Viral co-infection has been found in animals;however,the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear.The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection.Here,we reported a coinfecti...Viral co-infection has been found in animals;however,the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear.The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection.Here,we reported a coinfection in fish,which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection.The spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae,such as zebrafish.The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus(GCRV).The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV.The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection.After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses,the intracellular mechanisms were studied.We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation.The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein(N)and phosphoprotein(P)proteins was identified,and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins.Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor,sequestosome 1(p62).Meanwhile,K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38,leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein.These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.展开更多
[Objective]The paper was to develop a rapid method for the detection of spring Viremia of carp virus(SVCV).[Method]The specific primers were designed by targeting the G gene of SVCV.The recombinase polymerase amplific...[Objective]The paper was to develop a rapid method for the detection of spring Viremia of carp virus(SVCV).[Method]The specific primers were designed by targeting the G gene of SVCV.The recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)assay for detecting SVCV was estab-lished by optimizing the reaction conditions.The optimal amplification temperature of RPA assay was 30℃,and the test could be finished within 20 min.[Result]The method was specific with no cross-reaction with other common fish infectious viruses.Sensitivity test showed that the lowest detection limit of the method was 89.2 copies/μL,higher than that of traditional RT-PCR.Moreover,a total of 80 clinical samples were detected by RPA and RT-PCR,respectively.The weak positive samples tested by RT-PCR could be detectable with RPA,indicating that RPA assay could be used in clinical detection.[Conclusion]The method established is rapid,simple,specific and sensitive for testing SVCV,and it will be widely used in grassroots laboratory and on-site inspection.展开更多
Oxygen(O_(2))profoundly influences the physiological processes of aerobic organisms through a range of mechanisms.Recently,increasing evidence has revealed the relationship between viral infection and oxygen levels.Ho...Oxygen(O_(2))profoundly influences the physiological processes of aerobic organisms through a range of mechanisms.Recently,increasing evidence has revealed the relationship between viral infection and oxygen levels.However,due to a lack of feasible methods and in vivo models,how oxygen directly affects antiviral capability remains largely unknown.In contrast to terrestrial animals,fish live in water for life,where oxygen levels change more frequently than on land in areas with similar altitude.Therefore,fish appear to be ideal organisms for elucidating the effect of oxygen levels on antiviral responses.In this study,we report that zebrafish under low oxygen conditions are more susceptible to SVCV infection.Further assays indicate that low oxygen tension not only suppresses SVCV-induced IFN activation but also promotes SVCV replication in both zebrafish cell lines and zebrafish.This study provides novel insights into the effect of oxygen on antiviral responses and virus replication.展开更多
Viral infectious diseases significantly threaten the sustainability of freshwater fish aquaculture.The lack of studies on epidemic transmission patterns and mechanisms inhibits the development of containment strategie...Viral infectious diseases significantly threaten the sustainability of freshwater fish aquaculture.The lack of studies on epidemic transmission patterns and mechanisms inhibits the development of containment strategies from the viewpoint of veterinary public health.This study raises an epidemic mathematical model considering water transmission with the aim of analyzing the transmission process more accurately.The basic reproduction number R0 was derived by the model parameter including the water transmission coefficient and was used for the analysis of the virus transmission.Spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)and zebrafish were used as model viruses and animals,respectively,to conduct the transmission experiment.Transmission through water was achieved by connecting two aquarium tanks with a water channel but blocking the fish movement between the tanks.With the collected experimental data,we determined the optimal hybrid machine learning algorithm to analyze the transmission process using an established mathematical model.In addition,future transmission was predicted and validated using the epidemic model and an optimal algorithm.Finally,the sensitivity of model parameters and the simulations of R0 variation were performed based on the modified complex epidemic model.This study is of significance in providing theoretical guidance for minimizing R0 by manipulating model parameters with containment measures.More importantly,since the modified model and algorithm demonstrated better performance in handling freshwater fish transmission problems,this study advances the future application of transmissible disease modeling with larger datasets in freshwater fish aquaculture.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24030203)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0900504,2018YFD0900204,and 2021YFD1200804)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32073009,31873036,32173023,and 32002431)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,the Key Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDY-SSW-SMC025)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-45-07)the Autonomous Project of the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology.
文摘Viral co-infection has been found in animals;however,the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear.The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection.Here,we reported a coinfection in fish,which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection.The spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae,such as zebrafish.The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus(GCRV).The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV.The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection.After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses,the intracellular mechanisms were studied.We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation.The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein(N)and phosphoprotein(P)proteins was identified,and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins.Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor,sequestosome 1(p62).Meanwhile,K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38,leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein.These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.
基金Supported by National Key Research and Development Program (2017YFF0211103)Scientific Research Project of General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine (2017IK232)
文摘[Objective]The paper was to develop a rapid method for the detection of spring Viremia of carp virus(SVCV).[Method]The specific primers were designed by targeting the G gene of SVCV.The recombinase polymerase amplification(RPA)assay for detecting SVCV was estab-lished by optimizing the reaction conditions.The optimal amplification temperature of RPA assay was 30℃,and the test could be finished within 20 min.[Result]The method was specific with no cross-reaction with other common fish infectious viruses.Sensitivity test showed that the lowest detection limit of the method was 89.2 copies/μL,higher than that of traditional RT-PCR.Moreover,a total of 80 clinical samples were detected by RPA and RT-PCR,respectively.The weak positive samples tested by RT-PCR could be detectable with RPA,indicating that RPA assay could be used in clinical detection.[Conclusion]The method established is rapid,simple,specific and sensitive for testing SVCV,and it will be widely used in grassroots laboratory and on-site inspection.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[2018YFD0900602 to W.X.,2022YFF1000302 to X.L.]NSFC[31830101 and 31721005 to W.X.,32273171 to X.L.]+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[XDA24010308 to W.X.]the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China[2022CFA110 to X.L.].
文摘Oxygen(O_(2))profoundly influences the physiological processes of aerobic organisms through a range of mechanisms.Recently,increasing evidence has revealed the relationship between viral infection and oxygen levels.However,due to a lack of feasible methods and in vivo models,how oxygen directly affects antiviral capability remains largely unknown.In contrast to terrestrial animals,fish live in water for life,where oxygen levels change more frequently than on land in areas with similar altitude.Therefore,fish appear to be ideal organisms for elucidating the effect of oxygen levels on antiviral responses.In this study,we report that zebrafish under low oxygen conditions are more susceptible to SVCV infection.Further assays indicate that low oxygen tension not only suppresses SVCV-induced IFN activation but also promotes SVCV replication in both zebrafish cell lines and zebrafish.This study provides novel insights into the effect of oxygen on antiviral responses and virus replication.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20268,31920103016,32173010)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M711128)+2 种基金Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2021RC2076,2021NK2025,2022JJ40276,2022JJ30383)College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(2022123,2023227)the Modern Agricultural Industry Program of Hunan Province,and the Fish Disease and Vaccine Research and Development Platform for Postgraduates in Hunan Province.
文摘Viral infectious diseases significantly threaten the sustainability of freshwater fish aquaculture.The lack of studies on epidemic transmission patterns and mechanisms inhibits the development of containment strategies from the viewpoint of veterinary public health.This study raises an epidemic mathematical model considering water transmission with the aim of analyzing the transmission process more accurately.The basic reproduction number R0 was derived by the model parameter including the water transmission coefficient and was used for the analysis of the virus transmission.Spring viremia of carp virus(SVCV)and zebrafish were used as model viruses and animals,respectively,to conduct the transmission experiment.Transmission through water was achieved by connecting two aquarium tanks with a water channel but blocking the fish movement between the tanks.With the collected experimental data,we determined the optimal hybrid machine learning algorithm to analyze the transmission process using an established mathematical model.In addition,future transmission was predicted and validated using the epidemic model and an optimal algorithm.Finally,the sensitivity of model parameters and the simulations of R0 variation were performed based on the modified complex epidemic model.This study is of significance in providing theoretical guidance for minimizing R0 by manipulating model parameters with containment measures.More importantly,since the modified model and algorithm demonstrated better performance in handling freshwater fish transmission problems,this study advances the future application of transmissible disease modeling with larger datasets in freshwater fish aquaculture.
