In addition to the negative consequences of climate change,sucking pest complexes severely limited cotton yields in the recent past.Although the damage caused by bollworms was much reduced by utilizing Bt cotton,the e...In addition to the negative consequences of climate change,sucking pest complexes severely limited cotton yields in the recent past.Although the damage caused by bollworms was much reduced by utilizing Bt cotton,the emergence of sucking pests(such as aphids,thrips,and whiteflies)poses a serious threat to cotton production,as they reduce lint yield by 40%–60%finally.Additionally,these pests also caused yield losses by spreading viral diseases.Promoting innovative and thorough control methods is necessary to counter the threat posed by these sucking pests.Such initiatives necessitate a multifaceted strategy that combines next-generation breeding technology and pest management techniques to produce novel cotton cultivars that are resistant to sucking pests.The discovery of novel genes and regulatory factors linked to cotton’s resistance to sucking pests will be possible by the combination of next-generation breeding technologies and omics approaches and employing those tools on special resistant donors.Continuous research aimed at understanding the genetic basis of insect resistance and improving integrated pest management(IPM)techniques is crucial to the sustainability and resilience of cotton cropping systems.To this end,a sustainable and viable strategy to protect cotton fields from sucking pests is outlined.展开更多
Against the particularity of stratum-structure in ＂three soft＂ mine areas, according to rock indoor test and on-site sucking experiment, discussed the characteristics of argillization, compression fracture and sucki...Against the particularity of stratum-structure in ＂three soft＂ mine areas, according to rock indoor test and on-site sucking experiment, discussed the characteristics of argillization, compression fracture and sucking technique of soft coal with low permeability. It is clearly pointed out that the gas can be highly effectively sucked only by compression fracture along the occurrence of the coal seam, creating inter-seams crack belt because of the difference of bulgy deformation. After the flooding experiment in the 24080 workface of Pingdingshan No. 10 mine, the average single-bore volume of gas increases from 77 m3 to 7 893 mS, while decay cycle extended from 7 days to 80-90 days. Also, the single-bore extracting rate of gas increases to 33%.展开更多
Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the r...Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.展开更多
Two experiments were carried out to study the grunting of sows during nursing and the sucking behaviour of piglets. In experimental Ⅰ,six Yorkshire sows and their litters were observed and managed in farrowing crate...Two experiments were carried out to study the grunting of sows during nursing and the sucking behaviour of piglets. In experimental Ⅰ,six Yorkshire sows and their litters were observed and managed in farrowing crates.In experimental Ⅱ,six Harbin White sows and their litters were selected and housed in farrowing pens.The behaviours and activities of the sows during nursing and the activities of piglets during sucking were recorded with a portable video camera(Panasonic NV-VX22EN) The results showed that the characteristic patterns of grunting by the sows consist of an initial period of rhythmic grunting at a fairly constant rate and followed by a period of more rapid grunting,and then a decline in grunting rate toward the completion of nursing.The pattern of vocalization showed by the mothers bears a reliable synchronization to the sucking behaviour of the piglets.The rate of grunting varied little during jostling for teat and nosing the udder.The beginning of slow sucking usually occurred during or just after the increase in grunt rate.The rapid sucking began 15～25 seconds after the period of most rapid grunting,following the decrease of grunt rate.afterwards the nursing ended.There were individualities found in sows'grunting patterns. It is found that vocalizations attracted the piglets to the sows and synchronized sucking activities of piglets,but the results indicated that the premassaging time and numbers of piglets engaging massaging influenced the grunting pattern and the onset of the milk ejection.As more piglets were involved the massaging,the higher the grunting rate peak,the faster the milk ejection.展开更多
Main Objective: To determine the prevalence of thumb sucking habits amongst children at the KNUST Basic School. Methodology: This study was quantitative and descriptive with the design being a cross-sectional type. Th...Main Objective: To determine the prevalence of thumb sucking habits amongst children at the KNUST Basic School. Methodology: This study was quantitative and descriptive with the design being a cross-sectional type. The data was obtained from KNUST Basic School with a sample size of 200. Data was obtained through questionnaires and clinical examination. Results: Out of the 200 children studied, 19 (9.5%) were identified as thumb suckers, with a majority being females (13, 68.42%) and the rest being males (6, 31.58%). Most of the thumb suckers (47.37%) engaged in the habit due to hunger. The clinical manifestations observed among the thumb suckers included Class I malocclusion (94.7%), high arched palate (89.5%), anterior open bite (4), increased overjet (3, 15.8%), proclined maxillary incisors (4, 22.2%), linguoversion of mandibular incisors (1, 5.6%), unilateral posterior crossbite (2, 10.5%), speech changes (7, 41.2%), thinner thumb (7, 36.8%), elongated thumb (9, 47.4%), and callus formation on the thumb (2, 10.5%). Conclusion: Thumb sucking is a common oral habit which stimulates the growth of the orofacial complex from ages 0 to 3 years. The habit of thumb sucking is usually outgrown by age 3 but beyond this age, it turns out as a deleterious habit which has to be seen as such and measures put in place to stop thumb sucking.展开更多
Background and aims： The comparative efficacy of glucose solution （GS） versus non-nutritive sucking （NNS） for pain re- lief in neonate remains controversial. This systematic review was consequently performed to o...Background and aims： The comparative efficacy of glucose solution （GS） versus non-nutritive sucking （NNS） for pain re- lief in neonate remains controversial. This systematic review was consequently performed to objectively investigate the analgesic effect of Oral GS related to NNS in newborns during nociceptive procedures. Methods： All potential records were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to capture the randomized controlled trials comparing GS with NNS in terms of pain scores in neonates through January 2017. Two independent investigators screened the identified articles, extracted the data, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. All statistical analyses were completed by using Review Manager （RevMan） version 5.3.0. Results： Four studies, involving 248 neonates, were incorporated into these statistical analyses. For reducing pain scores, no statistical difference was detected when GS compared to NNS （4 trials; mean difference [MD], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.77 to 2.27; P = 0.33）. Conclusion： Both the GS and NNS reduced the pain scores in neonates who undergoing Hepatitis B vaccination and venipuncture, but the NNS is more convenience than GS to some extent. Considered the limited evidences, more randomized controlled trials with high-quality, large-scale and appropriate measures time are warranted to further establish the comparative efficacy of these two options.展开更多
Resistance to whitebacked planthopper(WBPH)in Chinese japonica riceChunjiang 06(CJ-06)was mediated by sucking inhibitory and ovicidal mecha-nism.The ovicidal reponse was a common self-defense mechanism againstWBPH in ...Resistance to whitebacked planthopper(WBPH)in Chinese japonica riceChunjiang 06(CJ-06)was mediated by sucking inhibitory and ovicidal mecha-nism.The ovicidal reponse was a common self-defense mechanism againstWBPH in japonica.The ovicidal gene and its chromosomal position had alreadybeen identified.The sucking inhibitory nature of CJ-06 caused a definenon-preference behavior of WBPH in fields.A single dominant gene governed展开更多
The adoption of pest-resistant transgenic plants to reduce yield losses and de- crease pesticide use has been successful. To achieve the goal of controlling both chewing and sucking pests in a given transgenic plant, ...The adoption of pest-resistant transgenic plants to reduce yield losses and de- crease pesticide use has been successful. To achieve the goal of controlling both chewing and sucking pests in a given transgenic plant, we generated transgenic tobacco, Arabidopsis, and rice plants expressing the fusion protein, AalT/GNA, in which an insecticidal scor- pion venom neurotoxin （Androctonus australis toxin, AalT） is fused to snowdrop lectin （Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA）. Compared with transgenic tobacco and Arabidop- sis plants expressing AaIT or GNA, transgenic plants expressing AalT/GNA exhibited increased resistance and toxicity to one chewing pest, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Transgenic tobacco and rice plants expressing AalT/GNA showed increased resistance and toxicity to two sucking pests, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, respectively. Moreover, in the field, transgenic rice plants expressing AalT/GNA exhibited a significant improvement in grain yield when infested with N. lugens. This study shows that expressing the AalT/GNA fusion protein in transgenic plants can be a useful approach for controlling pests, particularly sucking pests which are not susceptible to the toxin in Bt crops.展开更多
This study proposed a method using negative pressure sucking the petals adhered around cones.The structural parameters of the sucking device affect the flow-field distribution in the negative-pressure air chamber.In o...This study proposed a method using negative pressure sucking the petals adhered around cones.The structural parameters of the sucking device affect the flow-field distribution in the negative-pressure air chamber.In order to improve the harvesting efficiency and quality of the pneumatic cutting-type safflower harvest device,a dynamic model was established and the safflower petals upwind area were measured.According to the test,the size parameters of the thornless Yumin safflower were as follows:the average necking diameter was 6.30 mm,the average capitulum diameter was 20.89 mm and the average petal length was 22.39 mm.The measured maximum frontal area of the safflower petal was 11-40 mm2.Secondly,the required negative pressure power that resulted in the rise of safflower petals was calculated.In general,when the suction of the negative pressure reaches 9.8 m/s,the safflower petals can be sucked successfully.The simulation of the flow field in the suction mouth indicated that the streamlined suction mouth was beneficial in reducing resistance and the test results of high-speed photography showed that the aforementioned condition could improve the efficiency of the upright safflower.And the test verified that the rate of the unshaped petals in the cylindrical air tunnel was low and the efficiency of carding and shaping under negative pressure was considerably better in wet petals than in dry ones.Results of the upright safflower petal experiment were consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation conclusion,and indicated the precision of the dynamic model and suction flower mouth orifice-shaped simulation analysis.展开更多
All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes. There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence, ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in pr...All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes. There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence, ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in protecting plants from pests, pathogens and environmental stressors. Hemipteran sucking bugs have emerged as major pests across the U.S. cotton belt, reducing yields directly by feeding on developing reproductive structures and indirectly by vectoring plant pathogens. We used no-choice and simultaneous choice assays to examine the host selection behavior of western tarnished plant bugs （Lygus hesperus） and southern green stink bugs （Nezara viridula） in response to developing flower buds and fruits from cotton plants colonized by 1 of 2 candidate beneficial fungal endophytes, Phialemonium inflatum or Beauveria bassiana. Both insect species exhibited strong negative responses to flower buds （L. hesperus） and fruits （N. viridula） from plants that had been colonized by candidate endophytic fungi relative to control plants under both no-choice and choice conditions. Behavioral responses of both species indicated that the insects were deterred prior to contact with plant tissues from endophyte-colonized plants, suggesting a putative role for volatile compounds in mediating the negative response. Our results highlight the role of fungal endophytes as plant mutualists that can have positive effects on plant resistance to pests.展开更多
Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be...Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.展开更多
Protease inhibitors have been reported rarely from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis.In this study,we purified a novel protease inhibitor(bdellin-HM-2)with anticoagulant properties from H.manillensis.With a molecular ...Protease inhibitors have been reported rarely from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis.In this study,we purified a novel protease inhibitor(bdellin-HM-2)with anticoagulant properties from H.manillensis.With a molecular weight of 1.4x104,bdellin-HM-2 was also characterized with three intra?molecular disulfide bridges at the N-terminus and multiple HHXDD and HXDD motifs at theC-terminus.cDNAcloning revealed that the putative nucleotide-encoding protein of bdellin-HM-2 contained 132 ami no acids and was encoded by a 399 bp open reading frame(ORF).Sequence alignment showed that bdellin-HM-2 shared similarity with the“non-classical"Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors,but had no inhibitory effect on trypsin,elastase,chymotrypsin,kallikrein,factor Xlla(FXIIa),factor Xia(FXIa),factor Xa(FXa),thrombin,or plasmin.Bdellin-HM-2 showed anticoagulant effects by proIonging the activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT),indicating a role in enabling H.manillensis to obtain a blood meal from its host.Our results suggest that bdellin-HM丒2 may play a crucial role in blood-sucking in this leech species and may be a pote ntial can didate for the development of clinical anti-thrombotic drugs.展开更多
A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines ...A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines were evaluated on the basis of non-preference response of WBPH immigrants and honeydew excretion by WBPH females, and appearance of watery lesions in the necrotic discoloration of leaf sheaths ovipositied by WBPH,respectively. Both the major gene resistance to WBPH, sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance, showed 1 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) segregation ratio in the DH population. Relative density of WBPH populations and damage scores in the DH population indicated combined functions of both the major resistance genes as well as QTLs affecting the host plant response to WBPH infestations. Thus, the newly developed CJ-06/TN1 DH population could be a useful material to analyze major genes and QTLs for WBPH resistance in japonica rice.展开更多
Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chun]iang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparativel...Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chun]iang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparatively evaluated through a field experiment based on the WBPH immigrant density and standardized seedbox screening test (SSST). All the susceptible DH lines in the field experiment behaved accordingly in SSST. However, 35 of resistant 66 lines (53%) in the field, were categorized to susceptible groups in SSST. Likewise, there were no significant differences in WBPH immigrant densities among 70 DH lines that were highly resistant to susceptible in SSST. The results revealed that SSST could not evaluate properly WBPH resistance in the DH lines. Four QTLs for WBPH-resistance phenotyped by the immigrant density were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 11. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 4 was the most effective (LOD 21.8, variance 78%). Five QTLs associated with seedling mortality were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In addition to the QTL (LOD 10.5, variance 68%) on chromosome 4, there was another major QTL (LOD 12.7, variance 71%) located on chromosome 5, which was SSST-specific but might be irrespective of the WBPH resistance traits.展开更多
There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradient...There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradients, such as resource, temperature, climatic and biotic gradients. However there is growing evidence in the scientific literature that such generalities are not consistent. This could be due to a number of reasons including the lack of consistency in the way herbivory is assessed such as different methodologies used by researchers, or fundamental differences in leaf damage caused by different types of insect herbivores. Here we assess 61 publications researching insect herbivory along a range of environmental gradients (both biotic and abiotic) and review the methods that researchers have used to collected their data. We found leaf chewing from samples collected in North America dominated the field and most studies assessed herbivory on a single host plant species. Thirty three percent of the studies assessed latitudinal gradients, while 10% assessed altitudinal gradients. Insect herbivory was most commonly expressed as percentage leaf damage using point herbivory. Fewer studies measured a range of different types of herbivory (such as sap sucking, leaf mining, galling, and root feeding) as leaves aged. From our synthesis, we hope that future research into insect herbivory along environmental gradients will take into account herbivory other than just leaf chewing, such as sap sucking, which may cause more damage to plants. Future research should also assess herbivory as a rate, rather than just a single point in time as damage to a young leaf may be more costly to a plant than damage to a mature or senescing leaf. Measurements of plant traits will also assist in comparing herbivory across habitats, plant species, and within species physiological variation. The true impacts that insects have on plants via herbivory along environmental gradients are still poorly understood.展开更多
AIM To increase evidence-based pain prevention strategy use during routine vaccinations in a pediatric primary care clinic using quality improvement methodology.METHODS Specific intervention strategies(i.e.,comfort po...AIM To increase evidence-based pain prevention strategy use during routine vaccinations in a pediatric primary care clinic using quality improvement methodology.METHODS Specific intervention strategies(i.e.,comfort positioning,nonnutritive sucking and sucrose analgesia,distraction) were identified,selected and introduced in three waves,using a Plan-Do-Study-Act framework.System-wide change was measured from baseline to post-intervention by:(1) percent of vaccination visits during which an evidence-based pain prevention strategy was reported as being used; and(2) caregiver satisfaction ratings following the visit.Additionally,self-reported staff and caregiver attitudes and beliefs about pain prevention were measured at baseline and 1-year post-intervention to assess for possible long-term cultural shifts.RESULTS Significant improvements were noted post-intervention.Use of at least one pain prevention strategy was documented at 99% of patient visits and 94% of caregivers were satisfied or very satisfied with the pain prevention care received.Parents/caregivers reported greater satisfaction with the specific pain prevention strategy used [t(143) = 2.50,P ≤ 0.05],as well as greater agreement that the pain prevention strategies used helped their children's pain [t(180) = 2.17,P ≤ 0.05] and that they would be willing to use the same strategy again in the future [t(179) = 3.26,P ≤ 0.001] as compared to baseline.Staff and caregivers also demonstrated a shift in attitudes from baseline to 1-year post-intervention.Specifically,staff reported greater agreement that the pain felt from vaccinations can result in harmful effects [2.47 vs 3.10; t(70) =-2.11,P ≤ 0.05],less agreement that pain from vaccinations is "just part of the process" [3.94 vs 3.23; t(70) = 2.61,P ≤ 0.05],and less agreement that parents expect their children to experience pain during vaccinations [4.81 vs 4.38; t(69) = 2.24,P ≤ 0.05].Parents/caregivers reported more favorable attitudes about pain prevention strategies for vaccinations across a variety of areas,including safety,cost,time,and effectiveness,as well as less concern about the pain their children experience with vaccination [4.08 vs 3.26; t(557) = 6.38,P ≤ 0.001],less need for additional pain prevention strategies [3.33 vs 2.81; t(476) = 4.51,P ≤ 0.001],and greater agreement that their doctors' office currently offers pain prevention for vaccinations [3.40 vs 3.75; t(433) =-2.39,P ≤ 0.05].CONCLUSION Quality improvement methodology can be used to help close the gap in implementing pain prevention strategies during routine vaccination procedures for children.展开更多
A newly developed low-pressure expendable pattern casting (LP-EPC) process was introduced and its basic principles or effect factors were further analyzed. According to theoretical calculation and experimental results...A newly developed low-pressure expendable pattern casting (LP-EPC) process was introduced and its basic principles or effect factors were further analyzed. According to theoretical calculation and experimental results, the major casting parameters that are of great and critical importance on the process include pressure and flux of filling gas, decomposition characteristic and density of foam pattern, thickness and permeability of coating, pouring temperature, vacuum degree and their combination. Most of casting defects can be effectively avoided by choosing the suitable parameters. The success achieved in pouring motor housing and exhaust manifold castings demonstrates the advantages of LP-EPC process in the production of high-complicated castings with high dimension accuracy.展开更多
基金M/s.RASI Seeds Pvt.Ltd.,Attur,Tamil Nadu,India for their generous financial assistance in setting up a MAS study in cotton for genetic improvement of sucking pest resistance.
文摘In addition to the negative consequences of climate change,sucking pest complexes severely limited cotton yields in the recent past.Although the damage caused by bollworms was much reduced by utilizing Bt cotton,the emergence of sucking pests(such as aphids,thrips,and whiteflies)poses a serious threat to cotton production,as they reduce lint yield by 40%–60%finally.Additionally,these pests also caused yield losses by spreading viral diseases.Promoting innovative and thorough control methods is necessary to counter the threat posed by these sucking pests.Such initiatives necessitate a multifaceted strategy that combines next-generation breeding technology and pest management techniques to produce novel cotton cultivars that are resistant to sucking pests.The discovery of novel genes and regulatory factors linked to cotton’s resistance to sucking pests will be possible by the combination of next-generation breeding technologies and omics approaches and employing those tools on special resistant donors.Continuous research aimed at understanding the genetic basis of insect resistance and improving integrated pest management(IPM)techniques is crucial to the sustainability and resilience of cotton cropping systems.To this end,a sustainable and viable strategy to protect cotton fields from sucking pests is outlined.
文摘Against the particularity of stratum-structure in ＂three soft＂ mine areas, according to rock indoor test and on-site sucking experiment, discussed the characteristics of argillization, compression fracture and sucking technique of soft coal with low permeability. It is clearly pointed out that the gas can be highly effectively sucked only by compression fracture along the occurrence of the coal seam, creating inter-seams crack belt because of the difference of bulgy deformation. After the flooding experiment in the 24080 workface of Pingdingshan No. 10 mine, the average single-bore volume of gas increases from 77 m3 to 7 893 mS, while decay cycle extended from 7 days to 80-90 days. Also, the single-bore extracting rate of gas increases to 33%.
文摘Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.
文摘Two experiments were carried out to study the grunting of sows during nursing and the sucking behaviour of piglets. In experimental Ⅰ,six Yorkshire sows and their litters were observed and managed in farrowing crates.In experimental Ⅱ,six Harbin White sows and their litters were selected and housed in farrowing pens.The behaviours and activities of the sows during nursing and the activities of piglets during sucking were recorded with a portable video camera(Panasonic NV-VX22EN) The results showed that the characteristic patterns of grunting by the sows consist of an initial period of rhythmic grunting at a fairly constant rate and followed by a period of more rapid grunting,and then a decline in grunting rate toward the completion of nursing.The pattern of vocalization showed by the mothers bears a reliable synchronization to the sucking behaviour of the piglets.The rate of grunting varied little during jostling for teat and nosing the udder.The beginning of slow sucking usually occurred during or just after the increase in grunt rate.The rapid sucking began 15～25 seconds after the period of most rapid grunting,following the decrease of grunt rate.afterwards the nursing ended.There were individualities found in sows'grunting patterns. It is found that vocalizations attracted the piglets to the sows and synchronized sucking activities of piglets,but the results indicated that the premassaging time and numbers of piglets engaging massaging influenced the grunting pattern and the onset of the milk ejection.As more piglets were involved the massaging,the higher the grunting rate peak,the faster the milk ejection.
文摘Main Objective: To determine the prevalence of thumb sucking habits amongst children at the KNUST Basic School. Methodology: This study was quantitative and descriptive with the design being a cross-sectional type. The data was obtained from KNUST Basic School with a sample size of 200. Data was obtained through questionnaires and clinical examination. Results: Out of the 200 children studied, 19 (9.5%) were identified as thumb suckers, with a majority being females (13, 68.42%) and the rest being males (6, 31.58%). Most of the thumb suckers (47.37%) engaged in the habit due to hunger. The clinical manifestations observed among the thumb suckers included Class I malocclusion (94.7%), high arched palate (89.5%), anterior open bite (4), increased overjet (3, 15.8%), proclined maxillary incisors (4, 22.2%), linguoversion of mandibular incisors (1, 5.6%), unilateral posterior crossbite (2, 10.5%), speech changes (7, 41.2%), thinner thumb (7, 36.8%), elongated thumb (9, 47.4%), and callus formation on the thumb (2, 10.5%). Conclusion: Thumb sucking is a common oral habit which stimulates the growth of the orofacial complex from ages 0 to 3 years. The habit of thumb sucking is usually outgrown by age 3 but beyond this age, it turns out as a deleterious habit which has to be seen as such and measures put in place to stop thumb sucking.
文摘Background and aims： The comparative efficacy of glucose solution （GS） versus non-nutritive sucking （NNS） for pain re- lief in neonate remains controversial. This systematic review was consequently performed to objectively investigate the analgesic effect of Oral GS related to NNS in newborns during nociceptive procedures. Methods： All potential records were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to capture the randomized controlled trials comparing GS with NNS in terms of pain scores in neonates through January 2017. Two independent investigators screened the identified articles, extracted the data, and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. All statistical analyses were completed by using Review Manager （RevMan） version 5.3.0. Results： Four studies, involving 248 neonates, were incorporated into these statistical analyses. For reducing pain scores, no statistical difference was detected when GS compared to NNS （4 trials; mean difference [MD], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.77 to 2.27; P = 0.33）. Conclusion： Both the GS and NNS reduced the pain scores in neonates who undergoing Hepatitis B vaccination and venipuncture, but the NNS is more convenience than GS to some extent. Considered the limited evidences, more randomized controlled trials with high-quality, large-scale and appropriate measures time are warranted to further establish the comparative efficacy of these two options.
文摘Resistance to whitebacked planthopper(WBPH)in Chinese japonica riceChunjiang 06(CJ-06)was mediated by sucking inhibitory and ovicidal mecha-nism.The ovicidal reponse was a common self-defense mechanism againstWBPH in japonica.The ovicidal gene and its chromosomal position had alreadybeen identified.The sucking inhibitory nature of CJ-06 caused a definenon-preference behavior of WBPH in fields.A single dominant gene governed
基金This study was supported by the National Program for the Development of New Transgenic Species of China （2014ZX08010-016B to S Li and 2011ZX08011-006 to XXC） and the National Science Foundation of China （31302034 to Shumin Liu）. We thank Nature Publishing Group for polishing the English language.
文摘The adoption of pest-resistant transgenic plants to reduce yield losses and de- crease pesticide use has been successful. To achieve the goal of controlling both chewing and sucking pests in a given transgenic plant, we generated transgenic tobacco, Arabidopsis, and rice plants expressing the fusion protein, AalT/GNA, in which an insecticidal scor- pion venom neurotoxin （Androctonus australis toxin, AalT） is fused to snowdrop lectin （Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, GNA）. Compared with transgenic tobacco and Arabidop- sis plants expressing AaIT or GNA, transgenic plants expressing AalT/GNA exhibited increased resistance and toxicity to one chewing pest, the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Transgenic tobacco and rice plants expressing AalT/GNA showed increased resistance and toxicity to two sucking pests, the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, respectively. Moreover, in the field, transgenic rice plants expressing AalT/GNA exhibited a significant improvement in grain yield when infested with N. lugens. This study shows that expressing the AalT/GNA fusion protein in transgenic plants can be a useful approach for controlling pests, particularly sucking pests which are not susceptible to the toxin in Bt crops.
基金the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission Open Fund(No.SKLMT-KFKT-201502)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51565050)the High-tech Research Project of Xingjiang,China(No.201511107).
文摘This study proposed a method using negative pressure sucking the petals adhered around cones.The structural parameters of the sucking device affect the flow-field distribution in the negative-pressure air chamber.In order to improve the harvesting efficiency and quality of the pneumatic cutting-type safflower harvest device,a dynamic model was established and the safflower petals upwind area were measured.According to the test,the size parameters of the thornless Yumin safflower were as follows:the average necking diameter was 6.30 mm,the average capitulum diameter was 20.89 mm and the average petal length was 22.39 mm.The measured maximum frontal area of the safflower petal was 11-40 mm2.Secondly,the required negative pressure power that resulted in the rise of safflower petals was calculated.In general,when the suction of the negative pressure reaches 9.8 m/s,the safflower petals can be sucked successfully.The simulation of the flow field in the suction mouth indicated that the streamlined suction mouth was beneficial in reducing resistance and the test results of high-speed photography showed that the aforementioned condition could improve the efficiency of the upright safflower.And the test verified that the rate of the unshaped petals in the cylindrical air tunnel was low and the efficiency of carding and shaping under negative pressure was considerably better in wet petals than in dry ones.Results of the upright safflower petal experiment were consistent with the theoretical analysis and simulation conclusion,and indicated the precision of the dynamic model and suction flower mouth orifice-shaped simulation analysis.
文摘All plants including cotton host a wide range of microorganisms as endophytes. There is a growing appreciation of the prevalence, ecological significance and management potential of facultative fungal endophytes in protecting plants from pests, pathogens and environmental stressors. Hemipteran sucking bugs have emerged as major pests across the U.S. cotton belt, reducing yields directly by feeding on developing reproductive structures and indirectly by vectoring plant pathogens. We used no-choice and simultaneous choice assays to examine the host selection behavior of western tarnished plant bugs （Lygus hesperus） and southern green stink bugs （Nezara viridula） in response to developing flower buds and fruits from cotton plants colonized by 1 of 2 candidate beneficial fungal endophytes, Phialemonium inflatum or Beauveria bassiana. Both insect species exhibited strong negative responses to flower buds （L. hesperus） and fruits （N. viridula） from plants that had been colonized by candidate endophytic fungi relative to control plants under both no-choice and choice conditions. Behavioral responses of both species indicated that the insects were deterred prior to contact with plant tissues from endophyte-colonized plants, suggesting a putative role for volatile compounds in mediating the negative response. Our results highlight the role of fungal endophytes as plant mutualists that can have positive effects on plant resistance to pests.
基金supported by Punjab Agriculture Research Board,Grant numbers PARB No.890received research support from Punjab Agriculture Board。
文摘Background Bt technology has played significant role in controlling bollworms and increasing cotton yield in earlier days of its introduction,a subsequent decline in yield became apparent over time.This decline may be attributed to various environmental factors,pest dynamics,or combination of both.Therefore,the present biophysical survey and questionnaire were designed to evaluate the impact of Bt cotton on bollworms management and its effect on reducing spray costs,targeting farmers with varied landholdings and educational backgrounds.Additionally,data on farmers'cultivated varieties and the prevalence of bollworms and sucking insects in their fields were recorded.Subsequently,about eleven thousand cotton samples from farmer fields were tested for Cry1Ac,Cry2Ab and Vip3A genes by strip test.Results In this analysis,83% of the farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology control bollworms,while 17% hold contradictory views.Similarly,among farmers cultivating unapproved varieties,77% agree on effectiveness of Bt technology against bollworms,while 23% disagree.On the other hand,67% of farmers planting approved varieties believe that Bt technology does not reduce spray costs,while 33% agree with the effectiveness.Similarly,78% of farmers cultivating unapproved varieties express doubt regarding its role to reduce spray costs,while 22% are in favour of this notion.Differences in opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton in controlling bollworms and reducing spray cost between farmers planting unapproved and approved varieties may stem from several factors.One major cause is the heavy infestation of sucking insects,which is probably due to the narrow genetic variation of the cultivated varieties.Additionally,the widespread cultivation of unapproved varieties(21.67%)is also an important factor to cause different opinions on the effectiveness of Bt cotton.Conclusion Based on our findings,we propose that the ineffective control of pests on cotton crop may be attributed to large scale cultivation of unapproved varieties and non-inclusion of double and triple transgene technologies in country's sowing plan.On the basis of our findings,we suggest cotton breeders,regulatory bodies and legislative bodies to discourage the cultivation of unapproved varieties and impure seed.Moreover,the adoption of double and triple Bt genes in cottons with a broad genetic variation could facilitate the revival of the cotton industry,and presenting a promising way forward.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21761142002,81770464)Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2018ZX09301043-003)+3 种基金Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDJ-SSW-SMC012,SAJC201606)West Light FoundationYouth Innovation Promotion Association(2017432)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(2017FB038,2015BC005)
文摘Protease inhibitors have been reported rarely from the leech Hirudinaria manillensis.In this study,we purified a novel protease inhibitor(bdellin-HM-2)with anticoagulant properties from H.manillensis.With a molecular weight of 1.4x104,bdellin-HM-2 was also characterized with three intra?molecular disulfide bridges at the N-terminus and multiple HHXDD and HXDD motifs at theC-terminus.cDNAcloning revealed that the putative nucleotide-encoding protein of bdellin-HM-2 contained 132 ami no acids and was encoded by a 399 bp open reading frame(ORF).Sequence alignment showed that bdellin-HM-2 shared similarity with the“non-classical"Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors,but had no inhibitory effect on trypsin,elastase,chymotrypsin,kallikrein,factor Xlla(FXIIa),factor Xia(FXIa),factor Xa(FXa),thrombin,or plasmin.Bdellin-HM-2 showed anticoagulant effects by proIonging the activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT),indicating a role in enabling H.manillensis to obtain a blood meal from its host.Our results suggest that bdellin-HM丒2 may play a crucial role in blood-sucking in this leech species and may be a pote ntial can didate for the development of clinical anti-thrombotic drugs.
文摘A new doubled haploid (DH) rice population was established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chunjiang 06 (CJ-06) and susceptible indica TN1. Sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance of the DH rice lines were evaluated on the basis of non-preference response of WBPH immigrants and honeydew excretion by WBPH females, and appearance of watery lesions in the necrotic discoloration of leaf sheaths ovipositied by WBPH,respectively. Both the major gene resistance to WBPH, sucking inhibitory and ovicidal resistance, showed 1 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) segregation ratio in the DH population. Relative density of WBPH populations and damage scores in the DH population indicated combined functions of both the major resistance genes as well as QTLs affecting the host plant response to WBPH infestations. Thus, the newly developed CJ-06/TN1 DH population could be a useful material to analyze major genes and QTLs for WBPH resistance in japonica rice.
文摘Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) -resistance in a japonica / indica doubled haploid (DH) rice population established from a cross between WBPH-resistant japonica Chun]iang 06 and susceptible indica TN1, was comparatively evaluated through a field experiment based on the WBPH immigrant density and standardized seedbox screening test (SSST). All the susceptible DH lines in the field experiment behaved accordingly in SSST. However, 35 of resistant 66 lines (53%) in the field, were categorized to susceptible groups in SSST. Likewise, there were no significant differences in WBPH immigrant densities among 70 DH lines that were highly resistant to susceptible in SSST. The results revealed that SSST could not evaluate properly WBPH resistance in the DH lines. Four QTLs for WBPH-resistance phenotyped by the immigrant density were detected on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, and 11. Of them, the QTL on chromosome 4 was the most effective (LOD 21.8, variance 78%). Five QTLs associated with seedling mortality were mapped on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. In addition to the QTL (LOD 10.5, variance 68%) on chromosome 4, there was another major QTL (LOD 12.7, variance 71%) located on chromosome 5, which was SSST-specific but might be irrespective of the WBPH resistance traits.
文摘There is a general assumption in the literature that insect herbivory increases towards the tropics, but decreases with increasing altitude. Similar generalities have been identified along other environmental gradients, such as resource, temperature, climatic and biotic gradients. However there is growing evidence in the scientific literature that such generalities are not consistent. This could be due to a number of reasons including the lack of consistency in the way herbivory is assessed such as different methodologies used by researchers, or fundamental differences in leaf damage caused by different types of insect herbivores. Here we assess 61 publications researching insect herbivory along a range of environmental gradients (both biotic and abiotic) and review the methods that researchers have used to collected their data. We found leaf chewing from samples collected in North America dominated the field and most studies assessed herbivory on a single host plant species. Thirty three percent of the studies assessed latitudinal gradients, while 10% assessed altitudinal gradients. Insect herbivory was most commonly expressed as percentage leaf damage using point herbivory. Fewer studies measured a range of different types of herbivory (such as sap sucking, leaf mining, galling, and root feeding) as leaves aged. From our synthesis, we hope that future research into insect herbivory along environmental gradients will take into account herbivory other than just leaf chewing, such as sap sucking, which may cause more damage to plants. Future research should also assess herbivory as a rate, rather than just a single point in time as damage to a young leaf may be more costly to a plant than damage to a mature or senescing leaf. Measurements of plant traits will also assist in comparing herbivory across habitats, plant species, and within species physiological variation. The true impacts that insects have on plants via herbivory along environmental gradients are still poorly understood.
基金Supported by the Pfizer Medical Education Group in part
文摘AIM To increase evidence-based pain prevention strategy use during routine vaccinations in a pediatric primary care clinic using quality improvement methodology.METHODS Specific intervention strategies(i.e.,comfort positioning,nonnutritive sucking and sucrose analgesia,distraction) were identified,selected and introduced in three waves,using a Plan-Do-Study-Act framework.System-wide change was measured from baseline to post-intervention by:(1) percent of vaccination visits during which an evidence-based pain prevention strategy was reported as being used; and(2) caregiver satisfaction ratings following the visit.Additionally,self-reported staff and caregiver attitudes and beliefs about pain prevention were measured at baseline and 1-year post-intervention to assess for possible long-term cultural shifts.RESULTS Significant improvements were noted post-intervention.Use of at least one pain prevention strategy was documented at 99% of patient visits and 94% of caregivers were satisfied or very satisfied with the pain prevention care received.Parents/caregivers reported greater satisfaction with the specific pain prevention strategy used [t(143) = 2.50,P ≤ 0.05],as well as greater agreement that the pain prevention strategies used helped their children's pain [t(180) = 2.17,P ≤ 0.05] and that they would be willing to use the same strategy again in the future [t(179) = 3.26,P ≤ 0.001] as compared to baseline.Staff and caregivers also demonstrated a shift in attitudes from baseline to 1-year post-intervention.Specifically,staff reported greater agreement that the pain felt from vaccinations can result in harmful effects [2.47 vs 3.10; t(70) =-2.11,P ≤ 0.05],less agreement that pain from vaccinations is "just part of the process" [3.94 vs 3.23; t(70) = 2.61,P ≤ 0.05],and less agreement that parents expect their children to experience pain during vaccinations [4.81 vs 4.38; t(69) = 2.24,P ≤ 0.05].Parents/caregivers reported more favorable attitudes about pain prevention strategies for vaccinations across a variety of areas,including safety,cost,time,and effectiveness,as well as less concern about the pain their children experience with vaccination [4.08 vs 3.26; t(557) = 6.38,P ≤ 0.001],less need for additional pain prevention strategies [3.33 vs 2.81; t(476) = 4.51,P ≤ 0.001],and greater agreement that their doctors' office currently offers pain prevention for vaccinations [3.40 vs 3.75; t(433) =-2.39,P ≤ 0.05].CONCLUSION Quality improvement methodology can be used to help close the gap in implementing pain prevention strategies during routine vaccination procedures for children.
基金This research work is sponsored and supported by the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China. The item number is50275058
文摘A newly developed low-pressure expendable pattern casting (LP-EPC) process was introduced and its basic principles or effect factors were further analyzed. According to theoretical calculation and experimental results, the major casting parameters that are of great and critical importance on the process include pressure and flux of filling gas, decomposition characteristic and density of foam pattern, thickness and permeability of coating, pouring temperature, vacuum degree and their combination. Most of casting defects can be effectively avoided by choosing the suitable parameters. The success achieved in pouring motor housing and exhaust manifold castings demonstrates the advantages of LP-EPC process in the production of high-complicated castings with high dimension accuracy.
