The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocar...The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.展开更多
Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics o...Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types(native Quercus brantii Lindl.and Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and non-native Pinus eldarica Medw.and Cupressus arizonica Greene.)in Zagros mountain area of Iran.This study involved a comparative analysis of soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in spring(wet season)and summer(dry season)to clarify the effects of seasonal changes and vegetation on the dynamics of soil microorganisms.Soil samples were randomly collected under the canopies of various tree species and a control area,yielding a total of 48 composite samples analyzed for bacterial composition.Results indicated that 11 Gram-negative(e.g.,Citrobacter freundii,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella oxytoca,Klebsiella pneumoniae,etc.)and 2 Gram-positive(Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus)bacteria were identified,showing significant seasonal variation.Specifically,53.85%of bacterial species were common to both seasons,with notable shifts in community composition observed between spring and summer,highlighting a higher abundance of Gram-negative species in spring.Bacterial community structure was significantly influenced by vegetation type,with various tree species shaping distinct microbial assemblages.Moreover,Pearson's correlations revealed that soil properties,particularly pH,phosphorus,and moisture content,were critical drivers of bacterial diversity and abundance.Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of soil bacterial communities in response to seasonal and vegetation changes,emphasizing the importance of repeated temporal sampling for accurate assessments of microbial diversity.Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for improving soil management strategies and enhancing ecosystem resilience,particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where environmental fluctuations play a pivotal role.This research not only confirms our hypotheses but also enhances our understanding of soil biogeochemical processes and informs future vegetation management practices.展开更多
[Objectives]To provide a reference for the efficient use of wild Paeonia suffruticosa germplasm resources and the scientific selection of parents.[Methods]This study systematically evaluated cross-compatibility by con...[Objectives]To provide a reference for the efficient use of wild Paeonia suffruticosa germplasm resources and the scientific selection of parents.[Methods]This study systematically evaluated cross-compatibility by conducting interspecific crosses among the major wild species subsect.Delavayanae(Paeonia delavayi,Paeonia lutea,Paeonia potaninii,and Paeonia ludlowii)as well as reciprocal crosses between these species and cultivated varieties from the subsect.Vaginatae.[Results]Crosses among P.delavayi,P.lutea,and P.potaninii generally exhibited good seed set,with the resulting seeds showing a high emergence rate.In contrast,crosses involving P.ludlowii as a parent produced only a limited number of seeds,none of which germinated.In crosses with cultivated varieties where the wild species served as the maternal parent,the average seed set ranked as follows:P.lutea>P.delavayi>P.ludlowii>P.potaninii.When wild species were used as paternal parent,the average seed set ranked as follows:P.potaninii>P.lutea>P.delavayi>P.ludlowii.On the whole,most crosses between wild species of subsect.Delavayanae and cultivated varieties achieved normal seed set,demonstrating a certain degree of cross-compatibility.However,when the wild species served as the maternal parent,both the seed set and seedling emergence rate were superior to those in the reciprocal crosses(with wild species as the paternal parent).[Conclusions]Significant differences in cross-compatibility were observed among species within Paeonia subsect.Delavayanae.In addition,a significant maternal effect was identified in crosses between wild species of this subsection and cultivated varieties.These findings suggest that by selecting highly compatible combinations,there remains considerable potential for utilizing these wild species in peony breeding.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
Ferroptosis has exhibited great potential in therapies and intracellular reducing agents of sulfur species(RSSs) in the thiol-dependent redox systems are crucial in ferroptosis.This makes the simultaneous detection of...Ferroptosis has exhibited great potential in therapies and intracellular reducing agents of sulfur species(RSSs) in the thiol-dependent redox systems are crucial in ferroptosis.This makes the simultaneous detection of multiple RSSs significant for evaluating ferroptosis therapy.However,the traditional techniques,including fluorescent(FL) imaging and electrospray ionization-based mass spectrometry(MS) detection,cannot achieve the discrimination of different RSSs.Herein,simultaneous MS detection of multiple RSSs,including cysteine(Cys),homocysteine(Hcy),glutathione(GSH) and hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S),was obtained upon enhancing ionization efficiency by a fluorescent probe(NBD-O-1).Based on the interaction between NBD-O-1 and RSSs,the complex of RSSs with a fragment of NBD-O-1 can be generated,which can be easily ionized for MS detection in the negative mode.Therefore,the intracellular RSSs can be well detected upon the incubation of He La cells with the probe of NBD-O-1,exhibiting the total RSS levels by the FL imaging and further providing expression of each RSS by enhanced MS detection.Furthermore,the RSSs during ferroptosis in He La cells have been evaluated using the present strategy,demonstrating the potential for ferroptosis examinations.This work has made an unconventional application of a fluorescent probe to enhance the detection of multiple RSSs by MS,providing significant molecular information for addressing the ferroptosis mechanism.展开更多
It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla we...It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla were investigated,its impact on sulfidation flotation was explored,and the mechanisms involved in both fluoride roasting and sulfidation flotation were discussed.With CaF_(2)as the roasting reagent,Na_(2)S·9H_(2)O as the sulfidation reagent,and sodium butyl xanthate(NaBX)as the collector,the results of the flotation experiments showed that fluoride roasting improved the floatability of chrysocolla,and the recovery rate increased from 16.87%to 82.74%.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that after fluoride roasting,approximately all the Cu on the chrysocolla surface was exposed in the form of CuO,which could provide a basis for subsequent sulfidation flotation.The microscopy and elemental analyses revealed that large quantities of"pagoda-like"grains were observed on the sulfidation surface of the fluoride-roasted chrysocolla,indicating high crystallinity particles of copper sulfide.This suggests that the effect of sulfide formation on the chrysocolla surface was more pronounced.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that fluoride roasting increased the relative contents of sulfur and copper on the surface and that both the Cu~+and polysulfide fractions on the surface of the minerals increased.This enhances the effect of sulfidation,which is conducive to flotation recovery.Therefore,fluoride roasting improved the effect of copper species transformation and sulfidation on the surface of chysocolla,promoted the adsorption of collectors,and improved the recovery of chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation.展开更多
Successfully generating reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a targeted and efficient manner for the detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants(CPs)is a significant and demanding challenge.Herein,we present an in-situ...Successfully generating reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a targeted and efficient manner for the detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants(CPs)is a significant and demanding challenge.Herein,we present an in-situ photoreduction strategy to fabricate a composite of palladium(Pd)nanoparticles anchored few-layer carbon nitride nanosheets(Pd-CN).This innovative Pd-CN is then leveraged to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)in pursuit of our objective.The incorporation of Pd nanoparticles enhances PMS absorption and targets its terminal oxygen,thereby aiding in the cleavage of the O-O bond.This process generates crucial intermediates,including adsorbed hydroxyl radicals(*OH)and adsorbed atomic oxygen(O*),which are essential for the production of ^(1)O_(2).Consequently,the Pd-CN catalyst demonstrates strong preference for ^(1)O_(2) generation during the PMS activation process,successfully degrading over 95%of pollutants such as 4-chlorophenol(4-CP),2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP),and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)within just 20 min.Additionally,the catalyst exhibits total organic carbon(TOC)removal rates ranging from 49.4%to 31.4%,while the rates for de-chlorination fall between 68.6%and 72.7%.A subsequent continuous-flow treatment experiment has confirmed the application potential of this system,demonstrating consistent catalytic activity for up to 8 h.This promising technique presents an efficient strategy for addressing the high toxicity of chlorinated organic pollutants in contaminated water.展开更多
Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delig...Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delignified sapwood(DSW),delignified heartwood(DHW)and lignocellulose(LC)samples at different temperatures.Results indicate that below the freezing point of bulk water,free water freezes,causing its signal to disappear from the distribution.Then,the low temperature distributions of the unfrozen bound water contain more information about its components,with DSW,DHW and LC containing two distinct states of bound water(OH bound water(B-water)and more freely bound water(C-water)).Furthermore,it was observed that within the temperature range of−3°C to−60°C,B-water in DSW,DHW and LC maintained a higher unfrozen water content(UWC)value than C-water,and the T_(1)/T_(2)ratios for B-water were consistently higher than that for C-water,indicating that B-water has a greater antifreeze capacity.T_(2)and T_(1)distributions offer different kinds of information about water components,and all peaks within the distribution have been assigned.展开更多
The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about ...The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about whether the LDG remains stable over time as climate warming progresses and whether MTE remains applicable to clarify this pattern.In this study,forest data spanning temperate,subtropical,and tropical zones across China were used to analyze long-term changes in the LDG of tree species over 2005-2020.Based on the MTE framework,spatial scales were considered to assess temperature dependence of typical forest trees species.Our results show that species richness decreased with increasing latitude,and that temperature was the primary driver of this change.Although temperature in China has significantly increased over the past two decades,the LDG of tree species has remained stable.However,there was a decrease in species richness in tropical regions over time.With predictions of the MTE,the logarithm of typical forest tree species richness exhibited negative linear relationships with the inverse of ambient temperature,indicating temperature dependence of species richness.However,the relationship remained stable and was strongly influenced by spatial scale,intensifying as spatial scale increased.The findings emphasize the important role of temperature in shaping the LDG.The effects of spatial scale,in particular,should be considered when biodiversity management plans are developed for future climate change.展开更多
Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify...Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.展开更多
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)is the highest and one of the most extensive plateaus in the world.Investigating naturalized non-native plant species composition,phylogenetic relationships among naturalized plant specie...The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)is the highest and one of the most extensive plateaus in the world.Investigating naturalized non-native plant species composition,phylogenetic relationships among naturalized plant species,and phylogenetic relationships between native and naturalized plant species on the plateau is of great importance.Here,we analyze a comprehensive dataset including all species of native and naturalized vascular plants known to occur in the core part of the QTP.We use net relatedness index(NRI)and nearest taxon index(NTI),which reflect deep and shallow evolutionary histories,respectively,to quantify phylogenetic relatedness among angiosperm species.The QTP included in this study(1,448,815 km^(2))has 9086 and 314 species of native and naturalized non-native vascular plants,respectively.We find that the naturalized angiosperm species are phylogenetically clustered with respect to the species pool including all native and naturalized angiosperm species on the QTP included in this study,regardless of whether NRI or NTI is used.For the eight regions within the QTP included in this study,NRI and NTI of naturalized angiosperms are positive in seven regions with respect to their respective regional species pools,reflecting phylogenetic clustering.Thus,naturalized angiosperm species are a phylogenetically clustered subset of all angiosperm species on the QTP,regardless of whether the studied plateau as a whole or its constituent regions are considered.展开更多
Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three conse...Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.展开更多
Under conditions of increasing urbanization, the problem of studying the impact of synanthropic animal species on the functioning of urban ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study was t...Under conditions of increasing urbanization, the problem of studying the impact of synanthropic animal species on the functioning of urban ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the species composition of synanthropic birds and mammals in the urban area of Osh (Kyrgyzstan), assess the degree of their bio-damaging activity, and develop recommendations to minimize their negative impact on various sectors of the urban environment. Field studies conducted in 2023–2024 revealed 22 species of synanthropic birds and 7 species of synanthropic mammals. Among birds, representatives of Columbiformes (3 species), Apodiformes (2 species), and Passeriformes (18 species) were identified, including families Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Sturnidae, Corvidae, Turdidae, Paridae, Passeridae, Fringillidae, and Emberizidae. All recorded mammal species belonged to Rodentia, represented by the families Gliridae, Cricetidae, Gerbillidae, and Muridae. Most of these species are closely related to human activities, including obligate and facultative synanthropes (23 species) successfully adapted to anthropogenic landscapes. There are also pseudosynanthropes (6 species) that occur in populated areas but are not directly dependent on humans. The analysis showed that synanthropic species cause considerable damage to urban agriculture, infrastructure, and utilities. Major impacts include crop destruction, deterioration of monuments, damage to networks, and disease transmission. Special attention was paid to Meriones libycus, Ellobius tancrei, and Dryomys nitedula, recently identified as synanthropic species in Kyrgyz cities. Their inclusion provides new insights into urban ecosystem dynamics. The study proposes integrated control measures, including mechanical, chemical, and biological methods for effective management of bio-damaging species.展开更多
Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and...Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.展开更多
In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific var...In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific variations in abdominal striping patterns and structures of the syntergosternite and hypandrial apodeme.Photographic illustrations of these variations are also provided.A key to the 7 species of the group in China is presented.展开更多
Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies ha...Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies have examined the role of canopy structural heterogeneity,which is a defining feature of forests,in shaping SGDCs.Here,we determine what factors contribute toα-andβ-species–genetic diversity correlations(i.e.,α-andβ-SGDCs)in a Chinese subtropical forest.For this purpose,we used neutral molecular markers to assess genetic variation in almost all adult individuals of the dominant tree species,Lithocarpus xylocarpus,across plots in the Ailaoshan National Natural Reserve.We also quantified microhabitat variation by quantifying canopy structure heterogeneity with airborne laser scanning on 201-ha subtropical forest plots.We found that speciesα-diversity was negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.Canopy structural heterogeneity was positively correlated with speciesα-diversity but negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.These contrasting effects contributed to the formation of a negativeα-SGDC.Further,we found that canopy structural heterogeneity increases speciesα-diversity and decreases geneticα-diversity by reducing the population size of target species.Speciesβ-diversity,in contrast,was positively correlated with geneticβ-diversity.Differences in canopy structural heterogeneity between plots had non-linear parallel effects on the two levels ofβ-diversity,while geographic distance had a relatively weak effect onβ-SGDC.Our study indicates that canopy structural heterogeneity simultaneously affects plot-level community species diversity and population genetic diversity,and species and genetic turnover across plots,thus drivingα-andβ-SGDCs.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170022)the 2023 Biodiversity Monitoring-special Investigation of Wild Fungi Issued by Chuxiong Management Bureau of Yunnan Ailao Mountains National Nature Reserve,the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project(2019HJ2096001006)the“Investigation of Macrofungi of Maguan County”Issued by Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.
文摘The informal term‘dahongjun’or‘big red mushroom’is a group of red-coloured russulas widely collected and consumed in southern China,originally mistakenly recognized as the European Russula vinosa.Russula griseocarnosa was described from China in 2009,and since then,it has become the only available scientific name for‘dahongjun’.Nevertheless,several lineages exist within this complex,and whether these lineages represent real species is still an open question.Sampling in major producing areas of‘dahongjun’and phylogenetic species recognition using multi-locus data were conducted.Besides R.griseocarnosa nine additional species were identified under the commercial name‘dahongjun’,including R.dhakuriana,R.quercina,R.purpureozonata,R.yanheensis and a new species sister to R.griseocarnosa here described as R.occulta.The others were undescribed species close to R.laricina,R.lepida,and R.purpureozonata respectively.Six evolutionary lineages within R.griseocarnosa were defined by genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition based on five-locus DNA data.Conflicts among different genealogies suggested that R.griseocarnosa is best considered as a single phylogenetic species,comprising several infraspecific taxa.Lower coverage whole genome sequencing of R.griseocarnosa holotype discovered that its three individuals belong to three different clades.Lectotypification was made using one of the three individuals.A new variety R.griseocarnosa var.ailaoshanensis is described to name one of the terminal clades that is mainly distributed in Ailao Mountains.This variety differs morphologically from the type variety in its nearly white context,bigger spores and more inflated hyphae in the pileipellis.The morphological and molecular data provided in this study are helpful to identify wild edible mushrooms of Russula subgen.Russula.
文摘Soil bacteria are integral to ecosystem functioning,significantly contributing to nutrients cycling and organic matter decomposition,and enhancing soil structure.This research considered the composition and dynamics of soil bacterial communities under different vegetation types(native Quercus brantii Lindl.and Amygdalus scoparia Spach,and non-native Pinus eldarica Medw.and Cupressus arizonica Greene.)in Zagros mountain area of Iran.This study involved a comparative analysis of soil culturable heterotrophic bacterial communities in spring(wet season)and summer(dry season)to clarify the effects of seasonal changes and vegetation on the dynamics of soil microorganisms.Soil samples were randomly collected under the canopies of various tree species and a control area,yielding a total of 48 composite samples analyzed for bacterial composition.Results indicated that 11 Gram-negative(e.g.,Citrobacter freundii,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella oxytoca,Klebsiella pneumoniae,etc.)and 2 Gram-positive(Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus)bacteria were identified,showing significant seasonal variation.Specifically,53.85%of bacterial species were common to both seasons,with notable shifts in community composition observed between spring and summer,highlighting a higher abundance of Gram-negative species in spring.Bacterial community structure was significantly influenced by vegetation type,with various tree species shaping distinct microbial assemblages.Moreover,Pearson's correlations revealed that soil properties,particularly pH,phosphorus,and moisture content,were critical drivers of bacterial diversity and abundance.Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of soil bacterial communities in response to seasonal and vegetation changes,emphasizing the importance of repeated temporal sampling for accurate assessments of microbial diversity.Understanding these microbial dynamics is essential for improving soil management strategies and enhancing ecosystem resilience,particularly in arid and semi-arid areas where environmental fluctuations play a pivotal role.This research not only confirms our hypotheses but also enhances our understanding of soil biogeochemical processes and informs future vegetation management practices.
文摘[Objectives]To provide a reference for the efficient use of wild Paeonia suffruticosa germplasm resources and the scientific selection of parents.[Methods]This study systematically evaluated cross-compatibility by conducting interspecific crosses among the major wild species subsect.Delavayanae(Paeonia delavayi,Paeonia lutea,Paeonia potaninii,and Paeonia ludlowii)as well as reciprocal crosses between these species and cultivated varieties from the subsect.Vaginatae.[Results]Crosses among P.delavayi,P.lutea,and P.potaninii generally exhibited good seed set,with the resulting seeds showing a high emergence rate.In contrast,crosses involving P.ludlowii as a parent produced only a limited number of seeds,none of which germinated.In crosses with cultivated varieties where the wild species served as the maternal parent,the average seed set ranked as follows:P.lutea>P.delavayi>P.ludlowii>P.potaninii.When wild species were used as paternal parent,the average seed set ranked as follows:P.potaninii>P.lutea>P.delavayi>P.ludlowii.On the whole,most crosses between wild species of subsect.Delavayanae and cultivated varieties achieved normal seed set,demonstrating a certain degree of cross-compatibility.However,when the wild species served as the maternal parent,both the seed set and seedling emergence rate were superior to those in the reciprocal crosses(with wild species as the paternal parent).[Conclusions]Significant differences in cross-compatibility were observed among species within Paeonia subsect.Delavayanae.In addition,a significant maternal effect was identified in crosses between wild species of this subsection and cultivated varieties.These findings suggest that by selecting highly compatible combinations,there remains considerable potential for utilizing these wild species in peony breeding.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2024YFA1509600)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22474010 and 22274012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2233300007)。
文摘Ferroptosis has exhibited great potential in therapies and intracellular reducing agents of sulfur species(RSSs) in the thiol-dependent redox systems are crucial in ferroptosis.This makes the simultaneous detection of multiple RSSs significant for evaluating ferroptosis therapy.However,the traditional techniques,including fluorescent(FL) imaging and electrospray ionization-based mass spectrometry(MS) detection,cannot achieve the discrimination of different RSSs.Herein,simultaneous MS detection of multiple RSSs,including cysteine(Cys),homocysteine(Hcy),glutathione(GSH) and hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S),was obtained upon enhancing ionization efficiency by a fluorescent probe(NBD-O-1).Based on the interaction between NBD-O-1 and RSSs,the complex of RSSs with a fragment of NBD-O-1 can be generated,which can be easily ionized for MS detection in the negative mode.Therefore,the intracellular RSSs can be well detected upon the incubation of He La cells with the probe of NBD-O-1,exhibiting the total RSS levels by the FL imaging and further providing expression of each RSS by enhanced MS detection.Furthermore,the RSSs during ferroptosis in He La cells have been evaluated using the present strategy,demonstrating the potential for ferroptosis examinations.This work has made an unconventional application of a fluorescent probe to enhance the detection of multiple RSSs by MS,providing significant molecular information for addressing the ferroptosis mechanism.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374259)the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Mineral Processing Science and Technology,China(No.BGRIMM-KJSKL-2023-11)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province,China(No.202302 AF080004)。
文摘It is difficult to recover chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation which is closely related to the mineral surface composition.In this study,the effects of fluoride roasting on the surface composition of chrysocolla were investigated,its impact on sulfidation flotation was explored,and the mechanisms involved in both fluoride roasting and sulfidation flotation were discussed.With CaF_(2)as the roasting reagent,Na_(2)S·9H_(2)O as the sulfidation reagent,and sodium butyl xanthate(NaBX)as the collector,the results of the flotation experiments showed that fluoride roasting improved the floatability of chrysocolla,and the recovery rate increased from 16.87%to 82.74%.X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that after fluoride roasting,approximately all the Cu on the chrysocolla surface was exposed in the form of CuO,which could provide a basis for subsequent sulfidation flotation.The microscopy and elemental analyses revealed that large quantities of"pagoda-like"grains were observed on the sulfidation surface of the fluoride-roasted chrysocolla,indicating high crystallinity particles of copper sulfide.This suggests that the effect of sulfide formation on the chrysocolla surface was more pronounced.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that fluoride roasting increased the relative contents of sulfur and copper on the surface and that both the Cu~+and polysulfide fractions on the surface of the minerals increased.This enhances the effect of sulfidation,which is conducive to flotation recovery.Therefore,fluoride roasting improved the effect of copper species transformation and sulfidation on the surface of chysocolla,promoted the adsorption of collectors,and improved the recovery of chrysocolla from sulfidation flotation.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.B2024203026)the Yanzhao Golden Platform Talent Project(Education Platform)of Hebei Province(No.HJYB202517)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U22A20403,22006128)the Open Foundation of MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,North China Electric Power University(No.KLRE-KF202308).
文摘Successfully generating reactive oxygen species(ROS)in a targeted and efficient manner for the detoxification of chlorinated organic pollutants(CPs)is a significant and demanding challenge.Herein,we present an in-situ photoreduction strategy to fabricate a composite of palladium(Pd)nanoparticles anchored few-layer carbon nitride nanosheets(Pd-CN).This innovative Pd-CN is then leveraged to activate peroxymonosulfate(PMS)in pursuit of our objective.The incorporation of Pd nanoparticles enhances PMS absorption and targets its terminal oxygen,thereby aiding in the cleavage of the O-O bond.This process generates crucial intermediates,including adsorbed hydroxyl radicals(*OH)and adsorbed atomic oxygen(O*),which are essential for the production of ^(1)O_(2).Consequently,the Pd-CN catalyst demonstrates strong preference for ^(1)O_(2) generation during the PMS activation process,successfully degrading over 95%of pollutants such as 4-chlorophenol(4-CP),2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP),and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol(2,4,6-TCP)within just 20 min.Additionally,the catalyst exhibits total organic carbon(TOC)removal rates ranging from 49.4%to 31.4%,while the rates for de-chlorination fall between 68.6%and 72.7%.A subsequent continuous-flow treatment experiment has confirmed the application potential of this system,demonstrating consistent catalytic activity for up to 8 h.This promising technique presents an efficient strategy for addressing the high toxicity of chlorinated organic pollutants in contaminated water.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China (2023MS03027)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860185 and 31160141)
文摘Distributions of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)relaxation times provide detailed information about the water in wood.This study documents the water dynamics analysis of T_(2)and T_(1)distributions for saturated delignified sapwood(DSW),delignified heartwood(DHW)and lignocellulose(LC)samples at different temperatures.Results indicate that below the freezing point of bulk water,free water freezes,causing its signal to disappear from the distribution.Then,the low temperature distributions of the unfrozen bound water contain more information about its components,with DSW,DHW and LC containing two distinct states of bound water(OH bound water(B-water)and more freely bound water(C-water)).Furthermore,it was observed that within the temperature range of−3°C to−60°C,B-water in DSW,DHW and LC maintained a higher unfrozen water content(UWC)value than C-water,and the T_(1)/T_(2)ratios for B-water were consistently higher than that for C-water,indicating that B-water has a greater antifreeze capacity.T_(2)and T_(1)distributions offer different kinds of information about water components,and all peaks within the distribution have been assigned.
基金supported by the Key Program of National Science of China(Grant No.:42030509 and 42141005)。
文摘The latitudinal diversity gradient(LDG)is one of the most notable biodiversity patterns in biogeography.The metabolic theory of ecology(MTE)explains ecological patterns,including the LDG.However,little is known about whether the LDG remains stable over time as climate warming progresses and whether MTE remains applicable to clarify this pattern.In this study,forest data spanning temperate,subtropical,and tropical zones across China were used to analyze long-term changes in the LDG of tree species over 2005-2020.Based on the MTE framework,spatial scales were considered to assess temperature dependence of typical forest trees species.Our results show that species richness decreased with increasing latitude,and that temperature was the primary driver of this change.Although temperature in China has significantly increased over the past two decades,the LDG of tree species has remained stable.However,there was a decrease in species richness in tropical regions over time.With predictions of the MTE,the logarithm of typical forest tree species richness exhibited negative linear relationships with the inverse of ambient temperature,indicating temperature dependence of species richness.However,the relationship remained stable and was strongly influenced by spatial scale,intensifying as spatial scale increased.The findings emphasize the important role of temperature in shaping the LDG.The effects of spatial scale,in particular,should be considered when biodiversity management plans are developed for future climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32130068,32271634,and 32071597)CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture,Institute of Applied Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLFES-2025)。
文摘Urban forests are highly multifunctional and provide numerous ecological functions.Plant functional traits individually or jointly influence the ecological multifunctionality of tree species(TS-EMF)and can also modify TSEMF in response to environmental changes.However,there has been limited exploration of multitrait combinations for predicting TS-EMF across seasons and of trait thresholds that enhance TS-EMF.Here,for 10 dominant tree species in urban forests of Northeast China,14 traits were measured and four aboveground and three belowground ecological functions assessed in three seasons.Ecological functions and TS-EMF differed significantly throughout the seasons(P<0.05).Synergistic relationships were found between carbon sequestration and oxygen release,between cooling and humidification,and between organic carbon accumulation and nutrient cycling.Notably,aboveground multifunctionality played a leading role in TS-EMF.With seasonal changes,resource allocation shifted toward traits related to resource acquisition rather than conservation to maintain TS-EMF.The combination of traits that predicted TS-EMF varied by type,accounting for up to 66.45%of the variation.TS-EMF was primarily driven by leaf structure in spring and by nutrient accumulation in autumn.Leaf carbon content(LCC)consistently served as a stabilizing factor for predicting TS-EMF across seasons.At 36.5-36.8 mg g^(-1),LCC had its optimal effect on TS-EMF.Other traits in combination that positively influence total TS-EMF include leaf nitrogen content(3.43-3.45 mg g^(-1)),leaf phosphorus content(0.80-0.83 mg g^(-1)),and leaf area(65.86-68.43 cm^(2)).Within these specified trait thresholds,Morus alba and Quercus mongolica were identified as key species.These findings suggest that the trade-off between various ecological functions can be managed by altering plant traits across seasons.This approach could provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the TS-EMF of urban forests through trait-based management,offering practical guidance for selecting tree species.
基金supported by grants from the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(2019QZKK0502)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20050203)+4 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan joint fund to support key projects(U1802232)the Major Program for Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province(202101BC070002)the Yunnan Young&Elite Talents Project(YNWR-QNBJ-2019-033)the Ten Thousand Talents Program of Yunnan Province(202005AB160005)the Chinese Academy of Sciences“Light of West China”Program.
文摘The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)is the highest and one of the most extensive plateaus in the world.Investigating naturalized non-native plant species composition,phylogenetic relationships among naturalized plant species,and phylogenetic relationships between native and naturalized plant species on the plateau is of great importance.Here,we analyze a comprehensive dataset including all species of native and naturalized vascular plants known to occur in the core part of the QTP.We use net relatedness index(NRI)and nearest taxon index(NTI),which reflect deep and shallow evolutionary histories,respectively,to quantify phylogenetic relatedness among angiosperm species.The QTP included in this study(1,448,815 km^(2))has 9086 and 314 species of native and naturalized non-native vascular plants,respectively.We find that the naturalized angiosperm species are phylogenetically clustered with respect to the species pool including all native and naturalized angiosperm species on the QTP included in this study,regardless of whether NRI or NTI is used.For the eight regions within the QTP included in this study,NRI and NTI of naturalized angiosperms are positive in seven regions with respect to their respective regional species pools,reflecting phylogenetic clustering.Thus,naturalized angiosperm species are a phylogenetically clustered subset of all angiosperm species on the QTP,regardless of whether the studied plateau as a whole or its constituent regions are considered.
文摘Non-selective hunting of waterbirds poses a significant challenge in biodiversity-rich areas such as Important Bird Areas (IBAs), where protected and game species congregate. Here, we present evidence from three consecutive hunting seasons spanning autumn 2021 to spring 2024 at a Natura 2000 site in western Poland, based on analyses of hunting bag photographs, local hunting records, and standardized bird monitoring data. We recorded 1331 hunted individuals from 14 species, 43% of which are protected under national or EU legislation. Among these was the Vulnerable Common Pochard (Aythya ferina), listed on the IUCN Red List. For nearly all species, harvest rates exceeded the sustainable thresholds defined by BirdLife International. Statistical comparisons between species' environmental abundance and their representation in hunting bags indicated no selectivity in shooting, pointing to indiscriminate hunting practices. Simultaneous waterbird monitoring (2018–2024) revealed steep declines in the local waterbird community and a marked decrease in Common Crane (Grus grus) numbers, with average autumn roost counts dropping from over 2000 individuals prior to hunting to 320 during hunting seasons. Although causality cannot be directly confirmed, these patterns suggest substantial disturbance effects. Our findings demonstrate the impracticality of selective hunting in species-rich wetland refuges and highlight the systematic killing of protected species. We recommend banning waterbird hunting in IBAs and implementing mandatory bird identification training and certification for hunters to reduce unintended impacts on vulnerable species.
文摘Under conditions of increasing urbanization, the problem of studying the impact of synanthropic animal species on the functioning of urban ecosystems is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the species composition of synanthropic birds and mammals in the urban area of Osh (Kyrgyzstan), assess the degree of their bio-damaging activity, and develop recommendations to minimize their negative impact on various sectors of the urban environment. Field studies conducted in 2023–2024 revealed 22 species of synanthropic birds and 7 species of synanthropic mammals. Among birds, representatives of Columbiformes (3 species), Apodiformes (2 species), and Passeriformes (18 species) were identified, including families Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Sturnidae, Corvidae, Turdidae, Paridae, Passeridae, Fringillidae, and Emberizidae. All recorded mammal species belonged to Rodentia, represented by the families Gliridae, Cricetidae, Gerbillidae, and Muridae. Most of these species are closely related to human activities, including obligate and facultative synanthropes (23 species) successfully adapted to anthropogenic landscapes. There are also pseudosynanthropes (6 species) that occur in populated areas but are not directly dependent on humans. The analysis showed that synanthropic species cause considerable damage to urban agriculture, infrastructure, and utilities. Major impacts include crop destruction, deterioration of monuments, damage to networks, and disease transmission. Special attention was paid to Meriones libycus, Ellobius tancrei, and Dryomys nitedula, recently identified as synanthropic species in Kyrgyz cities. Their inclusion provides new insights into urban ecosystem dynamics. The study proposes integrated control measures, including mechanical, chemical, and biological methods for effective management of bio-damaging species.
文摘Reactive oxygen species(ROS),including singlet oxygen(^(1)O_(2)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),and superoxide anions(O_(2)^(·-)),are highly reactive molecules that play central roles in many chemical,biological,and environmental processes due to their strong oxidative power[1].Generating ROS in a controlled manner under mild conditions is essential for achieving selective oxidation reactions.Light-driven methods are especially appealing for this purpose,as they offer precise control over where and when ROS are produced.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160128)。
文摘In the Homoneura(Homoneura)picta group,H.(H.)dahanshanensis Liu&Shi,sp.nov.is described as new to science and H.(H.)picta(de Meijere,1904)is supplemented with detailed descriptions of significant intraspecific variations in abdominal striping patterns and structures of the syntergosternite and hypandrial apodeme.Photographic illustrations of these variations are also provided.A key to the 7 species of the group in China is presented.
基金funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31000000)the Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Province (U1902203)+1 种基金Major Program for Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province (202101BC070002)Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (151C53KYSB20200019)
文摘Patterns and drivers of species–genetic diversity correlations(SGDCs)have been broadly examined across taxa and ecosystems and greatly deepen our understanding of how biodiversity is maintained.However,few studies have examined the role of canopy structural heterogeneity,which is a defining feature of forests,in shaping SGDCs.Here,we determine what factors contribute toα-andβ-species–genetic diversity correlations(i.e.,α-andβ-SGDCs)in a Chinese subtropical forest.For this purpose,we used neutral molecular markers to assess genetic variation in almost all adult individuals of the dominant tree species,Lithocarpus xylocarpus,across plots in the Ailaoshan National Natural Reserve.We also quantified microhabitat variation by quantifying canopy structure heterogeneity with airborne laser scanning on 201-ha subtropical forest plots.We found that speciesα-diversity was negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.Canopy structural heterogeneity was positively correlated with speciesα-diversity but negatively correlated with geneticα-diversity.These contrasting effects contributed to the formation of a negativeα-SGDC.Further,we found that canopy structural heterogeneity increases speciesα-diversity and decreases geneticα-diversity by reducing the population size of target species.Speciesβ-diversity,in contrast,was positively correlated with geneticβ-diversity.Differences in canopy structural heterogeneity between plots had non-linear parallel effects on the two levels ofβ-diversity,while geographic distance had a relatively weak effect onβ-SGDC.Our study indicates that canopy structural heterogeneity simultaneously affects plot-level community species diversity and population genetic diversity,and species and genetic turnover across plots,thus drivingα-andβ-SGDCs.
