Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three conse...Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and...Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.展开更多
In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific var...In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific variations in abdominal striping patterns and structures of the syntergosternite and hypandrial apodeme.Photographic illustrations of these variations are also provided.A key to the 7 species of the group in China is presented.展开更多
Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies ha...Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies have examined the role of canopy structural heterogeneity,which is a defining feature of forests,in shaping SGDCs.Here,we determine what factors contribute toα-andβ-species–genetic diversity correlations(i.e.,α-andβ-SGDCs)in a Chinese subtropical forest.For this purpose,we used neutral molecular markers to assess genetic variation in almost all adult individuals of the dominant tree species,Lithocarpus xylocarpus,across plots in the Ailaoshan National Natural Reserve.We also quantified microhabitat variation by quantifying canopy structure heterogeneity with airborne laser scanning on 201-ha subtropical forest plots.We found that speciesα-diversity was negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.Canopy structural heterogeneity was positively correlated with speciesα-diversity but negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.These contrasting effects contributed to the formation of a negativeα-SGDC.Further,we found that canopy structural heterogeneity increases speciesα-diversity and decreases geneticα-diversity by reducing the population size of target species.Speciesβ-diversity,in contrast,was positively correlated with geneticβ-diversity.Differences in canopy structural heterogeneity between plots had non-linear parallel effects on the two levels ofβ-diversity,while geographic distance had a relatively weak effect onβ-SGDC.Our study indicates that canopy structural heterogeneity simultaneously affects plot-level community species diversity and population genetic diversity,and species and genetic turnover across plots,thus drivingα-andβ-SGDCs.展开更多
Urban tree species provide various essential ecosystem services in cities,such as regulating urban temperatures,reducing noise,capturing carbon,and mitigating the urban heat island effect.The quality of these services...Urban tree species provide various essential ecosystem services in cities,such as regulating urban temperatures,reducing noise,capturing carbon,and mitigating the urban heat island effect.The quality of these services is influenced by species diversity,tree health,and the distribution and the composition of trees.Traditionally,data on urban trees has been collected through field surveys and manual interpretation of remote sensing images.In this study,we evaluated the effectiveness of multispectral airborne laser scanning(ALS)data in classifying 24 common urban roadside tree species in Espoo,Finland.Tree crown structure information,intensity features,and spectral data were used for classification.Eight different machine learning algorithms were tested,with the extra trees(ET)algorithm performing the best,achieving an overall accuracy of 71.7%using multispectral LiDAR data.This result highlights that integrating structural and spectral information within a single framework can improve the classification accuracy.Future research will focus on identifying the most important features for species classification and developing algorithms with greater efficiency and accuracy.展开更多
Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmen...Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.展开更多
Metabolomics covers a wide range of applications in life sciences,biomedicine,and phytology.Data acquisition(to achieve high coverage and efficiency)and analysis(to pursue good classification)are two key segments invo...Metabolomics covers a wide range of applications in life sciences,biomedicine,and phytology.Data acquisition(to achieve high coverage and efficiency)and analysis(to pursue good classification)are two key segments involved in metabolomics workflows.Various chemometric approaches utilizing either pattern recognition or machine learning have been employed to separate different groups.However,insufficient feature extraction,inappropriate feature selection,overfitting,or underfitting lead to an insufficient capacity to discriminate plants that are often easily confused.Using two ginseng varieties,namely Panax japonicus(PJ)and Panax japonicus var.major(PJvm),containing the similar ginsenosides,we integrated pseudo-targeted metabolomics and deep neural network(DNN)modeling to achieve accurate species differentiation.A pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach was optimized through data acquisition mode,ion pairs generation,comparison between multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)and scheduled MRM(sMRM),and chromatographic elution gradient.In total,1980 ion pairs were monitored within 23 min,allowing for the most comprehensive ginseng metabolome analysis.The established DNN model demonstrated excellent classification performance(in terms of accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score,area under the curve,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC))using the entire metabolome data and feature-selection dataset,exhibiting superior advantages over random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and multilayer perceptron(MLP).Moreover,DNNs were advantageous for automated feature learning,nonlinear modeling,adaptability,and generalization.This study confirmed practicality of the established strategy for efficient metabolomics data analysis and reliable classification performance even when using small-volume samples.This established approach holds promise for plant metabolomics and is not limited to ginseng.展开更多
Three new wood-rotting fungi Peniophorella growing on Pinus yunnanensis in southwestern China,Peniophorella euryhypha,Peniophorella pinicola and Peniophorella stellata,are described based on morphology and phylogeny.T...Three new wood-rotting fungi Peniophorella growing on Pinus yunnanensis in southwestern China,Peniophorella euryhypha,Peniophorella pinicola and Peniophorella stellata,are described based on morphology and phylogeny.They all have annual resupinate basidiomata with smooth,white to cream hymenophore and clavate to cylindrical leptocystidia without resinous matter.P.euryhypha is characterized by simple septate subicular hyphae 7.5-9.5μm wide and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate cystidia,narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores 9.3-11×3-4.3μm.P.pinicola is characterized by encrusted hyphae and bowl-shaped stephanocysts and thick-walled cystidia,oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 5.5-8×3.2-5μm.P.stellata is characterized by leptocystidia and sometimes hyphidia encrusted with rosette-like crystals in subhymenium and hymenium,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 8-10×3.5-5μm.In addition,Peniophorella cremea is considered as a synonym of Hyphoderma transiens.A key to Chinese species of Peniophorella is provided.展开更多
Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described ...Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described from Hainan Province based on molecular and morphological evidence.C.granulosa is characterized by having coriaceous basidiomata with granulose and light orange to grayish-orange hymenophore,relatively large and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 12.5–14.2×8.2–9.5μm.C.hainanensis is characterized by having membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish-orange to brownish orange hymenophore and fimbriate margin,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 9.8–12.2×5.2–6.5μm.Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the two new species.展开更多
Hainan Province is situated at the northern edge of the Asian tropics,serving as China’s only tropical province.The province harbors exceptional biodiversity due to its unique geography and climate,particularly in fu...Hainan Province is situated at the northern edge of the Asian tropics,serving as China’s only tropical province.The province harbors exceptional biodiversity due to its unique geography and climate,particularly in fungal diversity.However,previous mycological surveys in Hainan are predominantly focused on central forested regions,while coastal ecosystems are largely overlooked.This study reports the first discovery of the genus Calocybella in China,with one new species and one new record for China collected from coastal Casuarina forests.Calocybella hainanensis sp.nov.is characterized by its ginger-yellow to yellowish-brown pileus,pale yellow lamellae,and small,oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores(4.9–5.5×2.3–3.1μm)with faint ornamentation and inamyloid reaction.The newly recorded species,Calocybella sribuabanensis,exhibits gregarious growth,yellowish-brown pileus,densely arranged lamellae,and ellipsoid,faintly ornamented,inamyloid basidiospores.Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences reveal that C.hainanensis forms a unique evolutionary lineage within Calocybella,but it shows unresolved affinities to other taxa.C.sribuabanensis forms a sister lineage with the Indian species Calocybella dicholamellata.展开更多
Wood-decaying fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems.In this study,two new Lopharia species from Yunnan Province in southwest China,Lopharia minispora and Lopharia punctata,are described and illu...Wood-decaying fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems.In this study,two new Lopharia species from Yunnan Province in southwest China,Lopharia minispora and Lopharia punctata,are described and illustrated based on the morphological and molecular evidence.L.minispora is characterized by its slightly brown and cracked basidiomata when dry,a monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 5.5-6.7×2.7-3.3μm;L.punctata is characterized by its membranous,white to cream basidiomata,a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa on generative hyphae and subglobose to globose basidiospores measuring 9.5-12×7.5-10.1μm.Sequences of ITS and nLSU rDNA markers of the studied samples were employed,and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood,maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods,ensuring the reliability of our findings.The dataset analyses showed that the two new species clustered into the genus Lopharia,in which L.minispora was sister of Lopharia erubescens;L.punctata grouped with the lineage of Lopharia ayresii and Lopharia resupinata.展开更多
As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ra...As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ranges.Outbreaks of NIS can pose significant threats to local ecosystems and economies,making them a critical issue for marine biodiversity and biosecurity.Biological invasions in marine habitats differ significantly from those on land or in freshwater.Detection and identification of NIS in marine habitats is particularly challenging due to difficulties in sampling,morphological identification,and visualization in the early stages of outbreaks.Environmental DNA(eDNA)approaches have emerged as reliable and cost-effective methods for both qualitative and quantitative detection of marine NIS,particularly in the introductory phase.In this review,we summarize recent applications and advances in eDNA-based detection of marine NIS.We emphasize that innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,improvements in detection methods,and further refinement of the reference genomic database for marine species are crucial for the future development of this field.展开更多
Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white...Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white to cream and soft corky to fragile when dry,with distinct snow white rhizomorph at margin.Hymenophore surface are smooth,and the clamp connections are absent.Ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measure 4.8–5.8×3.3–4μm.This species is distributed in tropical forest in southern China.展开更多
According to literary data,there are 189 species of the genus Astragalus that inhabit the territory of Kyrgyzstan.The distribution of species of the genus Astragalus(Fabaceae)was studied by taking into account their o...According to literary data,there are 189 species of the genus Astragalus that inhabit the territory of Kyrgyzstan.The distribution of species of the genus Astragalus(Fabaceae)was studied by taking into account their occurrence in soil-climatic and relief types of plant habitats in the mountainous territories of Kyrgyzstan.The materials were collected during organized research expeditions to natural areas of plant habitats.The occurrence of species was studied by well-known methods.As a result of such analysis we have made the following conclusions for the first time:in the flora of Kyrgyzstan there are 189 species of the genus Astragalus,they are representatives of 7 subgenera of this genus;species occur in 24 types of plant habitats with soil and relief features,taking into account the altitudinal regularity of taxa distribution in mountain phytocenoses;subgenuses and specific species characterized by broad,smallest and intermediate sizes of habitats were identified;groupings of plant habitat types on the territory of Kyrgyzstan characterized by the largest,smallest and intermediate indicators on the number of subgenuses and species of the genus Astragalus were identified.The botanical description of each species has been supplemented with new information about the species as a taxonomic unit.The materials of our work can be successfully used in the field of systematics,evolution and ecology of plants.展开更多
Taxonomic and faunistic results on three genera in the tribes Margaroniini Swinhoe & Cotes, 1889 and Agroterini Acloque, 1897—Omiodes Guinée, 1854, Patania Moore, 1888 and Notarcha Meyrick, 1884 are presente...Taxonomic and faunistic results on three genera in the tribes Margaroniini Swinhoe & Cotes, 1889 and Agroterini Acloque, 1897—Omiodes Guinée, 1854, Patania Moore, 1888 and Notarcha Meyrick, 1884 are presented, based on material sampled in the Afrotropical part of the Arabian Peninsula, in the south-western province of Jizan, Saudi Arabia. Omiodes undularis sp.n., Patania orbiscularis sp.n. and Patania rhomboidalis sp.n. are newly described. Of Omiodes undularis sp.n., the adults, male genitalia, and tympanal organs are described and figured. The female genitalia are unknown. The Afrotropical and Oriental species of the genus potentially related to the new species by external characters are reviewed. The differential character states distinguishing the new species from the closest related Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) are listed. The adults and male genitalia of Patania orbiscularis sp.n. are described and figured. The female genitalia are unknown. The species most closely related in the male genitalia is Patania tchadalis (Leraut, 2005). The differential character states are listed. Of Patania rhomboidalis sp.n., the adults, female genitalia, and tympanal organs are described and figured. The new species is externally closely related to Patania tchadalis (Leraut, 2005), Patania harutai (Inoue, 1955), Patania crepuscularia Matsui & Naka, 2023, Patania accipitralis (Walker, 1866) and Patania fraterna (Moore, 1885) externally and in the female genitalia. The external and internal differential character states are listed. A determination key to the newly described Arabian species of the genus Patania Moore, 1888 and their closest relatives is given. The female genitalia of Notarcha viridalis Seizmair, 2021 attributed to the Notarcha quaternalis (Zeller, 1852) species complex, are described for the first time. The species is reported as new to the fauna of Saudi Arabia. A determination key based on the internal morphology of the species of the Notarcha quaternalis (Zeller, 1852) species complex is given.展开更多
Hibiscus Linn.,an angiosperm genus belonging to Malvaceae,Malvales,is mainly distributed in tropic and subtropic regions.Numerous species within the Hibiscus genus exhibit large and visually appealing flowers that are...Hibiscus Linn.,an angiosperm genus belonging to Malvaceae,Malvales,is mainly distributed in tropic and subtropic regions.Numerous species within the Hibiscus genus exhibit large and visually appealing flowers that are highly prized for their ornamental beauty and enjoy widespread admiration.For instance,H.syriacus serves as the national flower of South Korea,H.rosa-sinensis is favored as the floral emblem of Malaysia,and Chengdu city has earned the moniker"City of H.mutabilis"owing to its substantial cultivation.展开更多
Nearly a quarter of animals living in rivers,lakes and other freshwater sources are threatened with extinction,according to new research published on Wednesday.“Huge rivers like the Amazon River can appear mighty,but...Nearly a quarter of animals living in rivers,lakes and other freshwater sources are threatened with extinction,according to new research published on Wednesday.“Huge rivers like the Amazon River can appear mighty,but at the same time,freshwater environments are very weak,”said the study's co⁃author Patricia Charvet,a biologist at Brazil's Federal University of Ceará.展开更多
Integrative data from plastid and nuclear loci are increasingly utilized to resolve species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within major angiosperm clades.Debregeasia(Urticaceae),an economically important ge...Integrative data from plastid and nuclear loci are increasingly utilized to resolve species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within major angiosperm clades.Debregeasia(Urticaceae),an economically important genus,presents challenges in species delimitation due to its overlapping morphological traits and unstable taxonomic assignments.Here,we analyzed 14 morphological traits and generated 12 data matrices from the plastomes and nrDNA using genome skimming from the nine recognized morphospecies to clarify species boundaries and assess barcode performance in Debregeasia.We also used a universal set of 353 nuclear genes to explore reticulate evolution and biogeographic history of Debregeasia.Plastomes of Debregeasia exhibited the typical quadripartite structure with conserved gene content and marginal independent variations in the SC/IR boundary at inter-and intra-specific levels.Three Debregeasia species were non-monophyletic and could not be discerned by any barcode;however,ultra-barcodes identified the remaining six(67%),outperforming standard barcodes(56%).Our phylogenetic analyses placed Debregeasia wallichiana outside the genus and suggested six monophyletic clades in Debregeasia,although the placement between Debregeasia hekouensis and Debregeasia libera varied.There was extensive trait overlap in key morphologically diagnostic characters,with reticulation analysis showing potentially pervasive hybridization,likely influenced by speciation patterns and overlaps between species ranges.We inferred that Debregeasia crown diversification began at ca.12.82 Ma(95%HPD:11.54-14.63 Ma)in the mid-Miocene within Australia,followed by vicariance and later longdistance dispersal,mainly out of southern China.Our findings highlight the utility of genomic data with integrative lines of evidence to refine species delimitation and explore evolutionary relationships in complex plant lineages.展开更多
文摘Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.
文摘Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160128)。
文摘In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific variations in abdominal striping patterns and structures of the syntergosternite and hypandrial apodeme.Photographic illustrations of these variations are also provided.A key to the 7 species of the group in China is presented.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000)the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Province (U1902203)+1 种基金Major Program for Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province (202101BC070002)Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (151C53KYSB20200019)
文摘Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies have examined the role of canopy structural heterogeneity,which is a defining feature of forests,in shaping SGDCs.Here,we determine what factors contribute toα-andβ-species–genetic diversity correlations(i.e.,α-andβ-SGDCs)in a Chinese subtropical forest.For this purpose,we used neutral molecular markers to assess genetic variation in almost all adult individuals of the dominant tree species,Lithocarpus xylocarpus,across plots in the Ailaoshan National Natural Reserve.We also quantified microhabitat variation by quantifying canopy structure heterogeneity with airborne laser scanning on 201-ha subtropical forest plots.We found that speciesα-diversity was negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.Canopy structural heterogeneity was positively correlated with speciesα-diversity but negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.These contrasting effects contributed to the formation of a negativeα-SGDC.Further,we found that canopy structural heterogeneity increases speciesα-diversity and decreases geneticα-diversity by reducing the population size of target species.Speciesβ-diversity,in contrast,was positively correlated with geneticβ-diversity.Differences in canopy structural heterogeneity between plots had non-linear parallel effects on the two levels ofβ-diversity,while geographic distance had a relatively weak effect onβ-SGDC.Our study indicates that canopy structural heterogeneity simultaneously affects plot-level community species diversity and population genetic diversity,and species and genetic turnover across plots,thus drivingα-andβ-SGDCs.
文摘Urban tree species provide various essential ecosystem services in cities,such as regulating urban temperatures,reducing noise,capturing carbon,and mitigating the urban heat island effect.The quality of these services is influenced by species diversity,tree health,and the distribution and the composition of trees.Traditionally,data on urban trees has been collected through field surveys and manual interpretation of remote sensing images.In this study,we evaluated the effectiveness of multispectral airborne laser scanning(ALS)data in classifying 24 common urban roadside tree species in Espoo,Finland.Tree crown structure information,intensity features,and spectral data were used for classification.Eight different machine learning algorithms were tested,with the extra trees(ET)algorithm performing the best,achieving an overall accuracy of 71.7%using multispectral LiDAR data.This result highlights that integrating structural and spectral information within a single framework can improve the classification accuracy.Future research will focus on identifying the most important features for species classification and developing algorithms with greater efficiency and accuracy.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805602)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32225032,32001192,32271597)+1 种基金the Innovation Base Project of Gansu Province(2021YFF0703904)the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(24JRRA515,22JR5RA525,23JRRA1157).
文摘Studies on plant diversity are usually based on the total number of species in a community.However,few studies have examined species richness(SR)of different plant life forms in a community along largescale environmental gradients.Particularly,the relative importance(RIV)of different plant life forms in a community and how they vary with environmental variables are still unclear.To fill these gaps,we determined plant diversity of ephemeral plants,annual herbs,perennial herbs,and woody plants from 187 sites across drylands in China.The SR patterns of herbaceous plants,especially perennial herbs,and their RIV in plant communities increased with increasing precipitation and soil nutrient content;however,the RIV of annual herbs was not altered along these gradients.The SR and RIV of ephemeral plants were affected mainly by precipitation seasonality.The SR of woody plants had a unimodal relationship with air temperature and exhibited the highest RIV and SR percentage in plant communities under the harshest environments.An obvious shift emerged in plant community composition,SR and their critical impact factors at 238.5 mm of mean annual precipitation(MAP).In mesic regions(>238.5 mm),herbs were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively slow decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by MAP and soil nutrients.In arid regions(<238.5 mm),woody plants were the dominant species,and the SR displayed a relatively fast decreasing rate with increasing aridity,which was mediated mainly by climate variables,especially precipitation.Our findings highlight the importance of comparative life form studies in community structure and biodiversity,as their responses to gradients differed substantially on a large scale.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.:2022YFC3501805)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82374030)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Tianjin in China(Grant No.:23ZYJDSS00030)the Tianjin Outstanding Youth Fund,China(Grant No.:23JCJQJC00030)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation-Tianjin Joint Support Program(Grant No.:2023T030TJ).
文摘Metabolomics covers a wide range of applications in life sciences,biomedicine,and phytology.Data acquisition(to achieve high coverage and efficiency)and analysis(to pursue good classification)are two key segments involved in metabolomics workflows.Various chemometric approaches utilizing either pattern recognition or machine learning have been employed to separate different groups.However,insufficient feature extraction,inappropriate feature selection,overfitting,or underfitting lead to an insufficient capacity to discriminate plants that are often easily confused.Using two ginseng varieties,namely Panax japonicus(PJ)and Panax japonicus var.major(PJvm),containing the similar ginsenosides,we integrated pseudo-targeted metabolomics and deep neural network(DNN)modeling to achieve accurate species differentiation.A pseudo-targeted metabolomics approach was optimized through data acquisition mode,ion pairs generation,comparison between multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)and scheduled MRM(sMRM),and chromatographic elution gradient.In total,1980 ion pairs were monitored within 23 min,allowing for the most comprehensive ginseng metabolome analysis.The established DNN model demonstrated excellent classification performance(in terms of accuracy,precision,recall,F1 score,area under the curve,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC))using the entire metabolome data and feature-selection dataset,exhibiting superior advantages over random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost),and multilayer perceptron(MLP).Moreover,DNNs were advantageous for automated feature learning,nonlinear modeling,adaptability,and generalization.This study confirmed practicality of the established strategy for efficient metabolomics data analysis and reliable classification performance even when using small-volume samples.This established approach holds promise for plant metabolomics and is not limited to ginseng.
文摘Three new wood-rotting fungi Peniophorella growing on Pinus yunnanensis in southwestern China,Peniophorella euryhypha,Peniophorella pinicola and Peniophorella stellata,are described based on morphology and phylogeny.They all have annual resupinate basidiomata with smooth,white to cream hymenophore and clavate to cylindrical leptocystidia without resinous matter.P.euryhypha is characterized by simple septate subicular hyphae 7.5-9.5μm wide and broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate cystidia,narrowly ellipsoid basidiospores 9.3-11×3-4.3μm.P.pinicola is characterized by encrusted hyphae and bowl-shaped stephanocysts and thick-walled cystidia,oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 5.5-8×3.2-5μm.P.stellata is characterized by leptocystidia and sometimes hyphidia encrusted with rosette-like crystals in subhymenium and hymenium,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores 8-10×3.5-5μm.In addition,Peniophorella cremea is considered as a synonym of Hyphoderma transiens.A key to Chinese species of Peniophorella is provided.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270014)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNTD202307).
文摘Coniophora is a widely distributed genus that includes species with resupinate basidiomata causing brown rot on fallen trees.In this study,two new species,Coniophora granulosa and Coniophora hainanensis,are described from Hainan Province based on molecular and morphological evidence.C.granulosa is characterized by having coriaceous basidiomata with granulose and light orange to grayish-orange hymenophore,relatively large and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 12.5–14.2×8.2–9.5μm.C.hainanensis is characterized by having membranaceous basidiomata with smooth and grayish-orange to brownish orange hymenophore and fimbriate margin,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 9.8–12.2×5.2–6.5μm.Descriptions and illustrations are provided for the two new species.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(32260005,32470008)the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2024SHFZ129)+1 种基金the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(323MS044)the Scientific Research Project of Hainan Higher Education Institutions(Hnky2023ZD-8).
文摘Hainan Province is situated at the northern edge of the Asian tropics,serving as China’s only tropical province.The province harbors exceptional biodiversity due to its unique geography and climate,particularly in fungal diversity.However,previous mycological surveys in Hainan are predominantly focused on central forested regions,while coastal ecosystems are largely overlooked.This study reports the first discovery of the genus Calocybella in China,with one new species and one new record for China collected from coastal Casuarina forests.Calocybella hainanensis sp.nov.is characterized by its ginger-yellow to yellowish-brown pileus,pale yellow lamellae,and small,oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores(4.9–5.5×2.3–3.1μm)with faint ornamentation and inamyloid reaction.The newly recorded species,Calocybella sribuabanensis,exhibits gregarious growth,yellowish-brown pileus,densely arranged lamellae,and ellipsoid,faintly ornamented,inamyloid basidiospores.Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS sequences reveal that C.hainanensis forms a unique evolutionary lineage within Calocybella,but it shows unresolved affinities to other taxa.C.sribuabanensis forms a sister lineage with the Indian species Calocybella dicholamellata.
文摘Wood-decaying fungi play crucial roles as decomposers in forest ecosystems.In this study,two new Lopharia species from Yunnan Province in southwest China,Lopharia minispora and Lopharia punctata,are described and illustrated based on the morphological and molecular evidence.L.minispora is characterized by its slightly brown and cracked basidiomata when dry,a monomitic hyphal system with clamp connections,and oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 5.5-6.7×2.7-3.3μm;L.punctata is characterized by its membranous,white to cream basidiomata,a monomitic hyphal system with simple-septa on generative hyphae and subglobose to globose basidiospores measuring 9.5-12×7.5-10.1μm.Sequences of ITS and nLSU rDNA markers of the studied samples were employed,and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood,maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference methods,ensuring the reliability of our findings.The dataset analyses showed that the two new species clustered into the genus Lopharia,in which L.minispora was sister of Lopharia erubescens;L.punctata grouped with the lineage of Lopharia ayresii and Lopharia resupinata.
文摘As climate change,international trade,and human activities increasingly disrupt traditional geographic barriers in the oceans,non-indigenous species(NIS)have successfully established themselves outside their native ranges.Outbreaks of NIS can pose significant threats to local ecosystems and economies,making them a critical issue for marine biodiversity and biosecurity.Biological invasions in marine habitats differ significantly from those on land or in freshwater.Detection and identification of NIS in marine habitats is particularly challenging due to difficulties in sampling,morphological identification,and visualization in the early stages of outbreaks.Environmental DNA(eDNA)approaches have emerged as reliable and cost-effective methods for both qualitative and quantitative detection of marine NIS,particularly in the introductory phase.In this review,we summarize recent applications and advances in eDNA-based detection of marine NIS.We emphasize that innovations in eDNA sampling equipment,improvements in detection methods,and further refinement of the reference genomic database for marine species are crucial for the future development of this field.
基金supported by the Hainan Institute of National Park(KY-24ZK02)the Key Research and Development Program Project of Hainan Province,China(ZDYF2023RDYL01)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20230254)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32270011).
文摘Based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses,a new species,Efibula candidissima,is described from Bawangling,National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest.The basidiomata are resupinate,waxy,snow white when fresh,white to cream and soft corky to fragile when dry,with distinct snow white rhizomorph at margin.Hymenophore surface are smooth,and the clamp connections are absent.Ellipsoid to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores measure 4.8–5.8×3.3–4μm.This species is distributed in tropical forest in southern China.
文摘According to literary data,there are 189 species of the genus Astragalus that inhabit the territory of Kyrgyzstan.The distribution of species of the genus Astragalus(Fabaceae)was studied by taking into account their occurrence in soil-climatic and relief types of plant habitats in the mountainous territories of Kyrgyzstan.The materials were collected during organized research expeditions to natural areas of plant habitats.The occurrence of species was studied by well-known methods.As a result of such analysis we have made the following conclusions for the first time:in the flora of Kyrgyzstan there are 189 species of the genus Astragalus,they are representatives of 7 subgenera of this genus;species occur in 24 types of plant habitats with soil and relief features,taking into account the altitudinal regularity of taxa distribution in mountain phytocenoses;subgenuses and specific species characterized by broad,smallest and intermediate sizes of habitats were identified;groupings of plant habitat types on the territory of Kyrgyzstan characterized by the largest,smallest and intermediate indicators on the number of subgenuses and species of the genus Astragalus were identified.The botanical description of each species has been supplemented with new information about the species as a taxonomic unit.The materials of our work can be successfully used in the field of systematics,evolution and ecology of plants.
文摘Taxonomic and faunistic results on three genera in the tribes Margaroniini Swinhoe & Cotes, 1889 and Agroterini Acloque, 1897—Omiodes Guinée, 1854, Patania Moore, 1888 and Notarcha Meyrick, 1884 are presented, based on material sampled in the Afrotropical part of the Arabian Peninsula, in the south-western province of Jizan, Saudi Arabia. Omiodes undularis sp.n., Patania orbiscularis sp.n. and Patania rhomboidalis sp.n. are newly described. Of Omiodes undularis sp.n., the adults, male genitalia, and tympanal organs are described and figured. The female genitalia are unknown. The Afrotropical and Oriental species of the genus potentially related to the new species by external characters are reviewed. The differential character states distinguishing the new species from the closest related Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775) are listed. The adults and male genitalia of Patania orbiscularis sp.n. are described and figured. The female genitalia are unknown. The species most closely related in the male genitalia is Patania tchadalis (Leraut, 2005). The differential character states are listed. Of Patania rhomboidalis sp.n., the adults, female genitalia, and tympanal organs are described and figured. The new species is externally closely related to Patania tchadalis (Leraut, 2005), Patania harutai (Inoue, 1955), Patania crepuscularia Matsui & Naka, 2023, Patania accipitralis (Walker, 1866) and Patania fraterna (Moore, 1885) externally and in the female genitalia. The external and internal differential character states are listed. A determination key to the newly described Arabian species of the genus Patania Moore, 1888 and their closest relatives is given. The female genitalia of Notarcha viridalis Seizmair, 2021 attributed to the Notarcha quaternalis (Zeller, 1852) species complex, are described for the first time. The species is reported as new to the fauna of Saudi Arabia. A determination key based on the internal morphology of the species of the Notarcha quaternalis (Zeller, 1852) species complex is given.
文摘Hibiscus Linn.,an angiosperm genus belonging to Malvaceae,Malvales,is mainly distributed in tropic and subtropic regions.Numerous species within the Hibiscus genus exhibit large and visually appealing flowers that are highly prized for their ornamental beauty and enjoy widespread admiration.For instance,H.syriacus serves as the national flower of South Korea,H.rosa-sinensis is favored as the floral emblem of Malaysia,and Chengdu city has earned the moniker"City of H.mutabilis"owing to its substantial cultivation.
文摘Nearly a quarter of animals living in rivers,lakes and other freshwater sources are threatened with extinction,according to new research published on Wednesday.“Huge rivers like the Amazon River can appear mighty,but at the same time,freshwater environments are very weak,”said the study's co⁃author Patricia Charvet,a biologist at Brazil's Federal University of Ceará.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171071,42211540718)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS(ZDBS-LY-7001)+3 种基金Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(202401AT070190,202201BC070001)Top-notch Young Talents Project of Yunnan Provincial“Ten Thousand Talents Program”(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-146,YNWR-QNBJ-2020-293)CAS“Light of West China”Programsupported by the China Scholarship Council(202304910135 and 202304910138)for a one-year study at the University of Toronto.
文摘Integrative data from plastid and nuclear loci are increasingly utilized to resolve species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within major angiosperm clades.Debregeasia(Urticaceae),an economically important genus,presents challenges in species delimitation due to its overlapping morphological traits and unstable taxonomic assignments.Here,we analyzed 14 morphological traits and generated 12 data matrices from the plastomes and nrDNA using genome skimming from the nine recognized morphospecies to clarify species boundaries and assess barcode performance in Debregeasia.We also used a universal set of 353 nuclear genes to explore reticulate evolution and biogeographic history of Debregeasia.Plastomes of Debregeasia exhibited the typical quadripartite structure with conserved gene content and marginal independent variations in the SC/IR boundary at inter-and intra-specific levels.Three Debregeasia species were non-monophyletic and could not be discerned by any barcode;however,ultra-barcodes identified the remaining six(67%),outperforming standard barcodes(56%).Our phylogenetic analyses placed Debregeasia wallichiana outside the genus and suggested six monophyletic clades in Debregeasia,although the placement between Debregeasia hekouensis and Debregeasia libera varied.There was extensive trait overlap in key morphologically diagnostic characters,with reticulation analysis showing potentially pervasive hybridization,likely influenced by speciation patterns and overlaps between species ranges.We inferred that Debregeasia crown diversification began at ca.12.82 Ma(95%HPD:11.54-14.63 Ma)in the mid-Miocene within Australia,followed by vicariance and later longdistance dispersal,mainly out of southern China.Our findings highlight the utility of genomic data with integrative lines of evidence to refine species delimitation and explore evolutionary relationships in complex plant lineages.
