Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to th...Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to the long-term use of chemical acaricides in agriculture.In contrast,bioactive substances of biological origin offer advantages such as wide availability,environmental friendliness,and low tendency to induce resistance,making them a research hotspot for spider mite control.This review summarizes recent advances in the use of plant-derived active compounds(exemplified by extracts from Veratrum rhizomes),RNA interference(RNAi)technology,and microorganism-derived active substances for controlling spider mites.These bioactive agents exert acaricidal effects by disrupting the nervous system,interfering with metabolic processes,or silencing key genes in mites,demonstrating favorable efficacy and considerable potential for development.However,challenges remain,including poor environmental stability,slow action,high production costs,and insufficient understanding of their effects on non-target organisms.Therefore,future research should focus on the screening and development of novel bioactive substances of biological origin,elucidation of their mechanisms of action,optimization of formulation technologies,and assessment of their ecological safety.These efforts will provide valuable insights for promoting the advancement of bioactive substances and supporting sustainable agricultural development.展开更多
Polymeric materials research is increasingly directed toward biomimicry,exploring designs derived from nature's long evolutionary processes to enhance material properties and sustainability.Scientists have long re...Polymeric materials research is increasingly directed toward biomimicry,exploring designs derived from nature's long evolutionary processes to enhance material properties and sustainability.Scientists have long recognized that spider silk,as a natural polymer,possesses exceptional physicochemical properties,including high tensile strength,superior toughness,good thermal conductivity,ultracontraction,and unique torsional rotation driving capabilities.These remarkable characteristics have inspired ongoing efforts to develop biomimetic spider silk materials,with the aim of replicating the natural structure of spider silk to create polymers with similar or even superior performance.This article aims to explore the synthesis methods of highperformance biomimetic polymer materials,such as artificial spider silk,and their advanced applications across various fields.The review will discuss recent advances in the synthesis of novel artificial spider silk materials,focusing on polymer molecular design,the construction of secondary cross-linked networks,micro-nano assembly structure,and the development of innovative spinning techniques,as well as the potential of artificial spider silk in biomedical and flexible smart wearable applications.展开更多
Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the...Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the parks first major Marvel⁃themed attraction-a high⁃energy thrill roller coaster featuring Spider⁃Man,one of the most popular Marvel superheroes,according to the company.展开更多
Soil spiders were pitfall-trapped once every month in three forest vegetation types of Ziwuling natural secondary forest region, Gansu Province from April to October, 2004. A total of 2 164 spiders were collected, bel...Soil spiders were pitfall-trapped once every month in three forest vegetation types of Ziwuling natural secondary forest region, Gansu Province from April to October, 2004. A total of 2 164 spiders were collected, belonging to 43 species in 19 families, captured in 630 pitfall trap collections. Linyphiidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosodae were found to be the dominant families in all habitat types, and the composition of soil spider assemblages was different between the three habitats. Ecological indices of diversity, richness and evenness were significantly different between the three habitats （ P 〈 0.05）. The relative abundance of guilds （based on numbers of individuals） varied greatly （P 〈 0.01）, which may releet resource availability within habitat types. The existence of different patterns within the assemblages reflects the importance of maintaining habitat heterogeneity and vegetation types in order to preserve soil spider biodiversity.展开更多
Hainantoxin-II （HnTx-II）, a novel neurotoxin, was isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider （Haplopelma hainanum） by cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The toxin was a single chain pol...Hainantoxin-II （HnTx-II）, a novel neurotoxin, was isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider （Haplopelma hainanum） by cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The toxin was a single chain polypeptide with calculated molecular weight of 4 253.135 obtained by mass spectrometry. The complete amino acid sequence of HnTx-II was determined by Edman degradation and found to contain 37 residues with three disulfide bonds. Results showed HnTx-II can reversibly paralyze cockroaches for several hours after intra-abdominal injection with ED50 of 16 μg/g and kill the insects immediately at a dose of 60 μg/g. It was also shown to kill mice at a LD50 value of 1.41μg/g after intracerebroventricular injection. Hainantoxin-II shares 91% sequence homology with Huwentoxin-II （HwTx-II）, an insecticidal peptide from another bird spider （Haplopelma schmidti） with a unique scaffold. While HnTx-II and HwTx-II both exhibit toxic activities in insects and mammals, HnTx-II shows higher insecticidal activity and lower lethiferous activity of mammals than HwTx-II. These results help clarify structural-functional relationships of the polypeptide toxin.展开更多
Objective] Field and laboratory observation was conducted to investigate Clubiona corrugate. [Method] The trials investigated the bio-ecology and behavior of the spider C. corrugate. [Result] The spider overwintered w...Objective] Field and laboratory observation was conducted to investigate Clubiona corrugate. [Method] The trials investigated the bio-ecology and behavior of the spider C. corrugate. [Result] The spider overwintered with spiderlings, adults and instars turn into adults after 6-8 molts. It had 2-3 generations each year in Hunan, and it owned the character of overlapping of generation in paddies. The average duration of generations of C. corrugate was 158.2 days, and the survival days av-eraged 223.2 days. The female and male mated several times without cannibalistic behavior, average number of eggs female laid throughout its adult life was 371.5, and hatchability can get 85.4%. The sex ratio was 1∶1. Its capability of resistance to starvation and drought was strong. Through indoor observation, the spider can sur-vive 25-61 days under the condition of no water and food. [Conclusion] The behav-ior of C. corrugate was also recorded in detail, and female usual y has a strong a-bility to protect their egg-sacs and spiderlings. At present, the bio-ecology and be-havior of the spider C. corrugate had not been reported.展开更多
The distinct network organization, management, service and operating characteristics of US Southwest Airlines are key elements of its success compared with other airlines. As a network organization type, the spider we...The distinct network organization, management, service and operating characteristics of US Southwest Airlines are key elements of its success compared with other airlines. As a network organization type, the spider web airline network has received more attention. In this paper, we analyzed the relation between the spider web airline network and spider web, and the structure of spider web airline network, built the assignment model of the spider web airline network,and investigated the economics concerned.展开更多
A new species of Halonoproctid spider Conothele chinnarensis sp.nov.is described from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Western Ghats of Kerala,India based on morphological characters.The new species C.chinnarensis sp.nov...A new species of Halonoproctid spider Conothele chinnarensis sp.nov.is described from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Western Ghats of Kerala,India based on morphological characters.The new species C.chinnarensis sp.nov.resembles C.varvarti,C.birmanica and C.vali but can be distinguished from C.varvarti by the long stalk of the apical lobe which is not distally twisted,whereas in C.varvarti,the stalk is twisted distally and the burrow in C.chinnarensis sp.nov.is straight without any other chamber,while in C.varvarti,on the inner end of the burrow a second D-shaped hinged trapdoor exists,which opens into another chamber(Siliwal et al.,2009);it differs from C.birmanica by the presence of curved spines on tibiaeⅢwhich are absent in C.birmanica.展开更多
文摘Spider mites are significant pests in agricultural production.The increasing resistance of spider mites,along with environmental pollution and ecological imbalance caused by their control,is primarily attributed to the long-term use of chemical acaricides in agriculture.In contrast,bioactive substances of biological origin offer advantages such as wide availability,environmental friendliness,and low tendency to induce resistance,making them a research hotspot for spider mite control.This review summarizes recent advances in the use of plant-derived active compounds(exemplified by extracts from Veratrum rhizomes),RNA interference(RNAi)technology,and microorganism-derived active substances for controlling spider mites.These bioactive agents exert acaricidal effects by disrupting the nervous system,interfering with metabolic processes,or silencing key genes in mites,demonstrating favorable efficacy and considerable potential for development.However,challenges remain,including poor environmental stability,slow action,high production costs,and insufficient understanding of their effects on non-target organisms.Therefore,future research should focus on the screening and development of novel bioactive substances of biological origin,elucidation of their mechanisms of action,optimization of formulation technologies,and assessment of their ecological safety.These efforts will provide valuable insights for promoting the advancement of bioactive substances and supporting sustainable agricultural development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 52225306,52090034,52461160302,52550003,2231300,and 22405134)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grants 2022YFB3807103 and 2022YFA1203304)+5 种基金the Frontiers Science Center for Table Organic Matter,Nankai University(Grant 63181206)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant 63171219)the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project(Grant J230023)the Anhui Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Tackling Program(Grant 202423i08050057)the Tianjin Science and Technology Program(Grant 22JCYBJC01260)the Tianjin Basic Application Research Project(Grant 22JCYBJC01260).
文摘Polymeric materials research is increasingly directed toward biomimicry,exploring designs derived from nature's long evolutionary processes to enhance material properties and sustainability.Scientists have long recognized that spider silk,as a natural polymer,possesses exceptional physicochemical properties,including high tensile strength,superior toughness,good thermal conductivity,ultracontraction,and unique torsional rotation driving capabilities.These remarkable characteristics have inspired ongoing efforts to develop biomimetic spider silk materials,with the aim of replicating the natural structure of spider silk to create polymers with similar or even superior performance.This article aims to explore the synthesis methods of highperformance biomimetic polymer materials,such as artificial spider silk,and their advanced applications across various fields.The review will discuss recent advances in the synthesis of novel artificial spider silk materials,focusing on polymer molecular design,the construction of secondary cross-linked networks,micro-nano assembly structure,and the development of innovative spinning techniques,as well as the potential of artificial spider silk in biomedical and flexible smart wearable applications.
文摘Shanghai Disney Resort broke ground on a new Spider⁃Man⁃themed land,a major expansion that represents a rising global investment interest in Chinas theme park sector.Located close to Zootopia,the new land includes the parks first major Marvel⁃themed attraction-a high⁃energy thrill roller coaster featuring Spider⁃Man,one of the most popular Marvel superheroes,according to the company.
文摘Soil spiders were pitfall-trapped once every month in three forest vegetation types of Ziwuling natural secondary forest region, Gansu Province from April to October, 2004. A total of 2 164 spiders were collected, belonging to 43 species in 19 families, captured in 630 pitfall trap collections. Linyphiidae, Gnaphosidae and Lycosodae were found to be the dominant families in all habitat types, and the composition of soil spider assemblages was different between the three habitats. Ecological indices of diversity, richness and evenness were significantly different between the three habitats （ P 〈 0.05）. The relative abundance of guilds （based on numbers of individuals） varied greatly （P 〈 0.01）, which may releet resource availability within habitat types. The existence of different patterns within the assemblages reflects the importance of maintaining habitat heterogeneity and vegetation types in order to preserve soil spider biodiversity.
基金supported by the Research Project of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province, China (Y200805989)~~
文摘Hainantoxin-II （HnTx-II）, a novel neurotoxin, was isolated from the venom of the Chinese bird spider （Haplopelma hainanum） by cation exchange chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. The toxin was a single chain polypeptide with calculated molecular weight of 4 253.135 obtained by mass spectrometry. The complete amino acid sequence of HnTx-II was determined by Edman degradation and found to contain 37 residues with three disulfide bonds. Results showed HnTx-II can reversibly paralyze cockroaches for several hours after intra-abdominal injection with ED50 of 16 μg/g and kill the insects immediately at a dose of 60 μg/g. It was also shown to kill mice at a LD50 value of 1.41μg/g after intracerebroventricular injection. Hainantoxin-II shares 91% sequence homology with Huwentoxin-II （HwTx-II）, an insecticidal peptide from another bird spider （Haplopelma schmidti） with a unique scaffold. While HnTx-II and HwTx-II both exhibit toxic activities in insects and mammals, HnTx-II shows higher insecticidal activity and lower lethiferous activity of mammals than HwTx-II. These results help clarify structural-functional relationships of the polypeptide toxin.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China[31472017]National Natural Science Foundation of China[31272339]+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China[31071943]Major Program of Department of Science and Technology of Hunan Province[2014FJ2003]~~
文摘Objective] Field and laboratory observation was conducted to investigate Clubiona corrugate. [Method] The trials investigated the bio-ecology and behavior of the spider C. corrugate. [Result] The spider overwintered with spiderlings, adults and instars turn into adults after 6-8 molts. It had 2-3 generations each year in Hunan, and it owned the character of overlapping of generation in paddies. The average duration of generations of C. corrugate was 158.2 days, and the survival days av-eraged 223.2 days. The female and male mated several times without cannibalistic behavior, average number of eggs female laid throughout its adult life was 371.5, and hatchability can get 85.4%. The sex ratio was 1∶1. Its capability of resistance to starvation and drought was strong. Through indoor observation, the spider can sur-vive 25-61 days under the condition of no water and food. [Conclusion] The behav-ior of C. corrugate was also recorded in detail, and female usual y has a strong a-bility to protect their egg-sacs and spiderlings. At present, the bio-ecology and be-havior of the spider C. corrugate had not been reported.
基金supported by the Research Program of Civil Aviation Administration of China (No.MHRD0622)
文摘The distinct network organization, management, service and operating characteristics of US Southwest Airlines are key elements of its success compared with other airlines. As a network organization type, the spider web airline network has received more attention. In this paper, we analyzed the relation between the spider web airline network and spider web, and the structure of spider web airline network, built the assignment model of the spider web airline network,and investigated the economics concerned.
基金Financial assistance received from SERBIndia(CRG/2018/004708)。
文摘A new species of Halonoproctid spider Conothele chinnarensis sp.nov.is described from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Western Ghats of Kerala,India based on morphological characters.The new species C.chinnarensis sp.nov.resembles C.varvarti,C.birmanica and C.vali but can be distinguished from C.varvarti by the long stalk of the apical lobe which is not distally twisted,whereas in C.varvarti,the stalk is twisted distally and the burrow in C.chinnarensis sp.nov.is straight without any other chamber,while in C.varvarti,on the inner end of the burrow a second D-shaped hinged trapdoor exists,which opens into another chamber(Siliwal et al.,2009);it differs from C.birmanica by the presence of curved spines on tibiaeⅢwhich are absent in C.birmanica.
