Quantitative analysis of colouration is an essential tool for subspecies delimitation but has always posed a challenge in avian taxonomy.In this study on the Chestnut-winged Babbler(Cyanoderma erythropterum)species co...Quantitative analysis of colouration is an essential tool for subspecies delimitation but has always posed a challenge in avian taxonomy.In this study on the Chestnut-winged Babbler(Cyanoderma erythropterum)species complex from tropical Southeast Asia,we made use of colour measurements taken with digital cameras and applied two methodologies—(1)the 75%subspecies rule on quantitative colourimetric variables,and(2)the CIEDE2000 colour distance method to generate phylograms,which has probably never been applied in taxonomy before.Given its large number of described subspecies,many of which have been synonymised in modern taxonomies,the species complex serves as an appropriate model to test subspecies validity.Our data indicate that one synonymised subspecies(C.e.apega),from the islands of Bangka and Belitung,requires re-instalment and recognition,whereas one widely recognised subspecies(C.e.fulviventre),from the Banyak Islands,should be synonymised.Our approach also allowed us to redraw geographic subspecies boundaries.Our work indicates that current subspecies taxonomies of many poorly known tropical species may remain error-ridden and highlights the importance and viability of large-scale taxonomic revisions targeting avian subspecies globally while incorporating quantitative colourimetric approaches.展开更多
During the non-breeding season(September-April),Black-tailed Godwits(Limosa limosa)are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh.We hypothesize that the Ganges-B...During the non-breeding season(September-April),Black-tailed Godwits(Limosa limosa)are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh.We hypothesize that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta,at the overlap between the Central Asian and East Asian-Australasian flyways,may host three subspecies that breed in disjunct areas of temperate and northern Asia:L.l.limosa,L.l.melanuroides,and L.l.bohaii.We used mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)haplotype network and biometric analysis to determine subspecies in captured individuals,and deployed GPS-GSM transmitters to verify breeding areas of individuals with subspecies assignments.To test for differential habitat preferences,we sampled birds at two ecologically distinct habitats known to host the largest concentrations of non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits in Bangladesh:Nijhum Dweep National Park,a tidal coastal habitat with brackish water on the south-central coast,and Tanguar Haor(‘backmarsh'),a seasonal freshwater floodplain in the north.During the non-breeding seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023,we sampled and measured 93 Black-tailed Godwits,54 of which were equipped with GPS-GSM transmitters.Our mt DNA haplotype network analysis confirmed the presence of limosa,melanuroides,and bohaii subspecies at the study sites.Thus,indeed,Black-tailed Godwits subspecies,despite having distinct breeding ranges,exhibit(partially)overlapping non-breeding ranges in Asia.The subspecies composition differed significantly between sites,with limosa and bohaii dominating in Tanguar Haor and melanuroides in Nijhum Dweep.Of the 21 individuals that were tracked to their breeding grounds,18 migrated to the expected breeding range of their respective subspecies.However,one bird with a limosa haplotype migrated to a known breeding area of bohaii,whereas two birds with melanuroides haplotypes migrated to the supposed breeding range of limosa.Therefore,while ecological factors at both ends of the flyways may shape the morphological and behavioural differences between Black-tailed Godwit subspecies,their delineations and possible gene flow require further studies.展开更多
Influence of high light stress on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of indica subspecies (cv. “Shanyou 63', sensitive to photoinhibition) and japonica subspecies (cv. “Wuyujing', resistant to photoin...Influence of high light stress on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of indica subspecies (cv. “Shanyou 63', sensitive to photoinhibition) and japonica subspecies (cv. “Wuyujing', resistant to photoinhibition) of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was comparatively investigated. In both cultivars of rice, the excitation energy distribution between two photosystems was altered and the excitation energy transfer from light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes to PSⅡ was inhibited by high light stress. These decreases were more pronounced in indica rice cultivar as compared to japonica one. The analysis of mild SDS_PAGE showed that in indica rice, high light stress almost disaggregated the trimer of light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes of PSⅡ (LHC Ⅱ 1). The stress reduced the contents of internal antennae chlorophyll protein complexes of PSⅡ (CPa), light harvesting chlorophyll protein of PSⅠ (CPⅠa) and Chl a protein complex of PSⅠ reaction center (CPⅠ) as well as dimer of LHCⅡ (LHCⅡ 2) in indica rice. In japonica subspecies, however, high light stress depressed the contents of LHCⅡ 1, CPa and CPⅠa, but slightly impacted on CPⅠ content. Moreover, the increase in the contents of monomer of LHCⅡ by high light stress was found in both subspecies. In consistent with above results, analysis of polypeptide indicated that the amounts of 27 kD and 25 kD polypeptide of LHCⅡ in particular, as well as that of 21 kD polypeptide of CPⅠa were reduced by high light stress in both subspecies. It was found that, comparing with japonica rice, the stress pronouncedly diminished 43 kD and 47 kD proteins of CPa and 23 kD extrisic protein in indica rice.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta ...[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.展开更多
The genus Saurogobio Bleeker (1870) is a group of small sized cyprinids. Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker (1871) is widely distributed in East Asia.On the basis of careful inspection of morphological and meristic ch...The genus Saurogobio Bleeker (1870) is a group of small sized cyprinids. Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker (1871) is widely distributed in East Asia.On the basis of careful inspection of morphological and meristic characters of specimen collected from Chenghai Lake in Yunnan and the opening river systems including Pearl River,Minjiang River,Yangtze River,Liaohe River and Songhuajiang River,the Chenghai Lake population of Saurogobio dabryi is considered to represent a new subspecies, Saurogobio dabryi chenghaiensis . Saurogobio dabryi chenghaiensis is distinguished by the combination of following characters.Rostral cap developed,covering over upper lip,and lips with developed papillae.Body and caudal peduncle very slender,body depth 12 7%-15 0% of standard length(SL),caudal peduncle depth 5 5%-6 1% of SL and 31 8%-39 1% of caudal peduncle length.A longitudinal dark stripe present along the axis on each side of body and 6-11 stick shaped black spots (its widths being 25%-50% of its lengths respectively) occur along the stripe.Distance from pelvic fin origin to anus is more than 50% of pelvic fin length.The length of the shortest caudal fin ray is less than 50% that of the longest one.The new subspecies occurs only in Chenghai Lake,Yunnan,China.展开更多
AIM:To examine the detection rate of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC)].METHODS:Thirty patients...AIM:To examine the detection rate of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC)].METHODS:Thirty patients with CD(15 with at least one NOD2/CARD15 mutation),29 with UC,and 10 with no inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).were tested for MAP by polymerase chain reaction(specific IS900 fragment) and blood culture.RESULTS:MAP DNA was detected in all original blood samples and 8-wk blood cultures(CD,UC and non-IBD).Positive MAP DNA status was confirmed by dot blot assays.All 69 cultures were negative by acid-fast Ziehl-Neelsen staining.Viable MAP,in spheroplast form,was isolated from the 18-mo blood cultures of all 30 CD patients,one UC patient,and none of the non-IBD controls.No association was found between positive MAP cultures and use of immunosuppressive drugs or CDassociated single nucleotide polymorphisms.CONCLUSION:MAP is widely present in our area and MAP DNA can be recovered from the blood of CD,UC and non-IBD patients.However,MAP spheroplasts were only found in CD patients.展开更多
The hypothesis postulating that Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis(MAP) is the cause of Crohn's disease(CD) has been circulating for many years.Advances in molecular techniques,such as polymerase chain reaction ...The hypothesis postulating that Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis(MAP) is the cause of Crohn's disease(CD) has been circulating for many years.Advances in molecular techniques,such as polymerase chain reaction and culture methods,have enabled researchers to demonstrate that there is an association between MAP and CD.Recently,genome-wide association studies have identified novel susceptibility genes for CD,which are critical for generation of an adaptive immune response that is protective against intracellular pathogens,including M.tuberculosis infection.However,the role of MAP as a cause of CD suffered a setback with the report that administration of antimycobacterial therapy failed to lead to a sustained response in CD patients.Accordingly,this review sought neither to confirm nor refute this,but instead to survey recent literature on the role of MAP in CD.展开更多
The genus Tropidophorus consists of small semi-aquatic lizards that dwell in lowland forest steams(Barbour,1921;Bauer&Jackman,2008).Here,we designate the neotype and re-describe T.guangxiensis Wen,1992 based on ne...The genus Tropidophorus consists of small semi-aquatic lizards that dwell in lowland forest steams(Barbour,1921;Bauer&Jackman,2008).Here,we designate the neotype and re-describe T.guangxiensis Wen,1992 based on newly collected topotypic specimens.We also describe a new subspecies from Xuefeng Mountain,Hongjiang County。展开更多
AIM： To study the association between Crohn＇s disease （CD）, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolsis （MAP）, and genetic factors by examining the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 ...AIM： To study the association between Crohn＇s disease （CD）, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolsis （MAP）, and genetic factors by examining the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 （NRAMP1） gene polymorphisms （now SLCllA1） in Sardinian patients with CD and controls. METHODS： Thirty-seven CD patients and 34 controls with no inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） were recruited at the University of Sassari after giving written consent. Six SCL11A1 polymorphisms previously reported to be the most significantly associated with IBD were searched. M, pafatubefculosis was identified by IS900 PCR and sequencing. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios （OR） for the associations among CD, presence of MAP, and 6 loci described above.＇ RESULTS： For the first time, a strong association was observed between polymorphisms at NRAMP1 locus 823C/T and CD. While CD was strongly associated with both NRAMP1 and MAP, NRAMP1 polymorphisms and MAP themselves were not correlated. CONCLUSION： Combined with previous work on the NOD2/CARD15 gene, it is clear that the interplay of genetic, infectious, and immunologic factors in the etiology of CD is complex.展开更多
AIM: To establish the role of enteric glial cells during infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease. METHODS: In order to establish the role of enteric glial cells duri...AIM: To establish the role of enteric glial cells during infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease. METHODS: In order to establish the role of enteric glial cells during infection with M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease, Map adhesion experiments on enteric glial cells were performed as well as expression analysis of Map sigma factors during infection. RESULTS: In this study, for the first time, we found a high affinity of MAP to enteric glial cells and we analyzed the expression of MAP sigma factors under different conditions of growth. CONCLUSION: The fact that Map showed a high affinity to the glial cells raises concerns about the complicated etiology of the Crohn's disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms whereby inflammation alters enteric neural control of gut functions may lead to novel treatments for Crohn's disease.展开更多
Background: The Cambodian Tailorbird(Orthotomus chaktomuk) was one of the most recent major ornithological discoveries in South-east Asia as it originated from lowland seasonally flooded scrub within the densely inhab...Background: The Cambodian Tailorbird(Orthotomus chaktomuk) was one of the most recent major ornithological discoveries in South-east Asia as it originated from lowland seasonally flooded scrub within the densely inhabited floodplain around the Tonle Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers(Cambodia). The Cambodian Tailorbird is sister to the Dark-necked Tailorbird(O. atrogularis) with very limited genetics and biometric differentiation. Between 2004 and 2012, evidences of a new population of Ashy Tailorbird(O. ruficeps) in SE Cambodia/Vietnam accumulated but no museum specimens were ever reported. The Ashy Tailorbird currently consists of eight subspecies among which the closest geographical populations, O. r. cineraceus(SE Burma to Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka and Belitung) and O. r. borneoensis(Borneo), are allopatric. Subspecific identification of the Cambodian Ashy Tailorbirds individuals was not possible because of the limited differences in plumage among subspecies.Methods: We inspected the Orthotomus ruficeps specimens housed at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle(Paris) and discovered five specimens of O. ruficeps collected by Louis Rodolphe Germain in ‘Cochinchina'(corresponding to southern Vietnam) during the nineteenth century. We sequenced one mitochondrial locus and gathered biometric data from these specimens and compared them with other Orthotomus lineages.Results: The Ashy Tailord population from SE Cambodia and Vietnam is distinct from the two geographically close subspecies O. r. borneoensis(1.7%) and O. r. cineraceus(1.3%). O. chaktomuk is nested within O. atrogularis in the mitochondrial gene tree. The SE Cambodia/Vietnam population of O. ruficeps is distinct from the two other subspecies in bill shape.Conclusion: Our study described the biometric and molecular distinctiveness of a recently re-discovered population of Ashy Tailord in SE Cambodia and Vietnam and suggests that this population constitutes an independent evolutionary lineage that we describe here as a new subspecies. The newly described Cambodian Tailorbird is nested within the Dark-necked Tailorbird and the genetic divergence is much lower than initially described(0.4-0.7% vs 1.1-1.4%).展开更多
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP),originally called Johne’s bacillus was firstdescribed from Germany in 1895 as the cause of achronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in acow.As the 20th centu...Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP),originally called Johne’s bacillus was firstdescribed from Germany in 1895 as the cause of achronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in acow.As the 20th century progressed,clinical andsub-clinical MAP infection in farm animals inWestern Europe appeared to become moreprevalent.Among the early reviews available展开更多
Pheromonal communication plays a key role in the sociosexual behavior of rodents.The coadaptation between pheromones and chemosensory systems has been well illustrated in insects but poorly investigated in rodents and...Pheromonal communication plays a key role in the sociosexual behavior of rodents.The coadaptation between pheromones and chemosensory systems has been well illustrated in insects but poorly investigated in rodents and other mammals.We aimed to investigate whether coadaptation between male pheromones and female reception might have occurred in brown rats Rattus norve-gicus.We recently reported that major urinary protein(MUP)pheromones are associated with male mating success in a brown rat subspecies,R.n.humiliatus(Rnh).Here,we discovered that MUPs were less polymorphic and occurred at much lower concentrations in males of a parapatric subspecies,R.n.caraco(Rnc),than in Rnh males,and found no association between pheromones and paternity success.Moreover,the observation of Rnc males that experienced chronic dyadic encounters and established dominance-submission relationships revealed that the dominant males achieved greater mating success than the subordinate males,but their MUP levels did not differ by social status.These findings suggest that male mating success in Rnc rats is related to social rank rather than to pheromone levels and that low concentration of MUPs might not be a reliable signal for mate choice in Rnc rats,which is different from the findings obtained in Rnh rats.In addition,compared with Rnh females,Rnc females exhibited reduced expression of pheromone receptor genes,and a lower number of vomeronasal receptor neurons were activated by MUP pheromones,which imply that the female chemosensory reception of pheromones might be structurally and functionally coadapted with male pheromone signals in brown rats.展开更多
indica and japonica are the two most important subspecies of Asian cultivated rice. Identifying mechanisms responsible for population differentiation in these subspecies is important for indica-japonica hybridization ...indica and japonica are the two most important subspecies of Asian cultivated rice. Identifying mechanisms responsible for population differentiation in these subspecies is important for indica-japonica hybridization breeding. In this study, subspecies and economic trait differentiation patterns were analyzed using morphological and molecular （InDel and Intron Length Polymorphism） data in F2 and F3 populations derived from indica-japonica hybridization. Populations were grown in Liaoning and Guangdong provinces, China, with F3 populations generated from F2 populations using bulk harvesting （BM） and single-seed descent methods （SSD）. Segregation distortion was detected in F3-BM populations, but not in F3- SSD or in F2 populations. Superior performance was observed with respect to economic traits in Liaoning compared with that in Guangdong and 1 000-grain weight （KW）, seed setting rate （SSR） and grain yield per plant （GYP） were significantly correlated with indica and japonica subspecies types. Analysis of molecular and morphological data demonstrated that the environment is the main factor giving rise to population differentiation in indica-japonica hybridization. In addition, we also found that KW, SSR and GYP are related to subspecies characteristics and kinship, which is possibly a significant factor resulting in economic trait differentiation and determining environmental adaptability. Our study has provided new insights into the process of population differentiation in these subspecies to inform indica-japonica hybridization breeding.展开更多
Two recombinant inbred line （RIL） populations, one derived from a cross between Zhongyouzao 8 （indica） and Toyonishiki （japonica） and the other from a cross between Qishanzhan （indica） and Akihikari （japonica...Two recombinant inbred line （RIL） populations, one derived from a cross between Zhongyouzao 8 （indica） and Toyonishiki （japonica） and the other from a cross between Qishanzhan （indica） and Akihikari （japonica）, were grown in Liaoning and Sichuan Provinces, China, to study the panicle type index （PTI, the ratio of a number of node position on panicle axis where the secondary branch with the most numerous secondary branch grains is located to the number of primary branches） and its relationships with subspecies characteristics and yield traits. With continuous distribution of PTI and numerous of lines with different PTIs in the progenies, indica-japonica hybridization could be a method for breeding cultivars with ideal panicle type. PTI was significantly influenced by environments, with a significant decrease from Liaoning to Sichuan A significantly negative correlation was found between PTI and most of subspecies characteristics. PTI varied remarkably with different subspecies types. As a whole, it showed a trend of indica （H）〉indicalinous （H＇）〉japonicalinous （K＇）〉japonica （K） However, it is not appropriate to regard PTI as a parameter for subspecies classification in rice because it was recombined in the filial generations of cross between indica and japonica rice. The negative correlations were found between PTI and most of panicle characteristics, as well as yield-related traits. Based on PTI, most of lines from the two populations were middle dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in middle position of the panicle） and lower dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in lower position of the panicle and becomes less towards the top of panicle） with significant yield advantages.展开更多
Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite d...Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite dispersal being a key factor in determining the rate of evolution and playing a significant role in evolutionary divergence.Therefore,it is important to conduct a comprehensive study to address this issue.In this study,we aimed to assess the association between subspecies richness(measured by the number of subspecies)and dispersal ability(measured by the hand-wing index)on a global scale,using a dataset of over 7000 bird species.Our results revealed a negative correlation between dispersal ability and the number of subspecies,without any quadratic correlation.The wing is a crucial phenotypic trait for birds,and the concept of subspecies is important in speciation theory and conservation biology.Therefore,our findings not only enhance our understanding of the association between avian morphological traits and evolutionary divergence but also have implications for the conservation of avian species diversity.展开更多
Based on extensive field work in the northern Zagros Mountains, a new subspecies of Darevskia raddei （Boettger, 1892） from the west Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran is described. The new subspecies is distingu...Based on extensive field work in the northern Zagros Mountains, a new subspecies of Darevskia raddei （Boettger, 1892） from the west Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran is described. The new subspecies is distinguishable from all the other three subspecies of D. raddei based on the combination of several distinguishing characters, such as dorsal body with 50-55 oval to round, smooth, or very weakly keeled, scales, 25-31 scales across the gular region, 18-20 femoral pores on each side of body （reaching the knee）, 29-31 tuberculate lamellae under the fourth toe, 11-12 supraciliaries, 9-11 collars and a specific color pattern. The new subspecies meets all the morphological characters described by Eiselt et al. （1993） for an undefined and intermediate form between D. raddei raddei in the east of and D. r vanensis in the west of the distribution range of the species.展开更多
Salmonella enterica has a wide diversity,with numerous serovars belonging to six different subspecies with dynamic animal-host tropism.The FimH protein is the adhesin mediating binding to various cells,and slight amin...Salmonella enterica has a wide diversity,with numerous serovars belonging to six different subspecies with dynamic animal-host tropism.The FimH protein is the adhesin mediating binding to various cells,and slight amino acid discrepancy significantly affects the adherence capacities.To date,the general function of FimH variability across dif-ferent subspecies of Salmonella enterica has not been addressed.To investigate the biological functions of FimH among the six Salmonella enterica subspecies,the present study performed several assays to determine biofilm for-mation,Caenorhabditis elegans killing,and intestinal porcine enterocyte cell IPEC-J2 adhesion by using various FimH allele mutants.In general,allelic mutations in both the lectin and pilin domains of FimH could cause changes in bind-ing affnity,such as the N79S mutation.We also observed that the N79S variation in Salmonella Dublin increased the adhesive ability of IPEC-J2 cells.Moreover,a new amino acid substitution,T260M,within the pilin domain in one subspecies llb strain beneficial to binding to cells was highlighted in this study,even though the biofilm-forming and Caenorhabditis elegans-killing abilities exhibited no significant differences in variants.Combined with point muta-tions being a natural tendency due to positive selection in harsh environments,we speculate that allelic variation T26oM probably contributes to pathoadaptive evolution in Salmonella enterica subspecies llb.展开更多
In order to develop halophilic microorganism resources to improve environment, a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterial strain JSA1 was obtained from the waste water sample collected from ...In order to develop halophilic microorganism resources to improve environment, a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterial strain JSA1 was obtained from the waste water sample collected from Jinhong Chemical Plant at Weihai city, by the methods of quick isolation and screening of halophilie bacteria. Systematic studies on it were carried out. Results show that the strain JSA1 is bacillus. The temperature range most suitable for its growth is 29 - 35 ℃ and the most suitable pH is 6. 5 - 9. 0. It can grow well at the salt mass concentration of 30 - 150 g/L. The C ＋ G mole fraction of its DNA is 37.5%. The analytical result of 16S rRNA gene sequence reveals that this strain has the closest relationship with Alkalibacillus halophilus （DQ359731） of Alkalibacillts. Their similarities are as high as 99%. However, they have obvious differences in aspects of whole-cell main fatty acid components, cell size, cell morphology, motility, oxidase, gelatine liquefication, NaCl tolerance range, pH tolerance range, G ＋ C mole fraction, sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, antibiotic sensitivity and strain source. Comparing with other species of the same genus, differences of this strain are even more obvious. In view of muhiple identification results, we believe this strain is a new subspecies ofAlkalibacillus halophilus and name it Alkalibacillus halophilus subsp, hitensis subsp, nov.展开更多
基金supported by a Singapore National Research Foundation(NRF)Investigatorship(NRF-NRFI07-2021-0008)。
文摘Quantitative analysis of colouration is an essential tool for subspecies delimitation but has always posed a challenge in avian taxonomy.In this study on the Chestnut-winged Babbler(Cyanoderma erythropterum)species complex from tropical Southeast Asia,we made use of colour measurements taken with digital cameras and applied two methodologies—(1)the 75%subspecies rule on quantitative colourimetric variables,and(2)the CIEDE2000 colour distance method to generate phylograms,which has probably never been applied in taxonomy before.Given its large number of described subspecies,many of which have been synonymised in modern taxonomies,the species complex serves as an appropriate model to test subspecies validity.Our data indicate that one synonymised subspecies(C.e.apega),from the islands of Bangka and Belitung,requires re-instalment and recognition,whereas one widely recognised subspecies(C.e.fulviventre),from the Banyak Islands,should be synonymised.Our approach also allowed us to redraw geographic subspecies boundaries.Our work indicates that current subspecies taxonomies of many poorly known tropical species may remain error-ridden and highlights the importance and viability of large-scale taxonomic revisions targeting avian subspecies globally while incorporating quantitative colourimetric approaches.
基金supported by The Embassy of the Royal Kingdom of the Netherlands in Dhaka,The Embassy of France in Dhaka,and Bangabandhu Science and Technology Fellowship Trust,MoST,Bangladesh。
文摘During the non-breeding season(September-April),Black-tailed Godwits(Limosa limosa)are commonly seen in coastal and inland wetlands of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Bangladesh.We hypothesize that the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta,at the overlap between the Central Asian and East Asian-Australasian flyways,may host three subspecies that breed in disjunct areas of temperate and northern Asia:L.l.limosa,L.l.melanuroides,and L.l.bohaii.We used mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)haplotype network and biometric analysis to determine subspecies in captured individuals,and deployed GPS-GSM transmitters to verify breeding areas of individuals with subspecies assignments.To test for differential habitat preferences,we sampled birds at two ecologically distinct habitats known to host the largest concentrations of non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits in Bangladesh:Nijhum Dweep National Park,a tidal coastal habitat with brackish water on the south-central coast,and Tanguar Haor(‘backmarsh'),a seasonal freshwater floodplain in the north.During the non-breeding seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023,we sampled and measured 93 Black-tailed Godwits,54 of which were equipped with GPS-GSM transmitters.Our mt DNA haplotype network analysis confirmed the presence of limosa,melanuroides,and bohaii subspecies at the study sites.Thus,indeed,Black-tailed Godwits subspecies,despite having distinct breeding ranges,exhibit(partially)overlapping non-breeding ranges in Asia.The subspecies composition differed significantly between sites,with limosa and bohaii dominating in Tanguar Haor and melanuroides in Nijhum Dweep.Of the 21 individuals that were tracked to their breeding grounds,18 migrated to the expected breeding range of their respective subspecies.However,one bird with a limosa haplotype migrated to a known breeding area of bohaii,whereas two birds with melanuroides haplotypes migrated to the supposed breeding range of limosa.Therefore,while ecological factors at both ends of the flyways may shape the morphological and behavioural differences between Black-tailed Godwit subspecies,their delineations and possible gene flow require further studies.
文摘Influence of high light stress on the photosynthesis of flag leaves of indica subspecies (cv. “Shanyou 63', sensitive to photoinhibition) and japonica subspecies (cv. “Wuyujing', resistant to photoinhibition) of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) was comparatively investigated. In both cultivars of rice, the excitation energy distribution between two photosystems was altered and the excitation energy transfer from light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes to PSⅡ was inhibited by high light stress. These decreases were more pronounced in indica rice cultivar as compared to japonica one. The analysis of mild SDS_PAGE showed that in indica rice, high light stress almost disaggregated the trimer of light harvesting chlorophyll protein complexes of PSⅡ (LHC Ⅱ 1). The stress reduced the contents of internal antennae chlorophyll protein complexes of PSⅡ (CPa), light harvesting chlorophyll protein of PSⅠ (CPⅠa) and Chl a protein complex of PSⅠ reaction center (CPⅠ) as well as dimer of LHCⅡ (LHCⅡ 2) in indica rice. In japonica subspecies, however, high light stress depressed the contents of LHCⅡ 1, CPa and CPⅠa, but slightly impacted on CPⅠ content. Moreover, the increase in the contents of monomer of LHCⅡ by high light stress was found in both subspecies. In consistent with above results, analysis of polypeptide indicated that the amounts of 27 kD and 25 kD polypeptide of LHCⅡ in particular, as well as that of 21 kD polypeptide of CPⅠa were reduced by high light stress in both subspecies. It was found that, comparing with japonica rice, the stress pronouncedly diminished 43 kD and 47 kD proteins of CPa and 23 kD extrisic protein in indica rice.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(30770263)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of the genus Locusta.[Method] The sequences of three subunits of cytochrome oxidase of Locusta migratoria tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis were amplified and sequenced（COⅠ 1 539 bp,COⅡ 684 bp,CO Ⅲ 792 bp,with the total of 3 015 bp）.The corresponding sequenses of Locusta migratoria migratoria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides were obtained from GenBank and constructed a multiple alignment.Phylogenic trees of four subspecies of L.migratoria were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum-parsimony and Bayesian,respectively.[Result] The average content of A ＋ T in three subunits of four subspecies was 69.57%;the third site of codon showed the highest A ＋ T content,and the COⅠ had the highest A ＋ T content（87.6%）;The nucleotide substitution mainly occurred at the third site of codon,and the nucleotide replacement rate of CO Ⅱ was the highest.The second site of codon was conservative,so the replacement rate was in the range of 5.9%-15%.The start codon of COⅠ was CCG or ACG.Genetic distances among four subspecies were ranged from 0.001 to 0.076.The relationship between L.m.tibetensis and Locusta migratoria manilensis was the closest,followed by L.m.migratorioides and L.m.migratorioides,while the genetic distance between L.m.tibetensis and L.m.migratorioides was the largest.[Conclusion] The phylogenetic relationships among four subspecies of Locusta migratoria is L.m.tibetensis,L.m.manilensis,L.m.migratoria,L.m.migratorioides.
文摘The genus Saurogobio Bleeker (1870) is a group of small sized cyprinids. Saurogobio dabryi Bleeker (1871) is widely distributed in East Asia.On the basis of careful inspection of morphological and meristic characters of specimen collected from Chenghai Lake in Yunnan and the opening river systems including Pearl River,Minjiang River,Yangtze River,Liaohe River and Songhuajiang River,the Chenghai Lake population of Saurogobio dabryi is considered to represent a new subspecies, Saurogobio dabryi chenghaiensis . Saurogobio dabryi chenghaiensis is distinguished by the combination of following characters.Rostral cap developed,covering over upper lip,and lips with developed papillae.Body and caudal peduncle very slender,body depth 12 7%-15 0% of standard length(SL),caudal peduncle depth 5 5%-6 1% of SL and 31 8%-39 1% of caudal peduncle length.A longitudinal dark stripe present along the axis on each side of body and 6-11 stick shaped black spots (its widths being 25%-50% of its lengths respectively) occur along the stripe.Distance from pelvic fin origin to anus is more than 50% of pelvic fin length.The length of the shortest caudal fin ray is less than 50% that of the longest one.The new subspecies occurs only in Chenghai Lake,Yunnan,China.
基金Supported by A grant from Fundación de Investigación Médica Mutua Madrilena(FMM)(to Díaz-Rubio M)
文摘AIM:To examine the detection rate of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [Crohn's disease(CD) and ulcerative colitis(UC)].METHODS:Thirty patients with CD(15 with at least one NOD2/CARD15 mutation),29 with UC,and 10 with no inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).were tested for MAP by polymerase chain reaction(specific IS900 fragment) and blood culture.RESULTS:MAP DNA was detected in all original blood samples and 8-wk blood cultures(CD,UC and non-IBD).Positive MAP DNA status was confirmed by dot blot assays.All 69 cultures were negative by acid-fast Ziehl-Neelsen staining.Viable MAP,in spheroplast form,was isolated from the 18-mo blood cultures of all 30 CD patients,one UC patient,and none of the non-IBD controls.No association was found between positive MAP cultures and use of immunosuppressive drugs or CDassociated single nucleotide polymorphisms.CONCLUSION:MAP is widely present in our area and MAP DNA can be recovered from the blood of CD,UC and non-IBD patients.However,MAP spheroplasts were only found in CD patients.
基金Supported by Grant from Fundación de Investigación MédicaMutua Madrileía (Professor M Díaz-Rubio)
文摘The hypothesis postulating that Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis(MAP) is the cause of Crohn's disease(CD) has been circulating for many years.Advances in molecular techniques,such as polymerase chain reaction and culture methods,have enabled researchers to demonstrate that there is an association between MAP and CD.Recently,genome-wide association studies have identified novel susceptibility genes for CD,which are critical for generation of an adaptive immune response that is protective against intracellular pathogens,including M.tuberculosis infection.However,the role of MAP as a cause of CD suffered a setback with the report that administration of antimycobacterial therapy failed to lead to a sustained response in CD patients.Accordingly,this review sought neither to confirm nor refute this,but instead to survey recent literature on the role of MAP in CD.
文摘The genus Tropidophorus consists of small semi-aquatic lizards that dwell in lowland forest steams(Barbour,1921;Bauer&Jackman,2008).Here,we designate the neotype and re-describe T.guangxiensis Wen,1992 based on newly collected topotypic specimens.We also describe a new subspecies from Xuefeng Mountain,Hongjiang County。
文摘AIM： To study the association between Crohn＇s disease （CD）, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratubercuolsis （MAP）, and genetic factors by examining the role of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 （NRAMP1） gene polymorphisms （now SLCllA1） in Sardinian patients with CD and controls. METHODS： Thirty-seven CD patients and 34 controls with no inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） were recruited at the University of Sassari after giving written consent. Six SCL11A1 polymorphisms previously reported to be the most significantly associated with IBD were searched. M, pafatubefculosis was identified by IS900 PCR and sequencing. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios （OR） for the associations among CD, presence of MAP, and 6 loci described above.＇ RESULTS： For the first time, a strong association was observed between polymorphisms at NRAMP1 locus 823C/T and CD. While CD was strongly associated with both NRAMP1 and MAP, NRAMP1 polymorphisms and MAP themselves were not correlated. CONCLUSION： Combined with previous work on the NOD2/CARD15 gene, it is clear that the interplay of genetic, infectious, and immunologic factors in the etiology of CD is complex.
文摘AIM: To establish the role of enteric glial cells during infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease. METHODS: In order to establish the role of enteric glial cells during infection with M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in Crohn's disease, Map adhesion experiments on enteric glial cells were performed as well as expression analysis of Map sigma factors during infection. RESULTS: In this study, for the first time, we found a high affinity of MAP to enteric glial cells and we analyzed the expression of MAP sigma factors under different conditions of growth. CONCLUSION: The fact that Map showed a high affinity to the glial cells raises concerns about the complicated etiology of the Crohn's disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms whereby inflammation alters enteric neural control of gut functions may lead to novel treatments for Crohn's disease.
基金support by a Synthesys grant made available to J.Fuchs by the European Community-Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 Structuring the European Research Area Program(SE-TAF-7153)
文摘Background: The Cambodian Tailorbird(Orthotomus chaktomuk) was one of the most recent major ornithological discoveries in South-east Asia as it originated from lowland seasonally flooded scrub within the densely inhabited floodplain around the Tonle Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers(Cambodia). The Cambodian Tailorbird is sister to the Dark-necked Tailorbird(O. atrogularis) with very limited genetics and biometric differentiation. Between 2004 and 2012, evidences of a new population of Ashy Tailorbird(O. ruficeps) in SE Cambodia/Vietnam accumulated but no museum specimens were ever reported. The Ashy Tailorbird currently consists of eight subspecies among which the closest geographical populations, O. r. cineraceus(SE Burma to Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bangka and Belitung) and O. r. borneoensis(Borneo), are allopatric. Subspecific identification of the Cambodian Ashy Tailorbirds individuals was not possible because of the limited differences in plumage among subspecies.Methods: We inspected the Orthotomus ruficeps specimens housed at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle(Paris) and discovered five specimens of O. ruficeps collected by Louis Rodolphe Germain in ‘Cochinchina'(corresponding to southern Vietnam) during the nineteenth century. We sequenced one mitochondrial locus and gathered biometric data from these specimens and compared them with other Orthotomus lineages.Results: The Ashy Tailord population from SE Cambodia and Vietnam is distinct from the two geographically close subspecies O. r. borneoensis(1.7%) and O. r. cineraceus(1.3%). O. chaktomuk is nested within O. atrogularis in the mitochondrial gene tree. The SE Cambodia/Vietnam population of O. ruficeps is distinct from the two other subspecies in bill shape.Conclusion: Our study described the biometric and molecular distinctiveness of a recently re-discovered population of Ashy Tailord in SE Cambodia and Vietnam and suggests that this population constitutes an independent evolutionary lineage that we describe here as a new subspecies. The newly described Cambodian Tailorbird is nested within the Dark-necked Tailorbird and the genetic divergence is much lower than initially described(0.4-0.7% vs 1.1-1.4%).
文摘Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis(MAP),originally called Johne’s bacillus was firstdescribed from Germany in 1895 as the cause of achronic inflammatory disease of the intestine in acow.As the 20th century progressed,clinical andsub-clinical MAP infection in farm animals inWestern Europe appeared to become moreprevalent.Among the early reviews available
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 31672306 and 32070451 to Y.H.Z.and 31872227 to J.X.Z.]grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[grant number XDB11010400 to J.X.Z.].
文摘Pheromonal communication plays a key role in the sociosexual behavior of rodents.The coadaptation between pheromones and chemosensory systems has been well illustrated in insects but poorly investigated in rodents and other mammals.We aimed to investigate whether coadaptation between male pheromones and female reception might have occurred in brown rats Rattus norve-gicus.We recently reported that major urinary protein(MUP)pheromones are associated with male mating success in a brown rat subspecies,R.n.humiliatus(Rnh).Here,we discovered that MUPs were less polymorphic and occurred at much lower concentrations in males of a parapatric subspecies,R.n.caraco(Rnc),than in Rnh males,and found no association between pheromones and paternity success.Moreover,the observation of Rnc males that experienced chronic dyadic encounters and established dominance-submission relationships revealed that the dominant males achieved greater mating success than the subordinate males,but their MUP levels did not differ by social status.These findings suggest that male mating success in Rnc rats is related to social rank rather than to pheromone levels and that low concentration of MUPs might not be a reliable signal for mate choice in Rnc rats,which is different from the findings obtained in Rnh rats.In addition,compared with Rnh females,Rnc females exhibited reduced expression of pheromone receptor genes,and a lower number of vomeronasal receptor neurons were activated by MUP pheromones,which imply that the female chemosensory reception of pheromones might be structurally and functionally coadapted with male pheromone signals in brown rats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30971845)
文摘indica and japonica are the two most important subspecies of Asian cultivated rice. Identifying mechanisms responsible for population differentiation in these subspecies is important for indica-japonica hybridization breeding. In this study, subspecies and economic trait differentiation patterns were analyzed using morphological and molecular （InDel and Intron Length Polymorphism） data in F2 and F3 populations derived from indica-japonica hybridization. Populations were grown in Liaoning and Guangdong provinces, China, with F3 populations generated from F2 populations using bulk harvesting （BM） and single-seed descent methods （SSD）. Segregation distortion was detected in F3-BM populations, but not in F3- SSD or in F2 populations. Superior performance was observed with respect to economic traits in Liaoning compared with that in Guangdong and 1 000-grain weight （KW）, seed setting rate （SSR） and grain yield per plant （GYP） were significantly correlated with indica and japonica subspecies types. Analysis of molecular and morphological data demonstrated that the environment is the main factor giving rise to population differentiation in indica-japonica hybridization. In addition, we also found that KW, SSR and GYP are related to subspecies characteristics and kinship, which is possibly a significant factor resulting in economic trait differentiation and determining environmental adaptability. Our study has provided new insights into the process of population differentiation in these subspecies to inform indica-japonica hybridization breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(GrantNo.30871468)the Young Teacher Scientific Research Fund of Shenyang Agricultural University,China(Grant No.20081001)
文摘Two recombinant inbred line （RIL） populations, one derived from a cross between Zhongyouzao 8 （indica） and Toyonishiki （japonica） and the other from a cross between Qishanzhan （indica） and Akihikari （japonica）, were grown in Liaoning and Sichuan Provinces, China, to study the panicle type index （PTI, the ratio of a number of node position on panicle axis where the secondary branch with the most numerous secondary branch grains is located to the number of primary branches） and its relationships with subspecies characteristics and yield traits. With continuous distribution of PTI and numerous of lines with different PTIs in the progenies, indica-japonica hybridization could be a method for breeding cultivars with ideal panicle type. PTI was significantly influenced by environments, with a significant decrease from Liaoning to Sichuan A significantly negative correlation was found between PTI and most of subspecies characteristics. PTI varied remarkably with different subspecies types. As a whole, it showed a trend of indica （H）〉indicalinous （H＇）〉japonicalinous （K＇）〉japonica （K） However, it is not appropriate to regard PTI as a parameter for subspecies classification in rice because it was recombined in the filial generations of cross between indica and japonica rice. The negative correlations were found between PTI and most of panicle characteristics, as well as yield-related traits. Based on PTI, most of lines from the two populations were middle dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in middle position of the panicle） and lower dominant panicle type （the number of grains on the secondary branch is numerous in lower position of the panicle and becomes less towards the top of panicle） with significant yield advantages.
基金Financial support for this study was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31901084,32200406,32211530420).
文摘Since the time of Darwin,subspecies have been recognized as an initial stage in the evolution of species.However,the impact of dispersal on subspecies richness in birds globally has received little attention,despite dispersal being a key factor in determining the rate of evolution and playing a significant role in evolutionary divergence.Therefore,it is important to conduct a comprehensive study to address this issue.In this study,we aimed to assess the association between subspecies richness(measured by the number of subspecies)and dispersal ability(measured by the hand-wing index)on a global scale,using a dataset of over 7000 bird species.Our results revealed a negative correlation between dispersal ability and the number of subspecies,without any quadratic correlation.The wing is a crucial phenotypic trait for birds,and the concept of subspecies is important in speciation theory and conservation biology.Therefore,our findings not only enhance our understanding of the association between avian morphological traits and evolutionary divergence but also have implications for the conservation of avian species diversity.
文摘Based on extensive field work in the northern Zagros Mountains, a new subspecies of Darevskia raddei （Boettger, 1892） from the west Azerbaijan Province, northwestern Iran is described. The new subspecies is distinguishable from all the other three subspecies of D. raddei based on the combination of several distinguishing characters, such as dorsal body with 50-55 oval to round, smooth, or very weakly keeled, scales, 25-31 scales across the gular region, 18-20 femoral pores on each side of body （reaching the knee）, 29-31 tuberculate lamellae under the fourth toe, 11-12 supraciliaries, 9-11 collars and a specific color pattern. The new subspecies meets all the morphological characters described by Eiselt et al. （1993） for an undefined and intermediate form between D. raddei raddei in the east of and D. r vanensis in the west of the distribution range of the species.
基金supported by the National Program on Key Research Project of China(2022YFC2604201)well as the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No.861917-SAFFl,Zhejiang Provincial Key R&D Program of China(2023C03045)+2 种基金Hainan Provincial Joint Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City(2021JJLH0083)Key Research and Development Program of Hangzhou(202203A08)District-level project for high-level innovative and entrepreneurial talents of"Zijinshan Talents Gaochun Plan"(202100677).
文摘Salmonella enterica has a wide diversity,with numerous serovars belonging to six different subspecies with dynamic animal-host tropism.The FimH protein is the adhesin mediating binding to various cells,and slight amino acid discrepancy significantly affects the adherence capacities.To date,the general function of FimH variability across dif-ferent subspecies of Salmonella enterica has not been addressed.To investigate the biological functions of FimH among the six Salmonella enterica subspecies,the present study performed several assays to determine biofilm for-mation,Caenorhabditis elegans killing,and intestinal porcine enterocyte cell IPEC-J2 adhesion by using various FimH allele mutants.In general,allelic mutations in both the lectin and pilin domains of FimH could cause changes in bind-ing affnity,such as the N79S mutation.We also observed that the N79S variation in Salmonella Dublin increased the adhesive ability of IPEC-J2 cells.Moreover,a new amino acid substitution,T260M,within the pilin domain in one subspecies llb strain beneficial to binding to cells was highlighted in this study,even though the biofilm-forming and Caenorhabditis elegans-killing abilities exhibited no significant differences in variants.Combined with point muta-tions being a natural tendency due to positive selection in harsh environments,we speculate that allelic variation T26oM probably contributes to pathoadaptive evolution in Salmonella enterica subspecies llb.
基金Sponsored by the Science Foundation of Harbin Institute of Technology(Grant No. HIT(WH)XB200804)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Grant No. 2004CB185050)
文摘In order to develop halophilic microorganism resources to improve environment, a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic and moderately halophilic bacterial strain JSA1 was obtained from the waste water sample collected from Jinhong Chemical Plant at Weihai city, by the methods of quick isolation and screening of halophilie bacteria. Systematic studies on it were carried out. Results show that the strain JSA1 is bacillus. The temperature range most suitable for its growth is 29 - 35 ℃ and the most suitable pH is 6. 5 - 9. 0. It can grow well at the salt mass concentration of 30 - 150 g/L. The C ＋ G mole fraction of its DNA is 37.5%. The analytical result of 16S rRNA gene sequence reveals that this strain has the closest relationship with Alkalibacillus halophilus （DQ359731） of Alkalibacillts. Their similarities are as high as 99%. However, they have obvious differences in aspects of whole-cell main fatty acid components, cell size, cell morphology, motility, oxidase, gelatine liquefication, NaCl tolerance range, pH tolerance range, G ＋ C mole fraction, sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, antibiotic sensitivity and strain source. Comparing with other species of the same genus, differences of this strain are even more obvious. In view of muhiple identification results, we believe this strain is a new subspecies ofAlkalibacillus halophilus and name it Alkalibacillus halophilus subsp, hitensis subsp, nov.
