency of NPSs from five manufacturers by examining the concentration of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene(GAPDH)retrieved from the swabs using the RT-PCR method.Significant different concentrations of GAPDH were detected,ranged from 4.36×10^(8) copies/mL to 6.98×10^(10) copies/mL among the five swabs(P<0.05).The designation of the swab head,with or without tip expansion,had limited influence on the collection efficiency.The discrepancy among the NPSs emphasized the improvement of the swab head material.
文摘Mediterranean spotted fever(MSF)has been diagnosed clinically in the Crimean Peninsula since the 1930s.We describe the recent illness of an elderly patient from Crimea who had developed a classic triad of MSF symptoms consisting of fever,maculopapular rash,and eschar.Clinical diagnosis of rickettsiosis was confirmed using real-time PCR and sequencing of 4 Rickettsia protein genes.The strain causing clinical illness was characterized as Rickettsia conorii subspecies conorii Malish 7.This report corroborates the utility of eschar swab material as a source of DNA for PCR-based diagnostics that enables timely patient treatment and management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1904207 to Dr.Yuming Xu)the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2020-PT310-01 to Dr.Yuming Xu).
文摘Nasal swabs are non-invasive testing methods for detecting diseases by collecting samples from the nasal cavity or nasopharynx.Dysosmia is regarded as an early sign of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),and nasal swabs are the gold standard for the detection.By nasal swabs,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)nucleic acids can be cyclically amplified and detected using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction after sampling.Similarly,olfactory dysfunction precedes the onset of typical clinical manifestations by several years in prion diseases and other neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,dementia with Lewy bodies,and multiple system atrophy.In neurodegenerative diseases,nasal swab tests are currently being explored using seed amplification assay(SAA)of pathogenic misfolded proteins,such as prion,α-synuclein,and tau.These misfolded proteins can serve as templates for the conformational change of other copies from the native form into the same misfolded form in a prion-like manner.SAA for misfolded prion-like proteins from nasal swab extracts has been developed,conceptually analogous to PCR,showing high sensitivity and specificity for molecular diagnosis of degenerative diseases even in the prodromal stage.Cyclic amplification assay of nasal swab extracts is an attractive and feasible method for accurate and non-invasive detection of trace amount of pathogenic substances for screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease.
文摘COVID-19,the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,is highly contagious.The persistence of the virus after infected individuals die remains unclear.This article reports the findings taken from postmortem nasopharyngeal swabs performed to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the corpses transferred to the Genoa District Mortuary from the outset of the Italian lockdown(March 9)to the end of the first emergency phase(July 13).One hundred and eighty swabs were carried out:13 corpses resulted positive for the virus,with the diagnosis being reached only after death.Seven were male and 6 female with an average age of 73.5 years old.The most frequent comorbidities recorded were arterial hypertension,diabetes,Alzheimer 5s,and pulmonary disease.In two cases,the swab tested positive at a distance of 125 h and 165 h from actual death.The nasopharyngeal swab results a useful way to screen corpses for COVID-19 and to handle bodies in Legal Medicine Centers where safe autoptic rooms are not available.Swabs are also a means of safeguarding forensic pathologists,identifying the presence of breeding grounds in the community and providing information for the Public Prosecutor's Office in legal cases.They are able to produce reliable results up to at least 7 days following death,provided that the corpse is correctly preserved.
基金This work was supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(NHMRC,GNT1023781)HSV was supported by the NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Lung Health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children(GNT1079557)+2 种基金ABC is funded by a NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship(1154302)ACC was supported by a Career Development Fellowship(1068732)We wish to thank the families who participated in these studies.We thank Victor Oguoma for assistance with statistical analysis.
文摘Maternal urogenital human papillomavirus(HPV)infection may place neonates at risk of HPV acquisition and subsequently lower respiratory infections as HPV can influence development of immunity.The respiratory HPV prevalence is not known in remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants,who are at high risk of respiratory infection and where the population prevalence of urogenital HPV in women is high.These data are necessary to inform HPV vaccination regimens.A retrospective analysis using PCR specific for HPV was performed on 64 stored nasopharyngeal swabs from remote-dwelling Aboriginal infants<6 months of age,with and without hospitalised pneumonia.HPV DNA was not detected in any specimen.Despite the negative result,we cannot exclude a role for HPV in respiratory infections affecting infants in this population;however,our data do not support HPV as an important contributor to acute respiratory infection in remote-dwelling Aboriginal children.
