Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synt...Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.展开更多
This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rei...This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rein-forcement.Tapioca starch and glutinous starch were blended in varying ratios(100:0–0:100)to optimize the base material’s properties.The morphology,density,flexural strength,and impact strength of these starch blends were evaluated.The results revealed a trade-off between impact strength and density,with increasing glutinous starch content favoring impact resistance but also leading to higher density.The optimal ratio of tapioca to glutinous starch for achieving maximumflexural strength and modulus was determined to be 60:40.Theflexural strength of the composite material at this ratio reached a peak value of 5.3±0.6 MPa,significantly surpassing theflexural strength of pure tapioca foam,which was measured to be 3.5±0.4 MPa.Building on this foundation,novel lami-nar composite foams were fabricated using the 60:40 starch blend reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper.To enhance the interfacial adhesion between the starch matrix and paper reinforcement,a silane coupling agent was employed at a 10 wt%loading on the paper.The incorporation of paper reinforcement into starch foams was found to enhance their mechanical properties.Specifically,flexural strength values increased from 5.3±0.6 MPa for the unreinforced starch foam to 6.8±0.6 MPa,8.1±0.9 MPa,and 7.4±0.1 MPa when reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper,respectively.Notably,kraft paper reinforcement led to the most enhancements inflexural strength,flexural modulus,and impact strength.This research paves the way for developing sustainable cushioning materials with competitive mechanical properties using bio-based resources like starch and paper.展开更多
Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA le...Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA levels impact intestinal AA digestion,transport and metabolism,breast muscle protein metabolism,and growth in grower broilers.A total of 72021-day-old healthy male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly assigned to 12 treatments,each with 6 replicates of 10 birds.The treatments comprised 3 different starch[corn:control,cassava:rapidly digestible starch(RDS),and pea:slowly digestible starch(SDS)]with 4 different AA levels[based on standardized ileal digestible lysine(SID Lys),0.92%,1.02%(as the standard),1.12%and 1.22%].Results An interaction between dietary starch sources and SID Lys levels significantly affected breast muscle yield(P=0.033).RDS and SDS diets,or SID Lys levels of 0.92%,1.02%,or 1.22%,significantly decreased the breast muscle yield of broilers in contrast to the corn starch diet with 1.12%SID Lys(P=0.033).The SID Lys levels of 1.12%and 1.22%markedly improved body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG)from 22 to 42 days of age,and mRNA expression of y^(+)LAT1 and mTOR while reducing feed intake(FI)and feed/gain ratio(F/G)compared to the 0.92%SID Lys level(P<0.05).The SDS diet significantly decreased BW and BWG of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age,distal ileal starch digestibility,jejunal amylase and chymotrypsin activities,and mRNA expression of GLUT2 and y^(+)LAT1 compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).The RDS diet suppressed the breast muscle mass by down-regulating expression of mTOR,S6K1,and eIF4E and up-regulating expression of MuRF,CathepsinB,Atrogin-1,and M-calpain compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the SDS diet significantly increased acetyl-CoA andα-ketoglutaric acid levels in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle(P<0.05)but decreased the ileal digestibility of Lys,Tyr,Leu,Asp,Ser,Gly,Pro,Arg,Ile,and Val compared to the corn starch group(P<0.05).Conclusion The SDS diet impaired broiler growth by reducing intestinal starch digestibility,which inhibited intestinal AA and glucose absorption and utilization,increased AA oxidation for energy supply,and lowered the efficiency of protein synthesis.Although the RDS diet resulted in growth performance similar to the corn starch diet,it reduced breast muscle mass by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting degradation.展开更多
Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperat...Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.展开更多
Transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression during maize kernel development.The maize endosperm,a large storage organ,accounting for nearly 90%of the dry weight of mature kernels,ser...Transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression during maize kernel development.The maize endosperm,a large storage organ,accounting for nearly 90%of the dry weight of mature kernels,serves as the primary site for starch storage.In this study,we identify an endosperm-specific EREB gene,ZmEREB167,which encodes a nucleus-localized EREB protein.Knockout of ZmEREB167 significantly increases kernel size and weight,as well as starch and protein content,compared with the wild type.In situ hybridization experiments show that ZmEREB167 is highly expressed in the BETL as well as PED regions of maize kernels.Dual-luciferase assays show that ZmEREB167 exhibits transcriptionally repressor activity in maize protoplasts.Transcriptome analysis reveals that a large number of genes are up-regulated in the Zmereb167-C1 mutant compared with the wild type,including key genetic factors such as ZmMRP-1 and ZmMN1,as well as multiple transporters involved in maize endosperm development.Integration of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results identify 68 target genes modulated by ZmEREB167.We find that ZmEREB167 directly targets OPAQUE2,ZmNRT1.1,ZmIAA12,ZmIAA19,and ZmbZIP20,repressing their expressions.Our study demonstrates that ZmEREB167 functions as a negative regulator in maize endosperm development and affects starch accumulation and kernel size.展开更多
Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable al...Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging,edible films offer effective barriers against moisture,gases,and microbial contamination while being biodegradable,biocompatible,and environmentally friendly.In this study,novel active food packaging materials(in film form)were developed by incorporating starch,carrageenan,nanocellulose(NC),Aloe vera,and hibiscus flower extract.The effects of varying the matrix composition(26.5–73.5 wt.%starch/carrageenan),NC concentration(2.77-17.07 wt.%),and particle type(fibers or crystals)on the film structure and characteristics were analyzed using various methods.Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good homogeneity and effective dispersion of NC within the blendmatrix.An increased carrageenan content in the filmimproved wettability,moisture absorption,solubility,and water vapor permeability.The mechanical properties of the films were enhanced by NC incorporation and higher carrageenan content.The developed films also exhibited effective UV radiation barriers and biodegradability.Films with low carrageenan content(less than 33.3%)and high NC content(7%,10% crystals or 10%,15% fibers)exhibited optimal properties,including enhanced water resistance,hydrophobicity,and mechanical strength,along with reduced water vapor permeability.However,the high water solubility and moisture absorption(above 55% and 14%,respectively)indicated their unsuitability as packaging materials for food products with wet surfaces and high humidity.The results suggest that these films are well suited for use as edible food packaging for fruits and vegetables.展开更多
Nitrogen fertilizer is an important agronomic measure significantly affecting crop yield and grain quality.This twoyear study aimed to explore the effects of four nitrogen levels on the morphology,lamellar and crystal...Nitrogen fertilizer is an important agronomic measure significantly affecting crop yield and grain quality.This twoyear study aimed to explore the effects of four nitrogen levels on the morphology,lamellar and crystalline structure,pasting,and rheological properties of proso millet(PM)starch and to investigate potential food applications of PM.The results showed that the starch surface became uneven,and the structure of the starch granules shifted towards greater complexity with increasing nitrogen levels.Nitrogen increased the relative crystallinity,ordered structure,and average repeat distance,leading to a stable starch structure and a higher gelatinization enthalpy.Furthermore,nitrogen significantly increased peak,breakdown,setback,and final viscosities but decreased apparent amylose content,which caused the shear resistance and storage capacity of PM starch-based foods to deteriorate during processing and transport.Rheological analysis showed that PM starch exhibited the typical characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid.Under nitrogen treatment,PM starch gels showed high potential for application in 3D printing products due to high resistance to shear thinning,gel strength,and yield stress,presumably owing to the significantly higher G′than G′′,and the lower amylose content,which in turn promoted the formation of a stable network structure in water to immobilize more water.Our study provides a reference for applying PM starch in the food industry and for developing PM cropping-management programs to improve quality.展开更多
The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, alt...The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, although its effects on grain quality remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of drought priming on starch and protein levels in grains under drought stress during grain filling. Our results revealed that drought stress leads to a reduction in the contents of starch and its constituents, while simultaneously increasing glutenin macropolymers and protein fractions. Notably, drought primed plants under drought stress(PD) exhibited mitigated declines in the contents of starch and its components, leading to improvements in starch swelling power and pasting properties. In addition, PD resulted in a slight increase in the protein fractions, limiting the overall rise in total protein content compared to drought stress alone. The results of our study underscore the efficacy of drought priming as a strategy to counteract the negative effects of drought stress on grain quality, particularly by minimizing starch losses and restraining protein content elevation.展开更多
Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes ...Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes through gut microbiota modulation.During fermentation,microbial activity alters the starch matrix,enhancing the production of bioactive compounds such as resistant starch,isomalto-oligosaccharides,and resistant dextrin,which improve insulin sensitivity,reduce inflammation,and support glycemic control.Additionally,fermented corn starch harbors beneficial microbial strains including Lactiplantibacillus fermentum,Bifidobacterium breve,and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,which reinforce gut barrier integrity,stimulate incretin secretion,and suppress systemic inflammation.Postbiotic metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids,exopolysaccharides,and bacteriocins further contribute to glucose homeostasis through immune modulation and gut hormone regulation.Despite its promise,the clinical translation of fermented corn starch is limited by safety concerns(e.g.,contamination with pathogens or mycotoxins),lack of standardized fermentation protocols,and a scarcity of targeted studies.This review synthesizes current evidence on the antidiabetic potential of fermented corn starch,advocating for its integration into precision nutrition approaches and supporting further research to address safety and standardization challenges in functional food development.展开更多
[Objectives]To explore the methods for identifying pure honey.[Methods]Using 35 batches of Jiulongteng honey sourced from various production areas in Guangxi as the research subjects,this study investigated the chromo...[Objectives]To explore the methods for identifying pure honey.[Methods]Using 35 batches of Jiulongteng honey sourced from various production areas in Guangxi as the research subjects,this study investigated the chromogenic reactions of starch and dextrin,as well as the comparative study of thin-layer chromatography of oligosaccharides present in Jiulongteng honey.[Results]None of the 35 batches of Jiulongteng honey samples exhibited blue(indicating starch),green,or reddish-brown(indicating dextrin)coloration,suggesting that no adulterants such as artificially added starch,dextrin,or sugar were present in these samples.Furthermore,none of the 35 batches displayed additional spots below the corresponding positions of the control,indicating that the sugar composition was consistent with the oligosaccharide profile of natural honey.No components inconsistent with the oligosaccharide profile of natural honey were detected.Therefore,it can be concluded that the Jiulongteng honey samples in this experiment were pure and free from adulteration with starch,dextrin,or other sugar substances.[Conclusions]The method employed in this experiment is straightforward and quick to implement,effectively preventing adulterated honey from entering the market.It enhances the efficiency of quality control for Jiulongteng honey and promotes the healthy development of the Jiulongteng honey industry.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut ...Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.展开更多
Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate...Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate the anti-retrogradation effects of semi-dry rice noodles during cold storage.Loss of water content,migration of water,and increase in relative crystallinity,retrogradation enthalpy,and hardness could be retarded by adding chemically modified starches,especially hydroxypropyl starches.The effect of hydroxypropyl starch addition levels(2%,4%,6%,8%,and 10%)on the properties of rice flour and the edible quality of semi-dry rice noodles was further evaluated.The water solubility index of rice flour decreased with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch,while the swelling power showed the opposite trend.The quality of semi-dry rice noodles were improved with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch.Compared to the control,semi-dried rice noodles with 8%hydroxypropyl starch possessed superior properties,i.e.lower cooking loss(decreasing from 12.89%to 6.62%),lower adhesiveness(decreasing from 5.40 to 4.31 g·s),and higher hardness(rising from 10.89 to 13.81 N).These findings demonstrated that the incorporation of hydroxypropyl starch is a promising strategy for the preparation of semi-dry rice noodles with satisfactory cooking and edible qualities as well as a long shelf life.展开更多
Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the r...Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the roles of the microbiota in mediating hindgut health that are focused on the hindgut have been widely studied,the absence of whole gastrointestinal insight may influence the depth of research.We integrated the microbiome,metabolome,and host transcriptome changes in the rumen,jejunum,ileum,and colon to investigate the contributions of foregut changes to hindgut gene expression driven by gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolite flow.Forty goats were randomly assigned to receive either a low rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(LRDS,n=20)or a high rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(HRDS,n=20).Compared with the HRDS group,the LRDS group significantly decreased the diarrheal rate.Based on the mean values of the fecal scores,6 represented goats of LRDS group(fecal scores=(4.58±0.120))and 6 represented goats of HRDS group(fecal scores=(3.53±0.343))were selected for sampling and subsequent analysis.LRDS had significantly decreased the colonic pathologic scores.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LRDS reduced jejunal,ileal,and colonic inflammatory responses.An increase in beneficial commensals and a decreased abundance of pathogenic genera in the small intestine and hindgut were found in goats fed the LRDS diet using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.To identify microbial transmission as well as the transmission of microbial metabolites,8 genera were identified as core genera according to their calculated niche width.Metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 554 metabolites were identified among different gastrointestinal sites.Then,metabolites were incorporated into 3 modules:metabolites increased in the current site(ICS),unchanged inflow metabolites in the current site(UICS),and metabolites decreased in the current site(DCS).The results indicated that the UICS metabolites contributed more than 10%to host gene expression in the jejunum,ileum,and colon.When we further focused on the effects of colonic UICS metabolites on the colonic immune-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs),the results indicated that 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid contributed 60.74 and 11.5%to the colonic immune-related DEGs,respectively.Our findings provide a preliminary framework of microbial effects that includes the microbiota and their metabolite changes,especially reduced 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid,in the former gastrointestinal tract that could be involved in the alleviation of colonic inflammation in goats fed LRDS diets.展开更多
5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomata...5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomatal opening.However,whether the starch breakdown is involved in ALA-regulating stomatal movement is unclear.In the current study,we found that exogenous ALA effectively stimulated the starch breakdown in guard cells,increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted stomatal opening in leaves of apple(Malus×domestica).Based on genome-wide identification,we identified a total of 119 members of BAM gene family in ten commonly Rosaceae crops.Analyses of gene structure,motif identification,and gene pair collinearity revealed relative conservation among members within the same group or subgroup.Among these genes,MdBAM17 and other 12 genes were identified as the orthologous genes of AtBAM1,which is responsible for starch degradation to modulate the stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.qRT-PCR analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expressions of MdBAM17 and stomatal aperture,as well asβ-amylase activity,whereas a negative correlation was observed with the starch content.Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that MdBAM17 is a chloroplast protein,consistent with the AtBAM1.MdBAM17 was mainly expressed in guard cells and responsive to exogenous ALA.Overexpressing MdBAM17 increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted starch breakdown,leading to stomatal opening,which was further strengthened by ALA.RNA-interfering MdBAM17 decreasedβ-amylase activity,resulting in starch accumulation,and impairing the stomatal opening by ALA.However,modulation of MdBAM17 expression did not affect the levels of flavonols and H_(2)O_(2)in guard cells,suggesting that MdBAM17-promoted starch degradation may function at downstream of ROS signaling in the ALAregulated stomatal opening.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of ALA-regulated stomatal movement.展开更多
Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal st...Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal starches,there is a lack of systematic review on chickpea starch.Herein,this review summarized the extraction,composition,structure,properties,modification and food uses of chickpea starch.Literatures showed that chickpea starch exhibited unique molecular structures and functional properties differed from other starches from legumes,cereal and tubers.Moreover,chickpea starch has been found to have remarkable resistance to digestion.The chickpea resistant starch showed prebiotic effect and potential health benefits.To date,chickpea starch has been modified by physical,chemical,biological and dual modification methods to change its functional properties such as swelling power,solubility,thermal,pasting,gel textural properties,and digestibility,which are essential to widen its applications.In food sectors,chickpea starch could be used as fillings,thickeners,gelling agents or a source of resistant starch in various formulated foods.In the end,suggestions on how to deeply understand and exploit chickpea starch are proposed.展开更多
Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their ...Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their compatibility with higher reaction temperatures and lower required dosage. In this study, thermostable glucoamylase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus(TtGA) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its effects on the structure and physicochemical properties of raw corn starch were determined. The purified TtGA had a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, and its optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50 ℃ and 5.0, respectively. TtGA retained > 60% of its activity following treatment at 60 ℃ for 2 h and remained stable within a pH range of 4.0–7.0 for 6 h. The enzymatic modification of raw corn starch with TtGA led to 3% hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 24 h. In comparison with natural raw corn starch, TtGA-modified starch had a smaller particle size with an unchanged crystalline structure, increased relative crystallinity, and amylose content.Scanning electronic observation showed that larger pores were formed on the surface of starch particles, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that TtGA increased the degree of order in the raw corn starch.TtGA modification caused enhanced viscosity of the raw corn starch and altered the rheological properties with decreases in storage and loss moduli, as well as shear viscosity. Moreover, TtGA treatment enhanced the thermal characteristics of the raw corn starch, and decreased gelatinization enthalpy. This study provides detailed evidence for TtGA modification of raw corn starch, which would be helpful for its practical utilization in starch modification.展开更多
To improve the amylose content(AC)and resistant starch content(RSC)of maize kernel starch,we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create mutants of starch branching enzyme I(SBEI)and starch branching enzyme IIb(SBEIIb)....To improve the amylose content(AC)and resistant starch content(RSC)of maize kernel starch,we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create mutants of starch branching enzyme I(SBEI)and starch branching enzyme IIb(SBEIIb).A frameshift mutation in SBEI(E1,a nucleotide insertion in exon 6)led to plants with higher RSC(1.07%),lower hundred-kernel weight(HKW,24.71±0.14 g),and lower plant height(PH,218.50±9.42 cm)compared to the wild type(WT).Like the WT,E1 kernel starch had irregular,polygonal shapes with sharp edges.A frameshift mutation in SBEIIb(E2,a four-nucleotide deletion in exon 8)led to higher AC(53.48%)and higher RSC(26.93%)than that for the WT.E2 kernel starch was significantly different from the WT regarding granule morphology,chain length distribution pattern,X-ray diffraction pattern,and thermal characteristics;the starch granules were more irregular in shape and comprised typical B-type crystals.Mutating SBEI and SBEIIb(E12)had a synergistic effect on RSC,HKW,PH,starch properties,and starch biosynthesis-associated gene expression.SBEIIa,SS1,SSIIa,SSIIIa,and SSIIIb were upregulated in E12 endosperm compared to WT endosperm.This study lays the foundation for rapidly improving the starch properties of elite maize lines.展开更多
A glutathione S-transferase(GST)gene IbGSTL2 was cloned and characterized from sweetpotato.It harbored a variation associated with starch content in storage roots.Overexpression of IbGSTL2 increased starch content and...A glutathione S-transferase(GST)gene IbGSTL2 was cloned and characterized from sweetpotato.It harbored a variation associated with starch content in storage roots.Overexpression of IbGSTL2 increased starch content and amylopectin proportion,decreased gelatinization temperature,and improved degree of crystallinity in sweetpotato storage roots,while its RNA interference resulted in the opposite trends.IbGSTL2 physically interacted with IbcPGM,an enzyme of sucrose metabolism,and improve starch content and quality by regulating genes involved in starch biosynthesis.展开更多
Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to st...Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.展开更多
Dynamic changes of starch, amylose, sucrose contents and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes under shading treatments alter flowering were studied using two rice varieties IR72 （indica） and Nipponbare （japon...Dynamic changes of starch, amylose, sucrose contents and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes under shading treatments alter flowering were studied using two rice varieties IR72 （indica） and Nipponbare （japonica） as materials. Under shading treatments, the starch, amylose and sucrose contents decreased, while ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （ADPGPPase） activity only changed a little, soluble starch synthase activity and granule bound starch synthase activity decreased, soluble starch branching enzyme （SSBE, Q-enzyme） activity and granule bound starch branching enzyme （GBSBE, Q-enzyme） activity increased, and starch debranching enzyme （DBE, R-enzyme） activity varied with varieties. Correlation analyses showed that the changes of starch content were positively and significantly correlated with the changes of sucrose content in the weak light. Both ADPGPPase activity and SSBE activity were positively and significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate. It was implied that the decline of starch synthase activities was related to the decrease of starch content and the increase of the activity of starch branching enzyme played an important role in the decrease of the ratio of amylose to the total starch under the weak light.展开更多
基金supported by the Major Program of National Agricultural Science and Technology of China(NK20220607)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China(2023YFH0041)。
文摘Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.
基金funded by the Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)under Fundamental Fund 2023(Project:Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Applications in New S-Curve Industries).
文摘This work explores the development of biodegradable laminar composite foams for cushioning applications.The focus lies on overcoming the inherent brittleness of starch foams by incorporating various paper types as rein-forcement.Tapioca starch and glutinous starch were blended in varying ratios(100:0–0:100)to optimize the base material’s properties.The morphology,density,flexural strength,and impact strength of these starch blends were evaluated.The results revealed a trade-off between impact strength and density,with increasing glutinous starch content favoring impact resistance but also leading to higher density.The optimal ratio of tapioca to glutinous starch for achieving maximumflexural strength and modulus was determined to be 60:40.Theflexural strength of the composite material at this ratio reached a peak value of 5.3±0.6 MPa,significantly surpassing theflexural strength of pure tapioca foam,which was measured to be 3.5±0.4 MPa.Building on this foundation,novel lami-nar composite foams were fabricated using the 60:40 starch blend reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper.To enhance the interfacial adhesion between the starch matrix and paper reinforcement,a silane coupling agent was employed at a 10 wt%loading on the paper.The incorporation of paper reinforcement into starch foams was found to enhance their mechanical properties.Specifically,flexural strength values increased from 5.3±0.6 MPa for the unreinforced starch foam to 6.8±0.6 MPa,8.1±0.9 MPa,and 7.4±0.1 MPa when reinforced with mulberry paper,kraft paper,and newsprint paper,respectively.Notably,kraft paper reinforcement led to the most enhancements inflexural strength,flexural modulus,and impact strength.This research paves the way for developing sustainable cushioning materials with competitive mechanical properties using bio-based resources like starch and paper.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1300404)。
文摘Background The synchronized absorption of amino acids(AAs)and glucose in the gut is crucial for effective AA utilization and protein synthesis in the body.The study investigated how the starch digestion rate and AA levels impact intestinal AA digestion,transport and metabolism,breast muscle protein metabolism,and growth in grower broilers.A total of 72021-day-old healthy male Arbor Acres Plus broilers were randomly assigned to 12 treatments,each with 6 replicates of 10 birds.The treatments comprised 3 different starch[corn:control,cassava:rapidly digestible starch(RDS),and pea:slowly digestible starch(SDS)]with 4 different AA levels[based on standardized ileal digestible lysine(SID Lys),0.92%,1.02%(as the standard),1.12%and 1.22%].Results An interaction between dietary starch sources and SID Lys levels significantly affected breast muscle yield(P=0.033).RDS and SDS diets,or SID Lys levels of 0.92%,1.02%,or 1.22%,significantly decreased the breast muscle yield of broilers in contrast to the corn starch diet with 1.12%SID Lys(P=0.033).The SID Lys levels of 1.12%and 1.22%markedly improved body weight(BW),body weight gain(BWG)from 22 to 42 days of age,and mRNA expression of y^(+)LAT1 and mTOR while reducing feed intake(FI)and feed/gain ratio(F/G)compared to the 0.92%SID Lys level(P<0.05).The SDS diet significantly decreased BW and BWG of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age,distal ileal starch digestibility,jejunal amylase and chymotrypsin activities,and mRNA expression of GLUT2 and y^(+)LAT1 compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).The RDS diet suppressed the breast muscle mass by down-regulating expression of mTOR,S6K1,and eIF4E and up-regulating expression of MuRF,CathepsinB,Atrogin-1,and M-calpain compared to the corn starch diet(P<0.05).Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the SDS diet significantly increased acetyl-CoA andα-ketoglutaric acid levels in the tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle(P<0.05)but decreased the ileal digestibility of Lys,Tyr,Leu,Asp,Ser,Gly,Pro,Arg,Ile,and Val compared to the corn starch group(P<0.05).Conclusion The SDS diet impaired broiler growth by reducing intestinal starch digestibility,which inhibited intestinal AA and glucose absorption and utilization,increased AA oxidation for energy supply,and lowered the efficiency of protein synthesis.Although the RDS diet resulted in growth performance similar to the corn starch diet,it reduced breast muscle mass by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting degradation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830071,32202561)the earmarked fund for CARS(Grant No.CARS-31)。
文摘Banana fruit ripening is a highly regulatory process involving various layers consisting of transcriptional regulation,epigenetic factor,and post-translational modification.Previously,we reported that MaERF11 cooperated with MaHDA1 to precisely regulate the transcription of ripening-associated genes via histone deacetylation.However,whether MaERF11 is subjected to post-translational modification during banana ripening is largely unknown.In this study,we found that MaERF11 targeted a subset of starch degradation-related genes using the DNA affinity purification sequence(DAP-Seq)approach.Electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA)and dual-luciferase reporter assay(DLR)demonstrated that MaERF11 could specifically bind and repress the expression of the starch degradation-related genes MaAMY3,MaBAM2 and MaGWD1.Further analyses of yeast two-hybrid(Y2H),bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)and Luciferase complementation imaging(LCI)assays indicated that MaERF11 interacted with the ubiquitin E3 ligase MaRFA1,and this interaction weakened the MaERF11-mediated transcriptional repression capacity.Collectively,our results suggest an additional regulatory layer in which MaERF11 regulates banana fruit ripening and expands the regulatory network in fruit ripening at the post-translational modification level.
基金supported by STI 2030-Major Project(2023ZD04069)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1202900)+3 种基金The National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(32425041)The“Breakthrough”Science and Technology Project of Tongliao(TL2024TW001)Science and Technology Demonstration Project of Shandong Province(2024SFGC0402)Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2023A01004).
文摘Transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of gene expression during maize kernel development.The maize endosperm,a large storage organ,accounting for nearly 90%of the dry weight of mature kernels,serves as the primary site for starch storage.In this study,we identify an endosperm-specific EREB gene,ZmEREB167,which encodes a nucleus-localized EREB protein.Knockout of ZmEREB167 significantly increases kernel size and weight,as well as starch and protein content,compared with the wild type.In situ hybridization experiments show that ZmEREB167 is highly expressed in the BETL as well as PED regions of maize kernels.Dual-luciferase assays show that ZmEREB167 exhibits transcriptionally repressor activity in maize protoplasts.Transcriptome analysis reveals that a large number of genes are up-regulated in the Zmereb167-C1 mutant compared with the wild type,including key genetic factors such as ZmMRP-1 and ZmMN1,as well as multiple transporters involved in maize endosperm development.Integration of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results identify 68 target genes modulated by ZmEREB167.We find that ZmEREB167 directly targets OPAQUE2,ZmNRT1.1,ZmIAA12,ZmIAA19,and ZmbZIP20,repressing their expressions.Our study demonstrates that ZmEREB167 functions as a negative regulator in maize endosperm development and affects starch accumulation and kernel size.
基金funded by the Russian Federation represented by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education,Russia,grant number 075-15-2022-1231 on 18.10.2022National Research Foundation(NRF),South Africa,grant number 150508Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),Brazil,grant number 440057/2022-1.
文摘Petrochemical plastics are widely used for food protection and preservation;however,they exhibit poor biodegradability,resisting natural degradation through physical,chemical,or enzymatic processes.As a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging,edible films offer effective barriers against moisture,gases,and microbial contamination while being biodegradable,biocompatible,and environmentally friendly.In this study,novel active food packaging materials(in film form)were developed by incorporating starch,carrageenan,nanocellulose(NC),Aloe vera,and hibiscus flower extract.The effects of varying the matrix composition(26.5–73.5 wt.%starch/carrageenan),NC concentration(2.77-17.07 wt.%),and particle type(fibers or crystals)on the film structure and characteristics were analyzed using various methods.Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good homogeneity and effective dispersion of NC within the blendmatrix.An increased carrageenan content in the filmimproved wettability,moisture absorption,solubility,and water vapor permeability.The mechanical properties of the films were enhanced by NC incorporation and higher carrageenan content.The developed films also exhibited effective UV radiation barriers and biodegradability.Films with low carrageenan content(less than 33.3%)and high NC content(7%,10% crystals or 10%,15% fibers)exhibited optimal properties,including enhanced water resistance,hydrophobicity,and mechanical strength,along with reduced water vapor permeability.However,the high water solubility and moisture absorption(above 55% and 14%,respectively)indicated their unsuitability as packaging materials for food products with wet surfaces and high humidity.The results suggest that these films are well suited for use as edible food packaging for fruits and vegetables.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foudation(CPSF)(GZC20241394)the Shaanxi Province Natural Science Basic Research Program-Youth Project,China(2025JCYBQN271)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371529)the Shaanxi Province“Two Chains”Integrated Crop Breeding Key Project,China(2021LLRH07)the Minor Grain Crops Research and Development System of Shaanxi Province,China(NYKJ-2021YL(XN)40)。
文摘Nitrogen fertilizer is an important agronomic measure significantly affecting crop yield and grain quality.This twoyear study aimed to explore the effects of four nitrogen levels on the morphology,lamellar and crystalline structure,pasting,and rheological properties of proso millet(PM)starch and to investigate potential food applications of PM.The results showed that the starch surface became uneven,and the structure of the starch granules shifted towards greater complexity with increasing nitrogen levels.Nitrogen increased the relative crystallinity,ordered structure,and average repeat distance,leading to a stable starch structure and a higher gelatinization enthalpy.Furthermore,nitrogen significantly increased peak,breakdown,setback,and final viscosities but decreased apparent amylose content,which caused the shear resistance and storage capacity of PM starch-based foods to deteriorate during processing and transport.Rheological analysis showed that PM starch exhibited the typical characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid.Under nitrogen treatment,PM starch gels showed high potential for application in 3D printing products due to high resistance to shear thinning,gel strength,and yield stress,presumably owing to the significantly higher G′than G′′,and the lower amylose content,which in turn promoted the formation of a stable network structure in water to immobilize more water.Our study provides a reference for applying PM starch in the food industry and for developing PM cropping-management programs to improve quality.
基金supported by the projects of the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD2300202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272213 and 31771693)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03)the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, China (JCIC-MCP)。
文摘The impacts of drought stress on crop yield and quality are substantial. Drought priming during the early growth stage of plants has been shown to improve tolerance to drought stress during the reproductive stage, although its effects on grain quality remain elusive. This study investigated the influence of drought priming on starch and protein levels in grains under drought stress during grain filling. Our results revealed that drought stress leads to a reduction in the contents of starch and its constituents, while simultaneously increasing glutenin macropolymers and protein fractions. Notably, drought primed plants under drought stress(PD) exhibited mitigated declines in the contents of starch and its components, leading to improvements in starch swelling power and pasting properties. In addition, PD resulted in a slight increase in the protein fractions, limiting the overall rise in total protein content compared to drought stress alone. The results of our study underscore the efficacy of drought priming as a strategy to counteract the negative effects of drought stress on grain quality, particularly by minimizing starch losses and restraining protein content elevation.
基金Supported by the Research Office,University of KwaZulu-Natal,Durbanan Incentive Grant from the National Research Foundation,Pretoria,South Africa,No.145943.
文摘Fermented corn starch has emerged as a promising functional food due to its triad of gut biotics,prebiotic,probiotic,and postbiotic properties,which present significant potential for the management of type 2 diabetes through gut microbiota modulation.During fermentation,microbial activity alters the starch matrix,enhancing the production of bioactive compounds such as resistant starch,isomalto-oligosaccharides,and resistant dextrin,which improve insulin sensitivity,reduce inflammation,and support glycemic control.Additionally,fermented corn starch harbors beneficial microbial strains including Lactiplantibacillus fermentum,Bifidobacterium breve,and Saccharomyces cerevisiae,which reinforce gut barrier integrity,stimulate incretin secretion,and suppress systemic inflammation.Postbiotic metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids,exopolysaccharides,and bacteriocins further contribute to glucose homeostasis through immune modulation and gut hormone regulation.Despite its promise,the clinical translation of fermented corn starch is limited by safety concerns(e.g.,contamination with pathogens or mycotoxins),lack of standardized fermentation protocols,and a scarcity of targeted studies.This review synthesizes current evidence on the antidiabetic potential of fermented corn starch,advocating for its integration into precision nutrition approaches and supporting further research to address safety and standardization challenges in functional food development.
基金Supported by Enhancement Project of Basic Scientific Research Ability of Young and Middle-aged Teachers in Guangxi Universities(2020KY07040)School-level Scientific Research Project of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(2024QN022)Self-financed Scientific Research Project of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(GXZYL20240818).
文摘[Objectives]To explore the methods for identifying pure honey.[Methods]Using 35 batches of Jiulongteng honey sourced from various production areas in Guangxi as the research subjects,this study investigated the chromogenic reactions of starch and dextrin,as well as the comparative study of thin-layer chromatography of oligosaccharides present in Jiulongteng honey.[Results]None of the 35 batches of Jiulongteng honey samples exhibited blue(indicating starch),green,or reddish-brown(indicating dextrin)coloration,suggesting that no adulterants such as artificially added starch,dextrin,or sugar were present in these samples.Furthermore,none of the 35 batches displayed additional spots below the corresponding positions of the control,indicating that the sugar composition was consistent with the oligosaccharide profile of natural honey.No components inconsistent with the oligosaccharide profile of natural honey were detected.Therefore,it can be concluded that the Jiulongteng honey samples in this experiment were pure and free from adulteration with starch,dextrin,or other sugar substances.[Conclusions]The method employed in this experiment is straightforward and quick to implement,effectively preventing adulterated honey from entering the market.It enhances the efficiency of quality control for Jiulongteng honey and promotes the healthy development of the Jiulongteng honey industry.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1100600,2022YFF1100605)the Science and Technology Support Program(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province(BE2022323)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302011)。
文摘Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.
基金funded by the fund of national natural science foundation of China(32101996,32160530)the training plan for academic and technical leaders of major disciplines in Jiangxi province(20232BCJ23024)+1 种基金the key research and development program of Jiangxi province(20232BBF60023)“Shuangqian Project”of Jiangxi Province(jxsq2023201042)。
文摘Retrogradation of semi-dry rice noodles severely reduced their eating quality during storage.Three commonly used modified starches(oxidized starch,acetylated starch,and hydroxypropyl starch)were applied to investigate the anti-retrogradation effects of semi-dry rice noodles during cold storage.Loss of water content,migration of water,and increase in relative crystallinity,retrogradation enthalpy,and hardness could be retarded by adding chemically modified starches,especially hydroxypropyl starches.The effect of hydroxypropyl starch addition levels(2%,4%,6%,8%,and 10%)on the properties of rice flour and the edible quality of semi-dry rice noodles was further evaluated.The water solubility index of rice flour decreased with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch,while the swelling power showed the opposite trend.The quality of semi-dry rice noodles were improved with the addition of hydroxypropyl starch.Compared to the control,semi-dried rice noodles with 8%hydroxypropyl starch possessed superior properties,i.e.lower cooking loss(decreasing from 12.89%to 6.62%),lower adhesiveness(decreasing from 5.40 to 4.31 g·s),and higher hardness(rising from 10.89 to 13.81 N).These findings demonstrated that the incorporation of hydroxypropyl starch is a promising strategy for the preparation of semi-dry rice noodles with satisfactory cooking and edible qualities as well as a long shelf life.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072761,31902184 and 32102570)the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Association Young Talents Lifting Program Project,China(20220203)。
文摘Postruminal intestinal inflammation and hindgut acidosis caused by increased dietary starch supply and thereby increased quantities of ruminal degradable starch(RDS)in ruminants have been widely studied.Although the roles of the microbiota in mediating hindgut health that are focused on the hindgut have been widely studied,the absence of whole gastrointestinal insight may influence the depth of research.We integrated the microbiome,metabolome,and host transcriptome changes in the rumen,jejunum,ileum,and colon to investigate the contributions of foregut changes to hindgut gene expression driven by gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolite flow.Forty goats were randomly assigned to receive either a low rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(LRDS,n=20)or a high rumen-degradation-rate starch diet(HRDS,n=20).Compared with the HRDS group,the LRDS group significantly decreased the diarrheal rate.Based on the mean values of the fecal scores,6 represented goats of LRDS group(fecal scores=(4.58±0.120))and 6 represented goats of HRDS group(fecal scores=(3.53±0.343))were selected for sampling and subsequent analysis.LRDS had significantly decreased the colonic pathologic scores.Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LRDS reduced jejunal,ileal,and colonic inflammatory responses.An increase in beneficial commensals and a decreased abundance of pathogenic genera in the small intestine and hindgut were found in goats fed the LRDS diet using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.To identify microbial transmission as well as the transmission of microbial metabolites,8 genera were identified as core genera according to their calculated niche width.Metabolomics analysis revealed that a total of 554 metabolites were identified among different gastrointestinal sites.Then,metabolites were incorporated into 3 modules:metabolites increased in the current site(ICS),unchanged inflow metabolites in the current site(UICS),and metabolites decreased in the current site(DCS).The results indicated that the UICS metabolites contributed more than 10%to host gene expression in the jejunum,ileum,and colon.When we further focused on the effects of colonic UICS metabolites on the colonic immune-related differentially expressed genes(DEGs),the results indicated that 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid contributed 60.74 and 11.5%to the colonic immune-related DEGs,respectively.Our findings provide a preliminary framework of microbial effects that includes the microbiota and their metabolite changes,especially reduced 1-palmitoylglycerol and deoxycholic acid,in the former gastrointestinal tract that could be involved in the alleviation of colonic inflammation in goats fed LRDS diets.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32172512)the Jiangsu Special Fund for Frontier Foundation Research of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization(Grant No.BK20220005)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions。
文摘5-Aminolevulinic acid(ALA)is a novel plant growth regulator that has shown outstanding capability to promote stomatal opening.Starch degradation,catalyzed byβ-amylase(EC3.2.1.2,BAM),plays an important role in stomatal opening.However,whether the starch breakdown is involved in ALA-regulating stomatal movement is unclear.In the current study,we found that exogenous ALA effectively stimulated the starch breakdown in guard cells,increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted stomatal opening in leaves of apple(Malus×domestica).Based on genome-wide identification,we identified a total of 119 members of BAM gene family in ten commonly Rosaceae crops.Analyses of gene structure,motif identification,and gene pair collinearity revealed relative conservation among members within the same group or subgroup.Among these genes,MdBAM17 and other 12 genes were identified as the orthologous genes of AtBAM1,which is responsible for starch degradation to modulate the stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.qRT-PCR analysis revealed a positive correlation between the expressions of MdBAM17 and stomatal aperture,as well asβ-amylase activity,whereas a negative correlation was observed with the starch content.Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that MdBAM17 is a chloroplast protein,consistent with the AtBAM1.MdBAM17 was mainly expressed in guard cells and responsive to exogenous ALA.Overexpressing MdBAM17 increasedβ-amylase activity and promoted starch breakdown,leading to stomatal opening,which was further strengthened by ALA.RNA-interfering MdBAM17 decreasedβ-amylase activity,resulting in starch accumulation,and impairing the stomatal opening by ALA.However,modulation of MdBAM17 expression did not affect the levels of flavonols and H_(2)O_(2)in guard cells,suggesting that MdBAM17-promoted starch degradation may function at downstream of ROS signaling in the ALAregulated stomatal opening.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of ALA-regulated stomatal movement.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272239)Demonstration Project of Sichuan Province for the Transfer and Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements(2024ZHCG0079)+1 种基金Chongqing Technological Innovation Alliance for Agricultural Products Processing Industry(CTIA-APPI 2024-2-1)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD2100101).
文摘Chickpea(Cicer arietinum Linn.)is a widely cultivated edible legume worldwide.Starch is the major carbohydrate in chickpea seeds and amounts up to 50%of the dry matter.Compared with other legume starches and cereal starches,there is a lack of systematic review on chickpea starch.Herein,this review summarized the extraction,composition,structure,properties,modification and food uses of chickpea starch.Literatures showed that chickpea starch exhibited unique molecular structures and functional properties differed from other starches from legumes,cereal and tubers.Moreover,chickpea starch has been found to have remarkable resistance to digestion.The chickpea resistant starch showed prebiotic effect and potential health benefits.To date,chickpea starch has been modified by physical,chemical,biological and dual modification methods to change its functional properties such as swelling power,solubility,thermal,pasting,gel textural properties,and digestibility,which are essential to widen its applications.In food sectors,chickpea starch could be used as fillings,thickeners,gelling agents or a source of resistant starch in various formulated foods.In the end,suggestions on how to deeply understand and exploit chickpea starch are proposed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China(grant number 2023YFC2604903)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 22338013)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(grant number 242300421106)Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Joint Fund Project(grant number 222103810063)Key Scientific and Technological Project of Education Department of Henan Province(grant number 23A210007).
文摘Enzymatic modification is an important approach to changing the structure and expanding industrial application of natural starch. In the process of starch modification, thermostable enzymes are favored owing to their compatibility with higher reaction temperatures and lower required dosage. In this study, thermostable glucoamylase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus(TtGA) was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, and its effects on the structure and physicochemical properties of raw corn starch were determined. The purified TtGA had a molecular weight of approximately 66 kDa, and its optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50 ℃ and 5.0, respectively. TtGA retained > 60% of its activity following treatment at 60 ℃ for 2 h and remained stable within a pH range of 4.0–7.0 for 6 h. The enzymatic modification of raw corn starch with TtGA led to 3% hydrolysis at 50 ℃ for 24 h. In comparison with natural raw corn starch, TtGA-modified starch had a smaller particle size with an unchanged crystalline structure, increased relative crystallinity, and amylose content.Scanning electronic observation showed that larger pores were formed on the surface of starch particles, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that TtGA increased the degree of order in the raw corn starch.TtGA modification caused enhanced viscosity of the raw corn starch and altered the rheological properties with decreases in storage and loss moduli, as well as shear viscosity. Moreover, TtGA treatment enhanced the thermal characteristics of the raw corn starch, and decreased gelatinization enthalpy. This study provides detailed evidence for TtGA modification of raw corn starch, which would be helpful for its practical utilization in starch modification.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1202901)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-06)the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(2018B020202008).
文摘To improve the amylose content(AC)and resistant starch content(RSC)of maize kernel starch,we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to create mutants of starch branching enzyme I(SBEI)and starch branching enzyme IIb(SBEIIb).A frameshift mutation in SBEI(E1,a nucleotide insertion in exon 6)led to plants with higher RSC(1.07%),lower hundred-kernel weight(HKW,24.71±0.14 g),and lower plant height(PH,218.50±9.42 cm)compared to the wild type(WT).Like the WT,E1 kernel starch had irregular,polygonal shapes with sharp edges.A frameshift mutation in SBEIIb(E2,a four-nucleotide deletion in exon 8)led to higher AC(53.48%)and higher RSC(26.93%)than that for the WT.E2 kernel starch was significantly different from the WT regarding granule morphology,chain length distribution pattern,X-ray diffraction pattern,and thermal characteristics;the starch granules were more irregular in shape and comprised typical B-type crystals.Mutating SBEI and SBEIIb(E12)had a synergistic effect on RSC,HKW,PH,starch properties,and starch biosynthesis-associated gene expression.SBEIIa,SS1,SSIIa,SSIIIa,and SSIIIb were upregulated in E12 endosperm compared to WT endosperm.This study lays the foundation for rapidly improving the starch properties of elite maize lines.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFD1200701/2023YFD1200700)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-10-Sweetpotato.
文摘A glutathione S-transferase(GST)gene IbGSTL2 was cloned and characterized from sweetpotato.It harbored a variation associated with starch content in storage roots.Overexpression of IbGSTL2 increased starch content and amylopectin proportion,decreased gelatinization temperature,and improved degree of crystallinity in sweetpotato storage roots,while its RNA interference resulted in the opposite trends.IbGSTL2 physically interacted with IbcPGM,an enzyme of sucrose metabolism,and improve starch content and quality by regulating genes involved in starch biosynthesis.
基金This project was finically supported by the R&D Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BE2022425)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher-Education Institutions,China(PAPD).
文摘Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.
文摘Dynamic changes of starch, amylose, sucrose contents and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes under shading treatments alter flowering were studied using two rice varieties IR72 （indica） and Nipponbare （japonica） as materials. Under shading treatments, the starch, amylose and sucrose contents decreased, while ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （ADPGPPase） activity only changed a little, soluble starch synthase activity and granule bound starch synthase activity decreased, soluble starch branching enzyme （SSBE, Q-enzyme） activity and granule bound starch branching enzyme （GBSBE, Q-enzyme） activity increased, and starch debranching enzyme （DBE, R-enzyme） activity varied with varieties. Correlation analyses showed that the changes of starch content were positively and significantly correlated with the changes of sucrose content in the weak light. Both ADPGPPase activity and SSBE activity were positively and significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate. It was implied that the decline of starch synthase activities was related to the decrease of starch content and the increase of the activity of starch branching enzyme played an important role in the decrease of the ratio of amylose to the total starch under the weak light.
