Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs ...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co,Ni,and Mn and organic compounds inside,which seriously threaten human health and the environment.In this work,we review the current status of spent LIB recycling,discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes,and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting,flotation processes,and direct recycling.Finally,we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process,and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.展开更多
Background Meat originating from the spent hen is an important source of poultry meat production;however,multiple factors cause the decline in the meat quality of spent hens.Chinese herbs have been widely used as medi...Background Meat originating from the spent hen is an important source of poultry meat production;however,multiple factors cause the decline in the meat quality of spent hens.Chinese herbs have been widely used as medi-cine for a long time to prevent diseases and as nutrient supplements to improve the product quality.This experi-ment explored the effects of adding 1.0%Chinese herbal formula(CHF,including 0.30%Leonurus japonicus Houtt.,0.20%Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.,0.25%Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,and 0.25%Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)for 120 d to the spent hens’diet through metabolomics,network pharmacology,and microbiome strategies.Results The results indicated that CHF supplementation improved the meat quality by reducing drip loss(P<0.05),b*value(P=0.058),and shear force(P=0.099)and increasing cooked meat percentage(P=0.054)and dry matter(P<0.05)of breast muscle.The addition of CHF improved the nutritional value of breast muscle by increasing(P<0.05)the content of C18:2n-6,n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),total PUFA,PUFA-to-saturated fatty acids(SFA)ratio,and hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic ratio,and tending to increase serine content(P=0.069).The targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the biosynthesis of SFA,linoleic acid metabolism,fatty acid degradation,fatty acid elongation,and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were enriched by CHF supplementation.Furthermore,the network pharmacology analysis indicated that CHF was closely associated with oxidative stress and lipid metabo-lism.The CHF supplementation increased the glutathione peroxidase level(P<0.05)and upregulated gene expres-sion related to the Nrf2 pathway(including HO-1,P<0.05;Nrf2,P=0.098;CAT,P=0.060;GPX1,P=0.063;and SOD2,P=0.052)and lipid metabolism(including PPARγ,P<0.05;SREBP1,P=0.059;and CPT1A,P=0.058).Additionally,CHF supplementation increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes,Spirochaetes,and Synergistetes abundances(P<0.05),which may contribute to better meat quality.Conclusions Our results suggest that CHF supplementation improved the quality and nutritional value of meat,which will provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of CHF as a feed additive in spent hens’diets.展开更多
A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate t...A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate that spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials with good performance can be regenerated by roasting at 650℃ for 11 h with the addition ofLi_(2)CO_(3),FePO_(4),V_(2)O_(5),and glucose.V_(2)O_(5) is added to improve the cycle performance of regenerated cathode materials.Glucose is used to revitalize the carbon layers on the surface of spent LiFePO_(4)/C particles for improving their conductivity.The regenerated V-doped LiFePO_(4)/C shows an excellent electrochemical performance with the discharge specific capacity of 161.36 mA·h/g at 0.2C,under which the capacity retention is 97.85%after 100 cycles.展开更多
For realizing the goals of“carbon peak”and“carbon neutrality”,lithium-ion batteries(LIB)with LiFePO_(4)as the cathode material have been widely applied.However,this has also led to a large number of spent lithium-...For realizing the goals of“carbon peak”and“carbon neutrality”,lithium-ion batteries(LIB)with LiFePO_(4)as the cathode material have been widely applied.However,this has also led to a large number of spent lithium-ion batteries,and the safe disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries is an urgent issue.Currently,the main reason for the capacity decay of LiFePO_(4)materials is the Li deficiency and the formation of the Fe^(3+)phase.In order to address this issue,we performed high-temperature calcination of the discarded lithium iron phosphate cathode material in a carbon dioxide environment to reduce or partially remove the carbon coating on its surface.Subsequently,mechanical grinding was conducted to ensure thorough mixing of the lithium source with the discarded lithium iron phosphate.The reaction between CO_(2)and the carbon coating produced a reducing atmosphere,reducing Fe^(3+)to Fe^(2+)and thereby reducing the content of Fe^(3+).The Fe^(3+)content in the repaired LiFePO_(4)material is reduced.The crystal structure of spent LiFePO_(4)cathode materials was repaired more completely compare with the traditional pretreatment method,and the repaired LiFePO_(4)material shows good electrochemical performance and cycling stability.Under 0.1 C conditions,the initial capacity can reach 149.1 m Ah/g.It can be reintroduced for commercial use.展开更多
With the continuous increase in the disposal volume of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),properly recycling spent LIBs has become essential for the advancement of the circular economy.This study presents a systematic ...With the continuous increase in the disposal volume of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),properly recycling spent LIBs has become essential for the advancement of the circular economy.This study presents a systematic analysis of the chlorination roasting kinetics and proposes a new two-step chlorination roasting process that integrates thermodynamics for the recycling of LIB cathode materials.The activation energy for the chloride reaction was 88.41 kJ/mol according to thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry data obtained by using model-free,model-fitting,and Z(α)function(αis conversion rate).Results indicated that the reaction was dominated by the first-order(F1)model when the conversion rate was less than or equal to 0.5 and shifted to the second-order(F2)model when the conversion rate exceeded 0.5.Optimal conditions were determined by thoroughly investigating the effects of roasting temperature,roasting time,and the mass ratio of NH_(4)Cl to LiCoO_(2).Under the optimal conditions,namely 400℃,20 min,and NH_(4)Cl/LiCoO_(2)mass ratio of 3:1,the leaching efficiency of Li and Co reached 99.43% and 99.05%,respectively.Analysis of the roasted products revealed that valuable metals in LiCoO_(2)transformed into CoCl_(2) and LiCl.Furthermore,the reaction mechanism was elucidated,providing insights for the establishment of a novel low-temperature chlorination roasting technology based on a crystal structure perspective.This technology can guide the development of LIB recycling processes with low energy consumption,low secondary pollution,high recovery efficiency,and high added value.展开更多
Hazardous wastes from the production of cleaner fuels,spent hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalysts,pose a threat to the environment and the sustainability of rare metal resources.However,conventional recovery approaches a...Hazardous wastes from the production of cleaner fuels,spent hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalysts,pose a threat to the environment and the sustainability of rare metal resources.However,conventional recovery approaches are limited by long processes,easy generation of waste liquids,and difficult reuse of recovery products.Herein,a SiO_(2)-Na_(2)O-B_(2)O_(3)-MgO-TiO_(2)glass phase extraction system was proposed for the full-component recycle from spent MoNi/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts to the materials,including the individual recovery of Mo and the synthesis of Ni^(2+)-doped glass–ceramics.96.7%of Ni and 99.8%of Al were extracted into the loaded glass in one step,while 95.3%of Mo was precipitated as molybdate and directly recovered with high separation factors(SF_(Mo/Ni)594.8,SF_(Mo/Al)8718.2)in one step.Moreover,the broadband near-infrared luminescence(1150-1700 nm)of glass–ceramics was triggered by Ni^(2+)in the octahedral crystal structure of Me_(3)O_(5)(Me=Mg,Al,Ti)by meltingannealing-crystallization processes,which provided it the potential to be applied in tunable lasers and broadband optical amplifiers for the wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission systems.The Ni^(2+)-doping mechanism was calculated using molecular dynamics simulations.This work emphasized the maximization of the reuse value for each metal resource from hazardous wastes while reducing the burden on the environment and achieving the recycling of rare metal resources with re-valorization.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling technique...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling techniques is increasingly compromised by their high energy consumption and secondary pollution,rendering them less responsive to greener and more sustainable requirement of rapid development.Thus,the direct recycling process emerged and was considered as a more expedient and convenient method of recycling compared to the conventional recycling modes that are currently in study.However,due to the reliance on the indispensable sintering process,direct recycling still faces considerable challenges,motivating researchers to explore faster,greener,and more cost-effective strategies for LIBs recycling,Inspiringly,Joule heating recycling(JHR),an emerging technique,offers rapid,efficient impurity removal and material regeneration with minimal environmental impact,addressing limitations of existing methods.This method reduces the time for direct recycling of spent LIBs by a factor of at least three orders of magnitude and exhibits significant potential for future industrial production.Unfortunately,due to the lack of systematic organization and reporting,this next generation approach to direct recycling of spent LIBs has not yet gained much interest.To facilitate a more profound comprehension of rising flash recycling strategy,in this study,JHR is distinguished into two distinctive implementation pathways(including flash Joule heating and carbon thermal shock),designed to accommodate varying pretreatment stages and diverse spent LIBs materials.Subsequently,the advantages of the recently developed JHR of spent LIBs in terms of material performance,environmental friendliness,and economic viability are discussed in detail.Ultimately,with the goal of achieving more attractive society effects,the future direction of JHR of spent LIBs and its potential for practical application are proposed and envisaged.展开更多
This paper presented a novel and environmentally friendly approach for recovering platinum group metals(PGMs)from spent automotive exhaust catalysts.The study employed lead slag and waste graphite electrodes as raw ma...This paper presented a novel and environmentally friendly approach for recovering platinum group metals(PGMs)from spent automotive exhaust catalysts.The study employed lead slag and waste graphite electrodes as raw materials,incorporating CaO as an additive to fine-tune the slag's viscosity and density.By reducing FeO in the lead slag using waste graphite electrodes,pure Fe was obtained,effectively trapping the PGMs from the exhausted catalysts.The study explored the effects of reductant addition,trapping duration,slag basicity,and trapping temperature on the recovery rate of PGMs.The results indicated that a maximum recovery rate of 97.86%was achieved when the reductant was added at 1.5 times the theoretical amount,with a trapping duration of 60 minutes,a slag basicity of 0.7,and a trapping temperature of 1600℃.This research offered a greener pathway for the recovery of PGMs from spent automotive exhaust catalysts.展开更多
This study addresses the global problem of the detoxification of cadmium(Cd)-containing solid waste by developing an eco-friendly thiosulfate system for extracting the negative electrode materials from spent Ni–Cd ba...This study addresses the global problem of the detoxification of cadmium(Cd)-containing solid waste by developing an eco-friendly thiosulfate system for extracting the negative electrode materials from spent Ni–Cd batteries and proposing an ultraviolet(UV)photolysis technology for the green recycling of the Cd in the resultant leached solution.Cd extraction is performed using both simple thiosulfate and cuprous thiosulfate systems,with the cuprous thiosulfate system exhibiting a superior leaching performance(80%),as compared with that of the simple thiosulfate system(36%).X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analyses reveal the formation of copper sulfide on the surface of the Ni–Cd batteries leaching residue,which is confirmed by Cdleaching kinetics fitting using the shrinking-core model.Following UV exposure,95%of the Cd precipitates from the leaching solution to form CdS.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterization and particle size distribution reveal that the CdS contains 100–150 nm-diameter spherical particles with compact surface structures.Electrochemical performance tests and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra(UV–Vis DRS)analyses demonstrate that the UV-photolysis product exhibits excellent photoelectric conversion characteristics.Photocatalytic activity tests of the recovered CdS confirm that the photocatalytic degradation ratio of methyl orange is 87%,indicating the successful green recycling of Cd from spent Ni–Cd batteries,which improves its potential application in the field of photocatalysis.展开更多
With large-scale commercial applications of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),lots of spent LIBs will be produced and cause huge waste of resources and greatly increased environmental problems.Thus,recycling spent LIB mater...With large-scale commercial applications of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),lots of spent LIBs will be produced and cause huge waste of resources and greatly increased environmental problems.Thus,recycling spent LIB materials is inevitable.Due to high added-value features,converting spent LIB cathode materials into catalysts exhibits broad application prospects.Inspired by this,we review the high-added-value reutilization of spent LIB materials toward catalysts of energy conversion.First,the failure mechanism of spent LIB cathode materials are discussed,and then the transformation and modification strategies are summarized and analyzed to improve the transformation efficiency of failed cathode materials and the catalytic performance of catalysts,respectively.Moreover,the electrochemical applications of failed cathode material derived catalysts are introduced,and the key problems and countermeasures are analyzed and proposed.Finally,the future development trend and prospect of high-added-value reutilization for spent LIB cathode materials toward catalysts are also given.This review will predictably advance the awareness of valorizing spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for catalysis.展开更多
The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we ...The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we systematically study the oxidation of LiFePO_(4)in the air and in the solution containing oxidants such as H_(2)O_(2)and the effect of oxidation on the leaching behaviors of LFP.In the air,O_(2)breaks down the LFP olivine structure at 550℃for 1 h by oxidizing Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ)in terms of converting LFP to Li_(3)Fe_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).After that,Li is leached in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution and is further recycled as Li_(3)PO_(4)with a Li recovery efficiency of 97.48%.Meanwhile,Fe is recovered as FePO_(4)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Compared with H_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O_(2),the air oxidation saves H_(2)O_(2)but increases the leaching efficiency of Fe and H_(2)SO_(4)consumption.The discrepancy of Fe leaching efficiency can be attributed to the different leaching mechanisms involving the solid-to-solid and solid-to-liquid-to-solid conversions.Furthermore,the results of the Everbatt model analysis show that the air roasting-H_(2)SO_(4)leaching method has low emission and potentially high income,which is simple and safe.Overall,this work will deepen the understanding of acid leaching of LFP and favorably stimulate the maturation of the LFP recycling technique.展开更多
In view of the difference in coordination capacity of the glycine ion(Gly−),a selective leaching process for treating with spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in the alkaline glycinate system was proposed.The effects of ...In view of the difference in coordination capacity of the glycine ion(Gly−),a selective leaching process for treating with spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in the alkaline glycinate system was proposed.The effects of retention time,leaching temperature,concentration of glycine ligand,liquid-solid ratio(L/S),pH,stirring speed,and H_(2)O_(2) dosage on the leaching efficiency of valuable metals and the dissolution of impurities were investigated.When the spent LIBs were leached in 3 mol/L glycine aqueous solution with pH of 8,L/S of 5 mL:1 g and H_(2)O_(2) dosage of 5 vol.%at 90℃and stirring speed of 400 r/min for 3 h,lithium,cobalt,nickel,and manganese recoveries were 96.31%,83.18%,91.56%,and 31.16%,respectively,but Ca,Al,Fe,and Cu were almost insoluble.Meanwhile,the kinetic study showed that the activation energies for the leaching of Li,Co,Ni,and Mn were all in the range of 45−61 kJ/mol.The results indicate that the leaching process is all controlled by chemical reactions.展开更多
The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio ...The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio nals and environmental regulators.To address these issues,conventio nal pyrometallurgical,hydrometallurgical,and direct recycling methods are commonly employed to promote sustainable battery development.However,these methods are often hindered by laborious purification processes and the generation of low-profit products such as Li_(2)CO_(3),CoSO_(4),NiSO_(4),etc.Herein,an upcycling technology involving a low-temperature solid-to-solid reaction and water leaching procedures is introduced to transform spent LiCoO_(2)cathode materials into value-added cobalt sulfide-based electrocatalysts.The regenerated electrocatalysts exhibit exceptional performance in the oxygen evolution reaction,surpassing that of the benchmark RuO_(2)catalyst.This proposed upcycling method provides researchers with an alternative way to convert the metallic components of waste lithium-ion batteries into high-value Co-,Ni-,Fe-,and Mn-based catalysts.展开更多
The morphology,crystal structure,and electrochemical performance of spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)are recovered by one-step low-temperature solid phase sintering.After sintering at 550℃ for 3 h,the secondary particle size d...The morphology,crystal structure,and electrochemical performance of spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)are recovered by one-step low-temperature solid phase sintering.After sintering at 550℃ for 3 h,the secondary particle size distribution of regenerated LiFePO4(R-LFP)becomes narrower,and the D_(50) is reduced from 5.6 to 2.3μm.In addition,the content of Li-Fe antisite defect is reduced from 5.73%to 1.20%,and the F is doped to O(2)site in the structure of R-LFP.Moreover,a coating layer comprising carbon and LiF is formed on the surface of R-LFP because of the decomposition of PVDF.Therefore,the R-LFP demonstrates exceptional Li+diffusion dynamics and conductivity,which delivers a high discharge capacity of 157.3 mA·h/g at 0.1C.And it maintains 92%of its initial capacity after 500 cycles at 1C.展开更多
Burnup measurement is crucial for the management and disposal of spent fuel.The conventional approach indirectly estimates burnup by examining the fission product or actinide content.Compared to the first two methods,...Burnup measurement is crucial for the management and disposal of spent fuel.The conventional approach indirectly estimates burnup by examining the fission product or actinide content.Compared to the first two methods,the active neutron method exhibits a lower dependence on the irradiation history and initial enrichment degree of the spent fuel.In addition,it can be used to directly determine the content of fissile nuclides in spent fuel.This study proposed the design of a burnup measurement equipment specifically crafted for plate segments by utilizing a compact D-D neutron generator.The equipment initiates the fission of fissile nuclides within the spent fuel plate segment through thermal neutrons provided by the moderators.Subsequently,the burnup is determined by analyzing the transmitted thermal neutrons and counting the fission fast neutrons.The Monte Carlo program Geant4 was used to simulate the relationship between spent fuel plate segment assembly burnup and the detector count of 10 MW material test reactor designed by the International Atomic Energy Agency.Consequently,the feasibility of the method and rationality of the detector design were verified.展开更多
This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated usi...This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.展开更多
A sustainable approach for recovering battery grade FePO_(4) and Li_(2)CO_(3) from Al/F-bearing spent LiFePO_(4)/C powder was proposed,including acid leaching,fluorinated coordination precipitation,homogeneous precipi...A sustainable approach for recovering battery grade FePO_(4) and Li_(2)CO_(3) from Al/F-bearing spent LiFePO_(4)/C powder was proposed,including acid leaching,fluorinated coordination precipitation,homogeneous precipitation,and high-temperature precipitation.Under the optimal conditions,the leaching efficiencies of Li,Fe,P,Al,and F were 97.6%,97.1%,97.1%,72.5%,and 63.3%,respectively.The effects of different parameters on the removal of Al/F impurities were systematically evaluated,indicating about 99.4%Al and 96.4%F in the leachate were precipitated in the form of Na_(3)Li_(3)Al_(2)F_(12),and their residual concentrations were only 0.0124 and 0.328 g/L,respectively,which could be directly used to prepare battery grade FePO_(4)(99.68%in purity).Lithium in the Al/F-bearing residue could be extracted through CaCO_(3)−CaSO_(4) roasting followed by acid leaching,ultimately obtaining 99.87%purity of Li_(2)CO_(3).The recovery rates of Li and Fe were 96.88%and 92.85%,respectively.An economic evaluation demonstrated that the process was profitable.展开更多
The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,batter...The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.展开更多
The recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion battery has attracted extensive attention,but few research have focused on spent blended cathode materials.In reality,the blended materials of lithium iron pho...The recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion battery has attracted extensive attention,but few research have focused on spent blended cathode materials.In reality,the blended materials of lithium iron phosphate and ternary are widely used in electric vehicles,so it is critical to design an effective recycling technique.In this study,an efficient method for recovering Li and Fe from the blended cathode materials of spent LiFePO_(4)and LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)batteries is proposed.First,87%A1 was removed by alkali leaching.Then,91.65%Li,72.08%Ni,64.6%Co and 71.66%Mn were further separated by selective leaching with H_(2)SO_(4)and H_(2)O_(2).Li,Ni,Co and Mn in solution were recovered in the form of Li_(2)CO_(3)and hydroxide respectively.Subsequently,98.38%Fe was leached from the residue by two stage process,and it is recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O with a purity of 99.5%by precipitation.Fe and P were present in FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O in amounts of 28.34%and 15.98%,respectively.Additionally,the drift and control of various components were discussed,and cost-benefit analysis was used to assess the feasibility of potential application.展开更多
The rapidly increasing production of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and their limited service time increases the number of spent LIBs,eventually causing serious environmental issues and resource wastage.From the perspecti...The rapidly increasing production of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and their limited service time increases the number of spent LIBs,eventually causing serious environmental issues and resource wastage.From the perspectives of clean production and the development of the LIB industry,the effective recovery and recycling of spent LIBs require urgent solutions.This study provides an overview of the current hydrometallurgical processes employed in the recycling of spent cathode materials,focusing on the leaching of valuable metals and their postprocessing.In particular,this research reviews the various leaching systems(inorganic acid,organic acid,and ammonia)and the separation of valuable metals,and then,recommendations for subsequent study are offered in an attempt to contribute to the development of highly efficient methods for recycling spent cathode materials.In addition,a range of existing technologies,such as solvent extraction,chemical precipitation,electrochemical deposition,and regeneration,for the postprocessing of leaching solutions are summarized.Finally,the promising technologies,existing challenges and suggestions with respect to the development of effective and environmentally friendly recycling methods for handling spent cathode materials are identified.展开更多
基金financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374293)Zhongyuan Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project,China(No.224200510025)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(No.2022RC1123)One of the authors,Hong-bo ZENG,gratefully acknowledges the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)and the Canada Research Chairs Program.
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are the most popular energy storage devices due to their high energy density,high operating voltage,and long cycle life.However,green and effective recycling methods are needed because LIBs contain heavy metals such as Co,Ni,and Mn and organic compounds inside,which seriously threaten human health and the environment.In this work,we review the current status of spent LIB recycling,discuss the traditional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recovery processes,and summarize the existing short-process recovery technologies such as salt-assisted roasting,flotation processes,and direct recycling.Finally,we analyze the problems and potential research prospects of the current recycling process,and point out that the multidisciplinary integration of recycling will become the mainstream technology for the development of spent LIBs.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(2022YFC3400700)the City-School Cooperation Project of the Fuyang Science and Technology Special Fund undertaken by Fuyang Normal University(SXHZ2020007)+1 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shenzhen Municipal Government(JCYJ20200109114242138)the Special Commissioner for Rural Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(KTP20210345).
文摘Background Meat originating from the spent hen is an important source of poultry meat production;however,multiple factors cause the decline in the meat quality of spent hens.Chinese herbs have been widely used as medi-cine for a long time to prevent diseases and as nutrient supplements to improve the product quality.This experi-ment explored the effects of adding 1.0%Chinese herbal formula(CHF,including 0.30%Leonurus japonicus Houtt.,0.20%Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.,0.25%Ligustrum lucidum Ait.,and 0.25%Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)for 120 d to the spent hens’diet through metabolomics,network pharmacology,and microbiome strategies.Results The results indicated that CHF supplementation improved the meat quality by reducing drip loss(P<0.05),b*value(P=0.058),and shear force(P=0.099)and increasing cooked meat percentage(P=0.054)and dry matter(P<0.05)of breast muscle.The addition of CHF improved the nutritional value of breast muscle by increasing(P<0.05)the content of C18:2n-6,n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA),total PUFA,PUFA-to-saturated fatty acids(SFA)ratio,and hypocholesterolemic-to-hypercholesterolemic ratio,and tending to increase serine content(P=0.069).The targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that the biosynthesis of SFA,linoleic acid metabolism,fatty acid degradation,fatty acid elongation,and fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were enriched by CHF supplementation.Furthermore,the network pharmacology analysis indicated that CHF was closely associated with oxidative stress and lipid metabo-lism.The CHF supplementation increased the glutathione peroxidase level(P<0.05)and upregulated gene expres-sion related to the Nrf2 pathway(including HO-1,P<0.05;Nrf2,P=0.098;CAT,P=0.060;GPX1,P=0.063;and SOD2,P=0.052)and lipid metabolism(including PPARγ,P<0.05;SREBP1,P=0.059;and CPT1A,P=0.058).Additionally,CHF supplementation increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes,Spirochaetes,and Synergistetes abundances(P<0.05),which may contribute to better meat quality.Conclusions Our results suggest that CHF supplementation improved the quality and nutritional value of meat,which will provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of CHF as a feed additive in spent hens’diets.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52174269,52374293)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(Nos.2024CK1009,2022RC1123)。
文摘A tunable oxidization and reduction strategy was proposed to directly regenerate spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials by oxidizing excessive carbon powders with the addition of FePO_(4).Experimental results indicate that spent LiFePO_(4)/C cathode materials with good performance can be regenerated by roasting at 650℃ for 11 h with the addition ofLi_(2)CO_(3),FePO_(4),V_(2)O_(5),and glucose.V_(2)O_(5) is added to improve the cycle performance of regenerated cathode materials.Glucose is used to revitalize the carbon layers on the surface of spent LiFePO_(4)/C particles for improving their conductivity.The regenerated V-doped LiFePO_(4)/C shows an excellent electrochemical performance with the discharge specific capacity of 161.36 mA·h/g at 0.2C,under which the capacity retention is 97.85%after 100 cycles.
基金supported by Heilongjiang Province Key R&D Program(No.GA22A014)。
文摘For realizing the goals of“carbon peak”and“carbon neutrality”,lithium-ion batteries(LIB)with LiFePO_(4)as the cathode material have been widely applied.However,this has also led to a large number of spent lithium-ion batteries,and the safe disposal of spent lithium-ion batteries is an urgent issue.Currently,the main reason for the capacity decay of LiFePO_(4)materials is the Li deficiency and the formation of the Fe^(3+)phase.In order to address this issue,we performed high-temperature calcination of the discarded lithium iron phosphate cathode material in a carbon dioxide environment to reduce or partially remove the carbon coating on its surface.Subsequently,mechanical grinding was conducted to ensure thorough mixing of the lithium source with the discarded lithium iron phosphate.The reaction between CO_(2)and the carbon coating produced a reducing atmosphere,reducing Fe^(3+)to Fe^(2+)and thereby reducing the content of Fe^(3+).The Fe^(3+)content in the repaired LiFePO_(4)material is reduced.The crystal structure of spent LiFePO_(4)cathode materials was repaired more completely compare with the traditional pretreatment method,and the repaired LiFePO_(4)material shows good electrochemical performance and cycling stability.Under 0.1 C conditions,the initial capacity can reach 149.1 m Ah/g.It can be reintroduced for commercial use.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52204310)the Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Utilization(No.[2020]2001)+5 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2020TQ0059 and 2020M570967)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2021–MS–083)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.N2125010)the Open Project Program of Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission Reduction&Resources Recycling(Anhui University of Technology),Ministry of Education(No.JKF22–02)the Foundation of Liupanshui Normal University(No.LPSSYZDZK202205)the Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials,Ministry of Education,China。
文摘With the continuous increase in the disposal volume of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),properly recycling spent LIBs has become essential for the advancement of the circular economy.This study presents a systematic analysis of the chlorination roasting kinetics and proposes a new two-step chlorination roasting process that integrates thermodynamics for the recycling of LIB cathode materials.The activation energy for the chloride reaction was 88.41 kJ/mol according to thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetry data obtained by using model-free,model-fitting,and Z(α)function(αis conversion rate).Results indicated that the reaction was dominated by the first-order(F1)model when the conversion rate was less than or equal to 0.5 and shifted to the second-order(F2)model when the conversion rate exceeded 0.5.Optimal conditions were determined by thoroughly investigating the effects of roasting temperature,roasting time,and the mass ratio of NH_(4)Cl to LiCoO_(2).Under the optimal conditions,namely 400℃,20 min,and NH_(4)Cl/LiCoO_(2)mass ratio of 3:1,the leaching efficiency of Li and Co reached 99.43% and 99.05%,respectively.Analysis of the roasted products revealed that valuable metals in LiCoO_(2)transformed into CoCl_(2) and LiCl.Furthermore,the reaction mechanism was elucidated,providing insights for the establishment of a novel low-temperature chlorination roasting technology based on a crystal structure perspective.This technology can guide the development of LIB recycling processes with low energy consumption,low secondary pollution,high recovery efficiency,and high added value.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholar(No.52025042)。
文摘Hazardous wastes from the production of cleaner fuels,spent hydrodesulfurization(HDS)catalysts,pose a threat to the environment and the sustainability of rare metal resources.However,conventional recovery approaches are limited by long processes,easy generation of waste liquids,and difficult reuse of recovery products.Herein,a SiO_(2)-Na_(2)O-B_(2)O_(3)-MgO-TiO_(2)glass phase extraction system was proposed for the full-component recycle from spent MoNi/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)catalysts to the materials,including the individual recovery of Mo and the synthesis of Ni^(2+)-doped glass–ceramics.96.7%of Ni and 99.8%of Al were extracted into the loaded glass in one step,while 95.3%of Mo was precipitated as molybdate and directly recovered with high separation factors(SF_(Mo/Ni)594.8,SF_(Mo/Al)8718.2)in one step.Moreover,the broadband near-infrared luminescence(1150-1700 nm)of glass–ceramics was triggered by Ni^(2+)in the octahedral crystal structure of Me_(3)O_(5)(Me=Mg,Al,Ti)by meltingannealing-crystallization processes,which provided it the potential to be applied in tunable lasers and broadband optical amplifiers for the wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission systems.The Ni^(2+)-doping mechanism was calculated using molecular dynamics simulations.This work emphasized the maximization of the reuse value for each metal resource from hazardous wastes while reducing the burden on the environment and achieving the recycling of rare metal resources with re-valorization.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3904800)the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund(No.5a2125002)+7 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(No.22476073)the Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Research and Development Program(Nos.20223BBG74006 and 20243BBI91001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M751282)the “Thousand Talents Program”of Jiangxi Province(S_(2)021GDQN2161)the Key Project of Ganzhou City Research and Development Program(No.2023PGX17350)the Science&Technology Talent Lifting Project of Hunan Province(No.2022TJ-N16)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province China(No.2024JJ4022,2023JJ30277)the Open-End Fund for National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization(ES_(2)02480184)。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are critical for the rapid growth of electric vehicles(EVs),but their inherent lifespan leads to numerous retirements and resource challenges.The efficacy of conventional recycling techniques is increasingly compromised by their high energy consumption and secondary pollution,rendering them less responsive to greener and more sustainable requirement of rapid development.Thus,the direct recycling process emerged and was considered as a more expedient and convenient method of recycling compared to the conventional recycling modes that are currently in study.However,due to the reliance on the indispensable sintering process,direct recycling still faces considerable challenges,motivating researchers to explore faster,greener,and more cost-effective strategies for LIBs recycling,Inspiringly,Joule heating recycling(JHR),an emerging technique,offers rapid,efficient impurity removal and material regeneration with minimal environmental impact,addressing limitations of existing methods.This method reduces the time for direct recycling of spent LIBs by a factor of at least three orders of magnitude and exhibits significant potential for future industrial production.Unfortunately,due to the lack of systematic organization and reporting,this next generation approach to direct recycling of spent LIBs has not yet gained much interest.To facilitate a more profound comprehension of rising flash recycling strategy,in this study,JHR is distinguished into two distinctive implementation pathways(including flash Joule heating and carbon thermal shock),designed to accommodate varying pretreatment stages and diverse spent LIBs materials.Subsequently,the advantages of the recently developed JHR of spent LIBs in terms of material performance,environmental friendliness,and economic viability are discussed in detail.Ultimately,with the goal of achieving more attractive society effects,the future direction of JHR of spent LIBs and its potential for practical application are proposed and envisaged.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(No.252300421563)the Key Research Projects of Henan Provincial Colleges and Universities(No.25B450001)+3 种基金the Basic and Frontier Research Project of Nanyang(No.24JCQY032)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52201044)the Key Specialized Research&Development and Promotion Project(Scientific and Technological Project)of Henan Province(No.232102221022)the Basic and Frontier Technology Research Project of Nanyang(No.23JCQY1001)。
文摘This paper presented a novel and environmentally friendly approach for recovering platinum group metals(PGMs)from spent automotive exhaust catalysts.The study employed lead slag and waste graphite electrodes as raw materials,incorporating CaO as an additive to fine-tune the slag's viscosity and density.By reducing FeO in the lead slag using waste graphite electrodes,pure Fe was obtained,effectively trapping the PGMs from the exhausted catalysts.The study explored the effects of reductant addition,trapping duration,slag basicity,and trapping temperature on the recovery rate of PGMs.The results indicated that a maximum recovery rate of 97.86%was achieved when the reductant was added at 1.5 times the theoretical amount,with a trapping duration of 60 minutes,a slag basicity of 0.7,and a trapping temperature of 1600℃.This research offered a greener pathway for the recovery of PGMs from spent automotive exhaust catalysts.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52104349)Henan Provincial Science and Technology R&D Plan Joint Fund Project(No.232103810032)+1 种基金the Funds for HAUST Young Cadre Teacher(No.400213450022)supporting by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M721031)。
文摘This study addresses the global problem of the detoxification of cadmium(Cd)-containing solid waste by developing an eco-friendly thiosulfate system for extracting the negative electrode materials from spent Ni–Cd batteries and proposing an ultraviolet(UV)photolysis technology for the green recycling of the Cd in the resultant leached solution.Cd extraction is performed using both simple thiosulfate and cuprous thiosulfate systems,with the cuprous thiosulfate system exhibiting a superior leaching performance(80%),as compared with that of the simple thiosulfate system(36%).X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analyses reveal the formation of copper sulfide on the surface of the Ni–Cd batteries leaching residue,which is confirmed by Cdleaching kinetics fitting using the shrinking-core model.Following UV exposure,95%of the Cd precipitates from the leaching solution to form CdS.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)characterization and particle size distribution reveal that the CdS contains 100–150 nm-diameter spherical particles with compact surface structures.Electrochemical performance tests and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra(UV–Vis DRS)analyses demonstrate that the UV-photolysis product exhibits excellent photoelectric conversion characteristics.Photocatalytic activity tests of the recovered CdS confirm that the photocatalytic degradation ratio of methyl orange is 87%,indicating the successful green recycling of Cd from spent Ni–Cd batteries,which improves its potential application in the field of photocatalysis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB3809300).
文摘With large-scale commercial applications of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),lots of spent LIBs will be produced and cause huge waste of resources and greatly increased environmental problems.Thus,recycling spent LIB materials is inevitable.Due to high added-value features,converting spent LIB cathode materials into catalysts exhibits broad application prospects.Inspired by this,we review the high-added-value reutilization of spent LIB materials toward catalysts of energy conversion.First,the failure mechanism of spent LIB cathode materials are discussed,and then the transformation and modification strategies are summarized and analyzed to improve the transformation efficiency of failed cathode materials and the catalytic performance of catalysts,respectively.Moreover,the electrochemical applications of failed cathode material derived catalysts are introduced,and the key problems and countermeasures are analyzed and proposed.Finally,the future development trend and prospect of high-added-value reutilization for spent LIB cathode materials toward catalysts are also given.This review will predictably advance the awareness of valorizing spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials for catalysis.
基金supported by the Chilwee Group(No.CWDY-ZH-YJY-202101-001)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2042023kf0214)the Starting Funding from Wuhan University.
文摘The efficient recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate(LiFePO_(4),also referred to as LFP)should convert Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ),which is key to the extraction of Li and separation of Fe and is not well understood.Herein,we systematically study the oxidation of LiFePO_(4)in the air and in the solution containing oxidants such as H_(2)O_(2)and the effect of oxidation on the leaching behaviors of LFP.In the air,O_(2)breaks down the LFP olivine structure at 550℃for 1 h by oxidizing Fe(Ⅱ)to Fe(Ⅲ)in terms of converting LFP to Li_(3)Fe_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)and Fe_(2)O_(3).After that,Li is leached in 0.5 M sulfuric acid solution and is further recycled as Li_(3)PO_(4)with a Li recovery efficiency of 97.48%.Meanwhile,Fe is recovered as FePO_(4)and Fe_(2)O_(3).Compared with H_(2)SO_(4)-H_(2)O_(2),the air oxidation saves H_(2)O_(2)but increases the leaching efficiency of Fe and H_(2)SO_(4)consumption.The discrepancy of Fe leaching efficiency can be attributed to the different leaching mechanisms involving the solid-to-solid and solid-to-liquid-to-solid conversions.Furthermore,the results of the Everbatt model analysis show that the air roasting-H_(2)SO_(4)leaching method has low emission and potentially high income,which is simple and safe.Overall,this work will deepen the understanding of acid leaching of LFP and favorably stimulate the maturation of the LFP recycling technique.
基金Projects(51974137,52274299)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2023M733190)supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation。
文摘In view of the difference in coordination capacity of the glycine ion(Gly−),a selective leaching process for treating with spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in the alkaline glycinate system was proposed.The effects of retention time,leaching temperature,concentration of glycine ligand,liquid-solid ratio(L/S),pH,stirring speed,and H_(2)O_(2) dosage on the leaching efficiency of valuable metals and the dissolution of impurities were investigated.When the spent LIBs were leached in 3 mol/L glycine aqueous solution with pH of 8,L/S of 5 mL:1 g and H_(2)O_(2) dosage of 5 vol.%at 90℃and stirring speed of 400 r/min for 3 h,lithium,cobalt,nickel,and manganese recoveries were 96.31%,83.18%,91.56%,and 31.16%,respectively,but Ca,Al,Fe,and Cu were almost insoluble.Meanwhile,the kinetic study showed that the activation energies for the leaching of Li,Co,Ni,and Mn were all in the range of 45−61 kJ/mol.The results indicate that the leaching process is all controlled by chemical reactions.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21702143,52303092)Talent Recruitment Project of Guangdong Province(No.2023QN10X078)+1 种基金Open Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co.,Ltd(No.YPML-2023050278)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation Special Projects——GuangdongShenzhen Joint Funds(2022A1515110027)。
文摘The unprecedented growth of electric vehicles featuring lithium-ion batteries has led to a significant increase in the amount of waste generated,posing pressing waste management challenges for both industry professio nals and environmental regulators.To address these issues,conventio nal pyrometallurgical,hydrometallurgical,and direct recycling methods are commonly employed to promote sustainable battery development.However,these methods are often hindered by laborious purification processes and the generation of low-profit products such as Li_(2)CO_(3),CoSO_(4),NiSO_(4),etc.Herein,an upcycling technology involving a low-temperature solid-to-solid reaction and water leaching procedures is introduced to transform spent LiCoO_(2)cathode materials into value-added cobalt sulfide-based electrocatalysts.The regenerated electrocatalysts exhibit exceptional performance in the oxygen evolution reaction,surpassing that of the benchmark RuO_(2)catalyst.This proposed upcycling method provides researchers with an alternative way to convert the metallic components of waste lithium-ion batteries into high-value Co-,Ni-,Fe-,and Mn-based catalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51874360,51974370,52074360,52122407,52174285)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Hunan Province,China(No.2020GK4051)+1 种基金the Key R&D Program of Yunan Province,China(No.202103AA080019)the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province,China(No.2024JJ2077)。
文摘The morphology,crystal structure,and electrochemical performance of spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)are recovered by one-step low-temperature solid phase sintering.After sintering at 550℃ for 3 h,the secondary particle size distribution of regenerated LiFePO4(R-LFP)becomes narrower,and the D_(50) is reduced from 5.6 to 2.3μm.In addition,the content of Li-Fe antisite defect is reduced from 5.73%to 1.20%,and the F is doped to O(2)site in the structure of R-LFP.Moreover,a coating layer comprising carbon and LiF is formed on the surface of R-LFP because of the decomposition of PVDF.Therefore,the R-LFP demonstrates exceptional Li+diffusion dynamics and conductivity,which delivers a high discharge capacity of 157.3 mA·h/g at 0.1C.And it maintains 92%of its initial capacity after 500 cycles at 1C.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12075105)the Major Science and Technology Projects of Gansu Province(No.22ZD6GB020)+1 种基金the NSFC-Nuclear Technology Innovation Joint Fund(No.U2167203)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2023-stlt01,lzujbky-2024-jdzx10)。
文摘Burnup measurement is crucial for the management and disposal of spent fuel.The conventional approach indirectly estimates burnup by examining the fission product or actinide content.Compared to the first two methods,the active neutron method exhibits a lower dependence on the irradiation history and initial enrichment degree of the spent fuel.In addition,it can be used to directly determine the content of fissile nuclides in spent fuel.This study proposed the design of a burnup measurement equipment specifically crafted for plate segments by utilizing a compact D-D neutron generator.The equipment initiates the fission of fissile nuclides within the spent fuel plate segment through thermal neutrons provided by the moderators.Subsequently,the burnup is determined by analyzing the transmitted thermal neutrons and counting the fission fast neutrons.The Monte Carlo program Geant4 was used to simulate the relationship between spent fuel plate segment assembly burnup and the detector count of 10 MW material test reactor designed by the International Atomic Energy Agency.Consequently,the feasibility of the method and rationality of the detector design were verified.
文摘This study examines the effects of germination substrates incorporating spent mushroom substrate(SMS)and locally sourced organic materials on the growth and vigor of cocoa seedlings.Seven treatments were evaluated using a Completely Randomized Design(CRD),comprising combinations of coconut coir,rice husk,sugarcane bagasse,and biochar.Key findings reveal that treatments combining SMS,sugarcane bagasse,and either coconut coir or biochar(T6 and T7)achieved significantly higher survival rates and Dickson Quality Index(DQI)scores compared to conventional soil(T1).These treatments provided favorable chemical properties,including optimal pH,electrical conductivity,and nutrient content(N,P,K),which are critical for cocoa seedling development.The results suggest that using SMS with agricultural waste as an alternative germination medium can reduce cultivation costs,enhance seedling growth,and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by repurposing organic waste.This approach not only offers cost-effective benefits for farmers but also mitigates environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Guangxi,China(No.GUIKE AB23026051)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(No.2023RC3039)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University,China.
文摘A sustainable approach for recovering battery grade FePO_(4) and Li_(2)CO_(3) from Al/F-bearing spent LiFePO_(4)/C powder was proposed,including acid leaching,fluorinated coordination precipitation,homogeneous precipitation,and high-temperature precipitation.Under the optimal conditions,the leaching efficiencies of Li,Fe,P,Al,and F were 97.6%,97.1%,97.1%,72.5%,and 63.3%,respectively.The effects of different parameters on the removal of Al/F impurities were systematically evaluated,indicating about 99.4%Al and 96.4%F in the leachate were precipitated in the form of Na_(3)Li_(3)Al_(2)F_(12),and their residual concentrations were only 0.0124 and 0.328 g/L,respectively,which could be directly used to prepare battery grade FePO_(4)(99.68%in purity).Lithium in the Al/F-bearing residue could be extracted through CaCO_(3)−CaSO_(4) roasting followed by acid leaching,ultimately obtaining 99.87%purity of Li_(2)CO_(3).The recovery rates of Li and Fe were 96.88%and 92.85%,respectively.An economic evaluation demonstrated that the process was profitable.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52274295)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(E2020501001,E2021501029,A2021501007,E2022501028,E2022501029)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation-Steel,the Iron Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2022501030)the Performance subsidy fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(22567627H)the Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department(ZD2022158)the Central Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Hebei province(226Z4401G)the China Scholarship Council(No.202206080061,202206050119)the 2023 Hebei Provincial Postgraduate Student Innovation Ability training funding project(CXZZSS2023195)。
文摘The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Nos.2019YFC1907801,2019YFC1907803 and 2019YFC1907804)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan(Nos.2021JJ2020066 and 2020JJ4733)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904340)the Central South University Innovation-Driven Research Program(No.2023CXQD009)。
文摘The recycling of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion battery has attracted extensive attention,but few research have focused on spent blended cathode materials.In reality,the blended materials of lithium iron phosphate and ternary are widely used in electric vehicles,so it is critical to design an effective recycling technique.In this study,an efficient method for recovering Li and Fe from the blended cathode materials of spent LiFePO_(4)and LiNi_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)O_(2)batteries is proposed.First,87%A1 was removed by alkali leaching.Then,91.65%Li,72.08%Ni,64.6%Co and 71.66%Mn were further separated by selective leaching with H_(2)SO_(4)and H_(2)O_(2).Li,Ni,Co and Mn in solution were recovered in the form of Li_(2)CO_(3)and hydroxide respectively.Subsequently,98.38%Fe was leached from the residue by two stage process,and it is recovered as FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O with a purity of 99.5%by precipitation.Fe and P were present in FePO_(4)·2H_(2)O in amounts of 28.34%and 15.98%,respectively.Additionally,the drift and control of various components were discussed,and cost-benefit analysis was used to assess the feasibility of potential application.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51774127 and 52074353)the Scientific Research Project of Hunan Education Department,China(No.20K044)Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate(No.CX20231105)。
文摘The rapidly increasing production of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and their limited service time increases the number of spent LIBs,eventually causing serious environmental issues and resource wastage.From the perspectives of clean production and the development of the LIB industry,the effective recovery and recycling of spent LIBs require urgent solutions.This study provides an overview of the current hydrometallurgical processes employed in the recycling of spent cathode materials,focusing on the leaching of valuable metals and their postprocessing.In particular,this research reviews the various leaching systems(inorganic acid,organic acid,and ammonia)and the separation of valuable metals,and then,recommendations for subsequent study are offered in an attempt to contribute to the development of highly efficient methods for recycling spent cathode materials.In addition,a range of existing technologies,such as solvent extraction,chemical precipitation,electrochemical deposition,and regeneration,for the postprocessing of leaching solutions are summarized.Finally,the promising technologies,existing challenges and suggestions with respect to the development of effective and environmentally friendly recycling methods for handling spent cathode materials are identified.
