This text examines how globalization has reshaped global economic dynamics,emphasizing its role in weakening nation-states and fueling trade conflicts.It argues that globalization,driven by multinational corporations(...This text examines how globalization has reshaped global economic dynamics,emphasizing its role in weakening nation-states and fueling trade conflicts.It argues that globalization,driven by multinational corporations(MNCs),financial deregulation,and supranational organizations,has eroded state sovereignty by shifting power to global actors whose interests transcend national borders.The rise of trade conflicts-manifested in disputes over subsidies,dumping,market access barriers,and geopolitical tensions-is traced to the clash between liberalized trade policies and states’efforts to protect domestic industries and social cohesion.The World Trade Organization(WTO)is analyzed as a key institution for resolving disputes,though its mechanisms face criticism for bias toward wealthy nations,procedural inefficiencies,and an inability to address systemic issues like currency manipulation or environmental degradation.Case studies(e.g.,agricultural subsidies,US-Japan trade deficits)illustrate the complexities of modern trade wars.The text concludes with recommendations for reforming global governance,including strengthening the WTO’s authority,addressing power imbalances,integrating social and environmental standards,and enhancing developing nations’capacity to negotiate.Ultimately,it underscores the paradox of globalization:while driving growth,it exacerbates inequalities and destabilizes traditional state-centric frameworks.展开更多
Taking the cooperation between China and Pakistan as an example,this paper expounds on the current situation,governance concept,obstacles to cooperation,and differentiated policies of Western countries in the areas of...Taking the cooperation between China and Pakistan as an example,this paper expounds on the current situation,governance concept,obstacles to cooperation,and differentiated policies of Western countries in the areas of cybersecurity,the role of new e-commerce platforms,and digital sovereignty of BRICS countries.It aims to promote inter-governmental cooperation through civil dialogue and lead information technology cooperation among developing countries through the BRICS mechanism,as well as to collaborate to establish guidelines for global cybersecurity,new e-commerce platforms,and digital sovereignty.展开更多
This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy trans...This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.展开更多
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legisla...The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legislation to establish their data sovereignty,they are also actively engaging in the negotiation of cross-border data flow rules within international trade agreements to construct data sovereignty.During these negotiations,countries express differing regulatory claims,with some focusing on safeguarding sovereignty and protecting human rights,some prioritizing economic promotion and security assurance,and others targeting traditional and innovative digital trade barriers.These varied approaches reflect the tension between three pairs of values:collectivism and individualism,freedom and security,and tradition and innovation.Based on their distinct value pursuits,three representative models of data sovereignty construction have emerged globally.At the current juncture,when international rules for digital trade are still in their nascent stages,China should timely establish its data sovereignty rules,actively participate in global data sovereignty competition,and balance its sovereignty interests with other interests.Specifically,China should explore the scope of system-acceptable digital trade barriers through free trade zones;integrate domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure the alignment of China’s data governance legislation with its obligations under international trade agreements;and use the development of the“Digital Silk Road”as a starting point to prioritize the formation of digital trade rules with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative,promoting the Chinese solutions internationally.展开更多
This article advocates for a transformative approach to food and agriculture that challenges market-driven practices, promoting a more equitable, sustainable, and locally controlled food system. It emphasizes the role...This article advocates for a transformative approach to food and agriculture that challenges market-driven practices, promoting a more equitable, sustainable, and locally controlled food system. It emphasizes the role of grassroots movements in reclaiming agricultural practices that prioritize human and environmental needs over corporate interests. Key concepts include agroecology, a holistic farming approach that enhances resilience and social equity, and critical agroecology, which critiques the mainstream focus on food security and promotes food sovereignty to ensure local control. The article also discusses the recognition of agroecology by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2014, yet highlights the constraints imposed by market frameworks that limit its effectiveness in addressing hunger and climate change. It identifies the paradox of increased food production alongside rising hunger, attributing this to access issues rather than availability, and critiques the capitalist agricultural model for fostering environmental degradation and social inequity. Methodologically, the study involved a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed works from the last 10-15 years to explore themes related to market logic, food sovereignty, and agroecology. Findings were organized into three main areas: the impact of market-driven practices, principles of food sovereignty, and community-led transitions to agroecological practices. The article concludes by calling for a shift towards critical agroecology and food sovereignty, recommending policy reforms, and highlighting the importance of grassroots initiatives for building resilient food systems.展开更多
The Arab Spring in the spring of 2011 soon brought the Middle East into an abyss of chaos, instability, terrorism and civil war. Over the past six years, the Syria conflict in some areas tended to cool down. President...The Arab Spring in the spring of 2011 soon brought the Middle East into an abyss of chaos, instability, terrorism and civil war. Over the past six years, the Syria conflict in some areas tended to cool down. President Trump reached an agreement with Russian President Putin on building a new ＂conflict relegation zone＂ on July 7, 2017. After three years of hard fighting, Iraq liberated Mosul on July 9, 2017. Full restoration of territorial integrity is just around the comer. ISIS lost Mosul, and was trapped in Racca. Further loss of land and territory is just a matter of time.展开更多
This paper discusses one of the contemporary challenging issues--it is the challenge of e-commerce to the sovereignty of the state, where governments are unable to implement their own laws on disputed cases resulting ...This paper discusses one of the contemporary challenging issues--it is the challenge of e-commerce to the sovereignty of the state, where governments are unable to implement their own laws on disputed cases resulting from trans-border e-commerce interactions. The objective of the current research is to draw attention to the impact of international characteristics of e-commerce on the sovereignty of state, and to identify the factors affecting this sovereignty. The issue of the dynamieity of time and place will be taken into consideration, where activities carded out over the internet are characterized by their cross-border dimension. Based on real e-commerce case studies disputed on international level, this paper will draw on the legal perspective of cyberspace, identifying the relationship between cyberspace and state sovereignty, and outlining the mechanisms by which cyberspace could cross borders and the territory of the state despite all the precautions taken by the state to protect its sovereignty.展开更多
The relationship between human lights and sovereignty is a key theoretical and practical issue that has aroused heated debate in the international human lights field. What are the viewpoints and positions of Western c...The relationship between human lights and sovereignty is a key theoretical and practical issue that has aroused heated debate in the international human lights field. What are the viewpoints and positions of Western countries and developing countries on this issue？ What is the deeply rooted reason for this debate？ How can the relationship between the two be properly handled？ This article will analyze these questions.展开更多
Formally, national sovereignty can be identified as hard and soft;social-structurally,it consists of politi- cal sovereignty, economic sovereignty and cultural sovereignty. With the globalization of world economy,na- ...Formally, national sovereignty can be identified as hard and soft;social-structurally,it consists of politi- cal sovereignty, economic sovereignty and cultural sovereignty. With the globalization of world economy,na- tional sovereignty is changing.Our country is now confronted by three major challenges: the independence of economic sovereignty,the integrity of political sovereignty and the equality of cultural sovereignty. This research probes how to maximize national benefits under globalization.展开更多
This paper re-examines the status quo of China's territorial sovereignty security from a strategic perspective.Territory is the most basic physical where-about for a country to express national sovereignty.It is t...This paper re-examines the status quo of China's territorial sovereignty security from a strategic perspective.Territory is the most basic physical where-about for a country to express national sovereignty.It is the territory that the national sovereignty derives its physical basis from.In the context of globalization,however, the traditional national territorial sovereignty space is continually squeezed and constrained,but the national territorial sovereignty is still the cornerstone of the international relations.And the inviolability of national territorial sovereignty is still the most important principle of modern international law.In this regard,the primary goal of Chinese national security today remains as a goal to safeguard the unification,integrity and security of China's territorial sovereignty.At present,the integrity,unification and security of Chinese national territorial sovereignty have yet to be achieved on the strategic level.As one of China's basic national conditions,it should be taken seriously and paid adequate strategic attentions.展开更多
Universalization of human rights is the result of reviewing World War II and the proof of the advancement of human civilization. Nevertheless, practice and protection of human rights have always challenged state autho...Universalization of human rights is the result of reviewing World War II and the proof of the advancement of human civilization. Nevertheless, practice and protection of human rights have always challenged state authority under the context of sovereignty. The expansion of the international human rights law has reflected a growing need to reexamine state authority in terms of sovereignty legitimacy, and to place further consideration on the legitimacy of multilateral efforts.This paper argues that(1) a unique attribute of the right to peace is that the subject to fulfilling the right is an individual as well as a state. It also drives a dilemma: while sustaining the right is the duty of a state, the state’s assisting its citizens to the practice of the right to peace might be conflicting to the fulfillment of state authority;(2) it results from the view that the state is regarded as the only subject to practice the right. As such, the state might be more likely to include individuals to practice the right from a higher vision, and deal with possible disputes between the personal right to peace and the common interest in society through the rule of law. The findings further suggest that(3) a main determinant of effect in practice of the right to peace concerns how multilateral and state actors addressing the legitimate problem determines the practice of human rights norms and the compatibility between international norms and state authority.(4) The evolution from military conflicts to peaceful development across the Taiwan Strait is a concrete practice of the right to peace.展开更多
Computing power,algorithms and data are the core factors for the digital economy.According to figures from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,as of the end of June,China had built 10.85 million standa...Computing power,algorithms and data are the core factors for the digital economy.According to figures from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,as of the end of June,China had built 10.85 million standard racks,and its intelligent computing power had reached 788 EFLOPS,an indicator of system speed equaling 1 quintillion floatingpoint calculations per second.China tops the global large language model count with 1,509 models having been released.展开更多
The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this f...The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.展开更多
This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical...This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.展开更多
What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organis...What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed)in China’s Hong Kong on 30 May is much more than a diplomatic novelty.It is a strategic recalibration of how the Global South,particularly African nations,might resolve disputes without surrendering sovereignty or dignity.展开更多
文摘This text examines how globalization has reshaped global economic dynamics,emphasizing its role in weakening nation-states and fueling trade conflicts.It argues that globalization,driven by multinational corporations(MNCs),financial deregulation,and supranational organizations,has eroded state sovereignty by shifting power to global actors whose interests transcend national borders.The rise of trade conflicts-manifested in disputes over subsidies,dumping,market access barriers,and geopolitical tensions-is traced to the clash between liberalized trade policies and states’efforts to protect domestic industries and social cohesion.The World Trade Organization(WTO)is analyzed as a key institution for resolving disputes,though its mechanisms face criticism for bias toward wealthy nations,procedural inefficiencies,and an inability to address systemic issues like currency manipulation or environmental degradation.Case studies(e.g.,agricultural subsidies,US-Japan trade deficits)illustrate the complexities of modern trade wars.The text concludes with recommendations for reforming global governance,including strengthening the WTO’s authority,addressing power imbalances,integrating social and environmental standards,and enhancing developing nations’capacity to negotiate.Ultimately,it underscores the paradox of globalization:while driving growth,it exacerbates inequalities and destabilizes traditional state-centric frameworks.
文摘Taking the cooperation between China and Pakistan as an example,this paper expounds on the current situation,governance concept,obstacles to cooperation,and differentiated policies of Western countries in the areas of cybersecurity,the role of new e-commerce platforms,and digital sovereignty of BRICS countries.It aims to promote inter-governmental cooperation through civil dialogue and lead information technology cooperation among developing countries through the BRICS mechanism,as well as to collaborate to establish guidelines for global cybersecurity,new e-commerce platforms,and digital sovereignty.
文摘This study explores the epistemic imperative to decolonize African education systems by centering indigenous philosophies such as Ubuntu and introducing the Ubuntu Pedagogy as a pedagogical model.Ubuntu pedagogy transforms teacher-learner relationships,it provides a replicable model for relational learning,community partnerships,and reassert the dignity of indigenous epistemologies.The paper examines how language,knowledge production,and pedagogy can be restructured to reflect African epistemologies and educational sovereignty.This research also explores the relationship between mother tongue instruction and cognitive access to learning.Through a qualitative literature analysis of case studies and African scholarly discourse,this paper highlights the continued marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and the need to embed culturally relevant teaching methodologies.The findings support the broader question of whether there exists an epistemological base for knowledge independence or production within African and Afro-Diasporic contexts,revealing culturally coherent frameworks of learning that resist colonial dominance and an exploration of reclaiming African indigenous knowledge systems for educational and cultural sovereignty.
基金This paper is a phased result of the“Research on the Issue of China’s Data Export System”(24SFB3035)a research project of the Ministry of Justice of China on the construction of the rule of law and the study of legal theories at the ministerial level in 2024.
文摘The Fourth Industrial Revolution has endowed the concept of state sovereignty with new era-specific connotations,leading to the emergence of the theory of data sovereignty.While countries refine their domestic legislation to establish their data sovereignty,they are also actively engaging in the negotiation of cross-border data flow rules within international trade agreements to construct data sovereignty.During these negotiations,countries express differing regulatory claims,with some focusing on safeguarding sovereignty and protecting human rights,some prioritizing economic promotion and security assurance,and others targeting traditional and innovative digital trade barriers.These varied approaches reflect the tension between three pairs of values:collectivism and individualism,freedom and security,and tradition and innovation.Based on their distinct value pursuits,three representative models of data sovereignty construction have emerged globally.At the current juncture,when international rules for digital trade are still in their nascent stages,China should timely establish its data sovereignty rules,actively participate in global data sovereignty competition,and balance its sovereignty interests with other interests.Specifically,China should explore the scope of system-acceptable digital trade barriers through free trade zones;integrate domestic and international legal frameworks to ensure the alignment of China’s data governance legislation with its obligations under international trade agreements;and use the development of the“Digital Silk Road”as a starting point to prioritize the formation of digital trade rules with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative,promoting the Chinese solutions internationally.
文摘This article advocates for a transformative approach to food and agriculture that challenges market-driven practices, promoting a more equitable, sustainable, and locally controlled food system. It emphasizes the role of grassroots movements in reclaiming agricultural practices that prioritize human and environmental needs over corporate interests. Key concepts include agroecology, a holistic farming approach that enhances resilience and social equity, and critical agroecology, which critiques the mainstream focus on food security and promotes food sovereignty to ensure local control. The article also discusses the recognition of agroecology by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2014, yet highlights the constraints imposed by market frameworks that limit its effectiveness in addressing hunger and climate change. It identifies the paradox of increased food production alongside rising hunger, attributing this to access issues rather than availability, and critiques the capitalist agricultural model for fostering environmental degradation and social inequity. Methodologically, the study involved a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, focusing on peer-reviewed works from the last 10-15 years to explore themes related to market logic, food sovereignty, and agroecology. Findings were organized into three main areas: the impact of market-driven practices, principles of food sovereignty, and community-led transitions to agroecological practices. The article concludes by calling for a shift towards critical agroecology and food sovereignty, recommending policy reforms, and highlighting the importance of grassroots initiatives for building resilient food systems.
文摘The Arab Spring in the spring of 2011 soon brought the Middle East into an abyss of chaos, instability, terrorism and civil war. Over the past six years, the Syria conflict in some areas tended to cool down. President Trump reached an agreement with Russian President Putin on building a new ＂conflict relegation zone＂ on July 7, 2017. After three years of hard fighting, Iraq liberated Mosul on July 9, 2017. Full restoration of territorial integrity is just around the comer. ISIS lost Mosul, and was trapped in Racca. Further loss of land and territory is just a matter of time.
文摘This paper discusses one of the contemporary challenging issues--it is the challenge of e-commerce to the sovereignty of the state, where governments are unable to implement their own laws on disputed cases resulting from trans-border e-commerce interactions. The objective of the current research is to draw attention to the impact of international characteristics of e-commerce on the sovereignty of state, and to identify the factors affecting this sovereignty. The issue of the dynamieity of time and place will be taken into consideration, where activities carded out over the internet are characterized by their cross-border dimension. Based on real e-commerce case studies disputed on international level, this paper will draw on the legal perspective of cyberspace, identifying the relationship between cyberspace and state sovereignty, and outlining the mechanisms by which cyberspace could cross borders and the territory of the state despite all the precautions taken by the state to protect its sovereignty.
文摘The relationship between human lights and sovereignty is a key theoretical and practical issue that has aroused heated debate in the international human lights field. What are the viewpoints and positions of Western countries and developing countries on this issue？ What is the deeply rooted reason for this debate？ How can the relationship between the two be properly handled？ This article will analyze these questions.
文摘Formally, national sovereignty can be identified as hard and soft;social-structurally,it consists of politi- cal sovereignty, economic sovereignty and cultural sovereignty. With the globalization of world economy,na- tional sovereignty is changing.Our country is now confronted by three major challenges: the independence of economic sovereignty,the integrity of political sovereignty and the equality of cultural sovereignty. This research probes how to maximize national benefits under globalization.
文摘This paper re-examines the status quo of China's territorial sovereignty security from a strategic perspective.Territory is the most basic physical where-about for a country to express national sovereignty.It is the territory that the national sovereignty derives its physical basis from.In the context of globalization,however, the traditional national territorial sovereignty space is continually squeezed and constrained,but the national territorial sovereignty is still the cornerstone of the international relations.And the inviolability of national territorial sovereignty is still the most important principle of modern international law.In this regard,the primary goal of Chinese national security today remains as a goal to safeguard the unification,integrity and security of China's territorial sovereignty.At present,the integrity,unification and security of Chinese national territorial sovereignty have yet to be achieved on the strategic level.As one of China's basic national conditions,it should be taken seriously and paid adequate strategic attentions.
文摘Universalization of human rights is the result of reviewing World War II and the proof of the advancement of human civilization. Nevertheless, practice and protection of human rights have always challenged state authority under the context of sovereignty. The expansion of the international human rights law has reflected a growing need to reexamine state authority in terms of sovereignty legitimacy, and to place further consideration on the legitimacy of multilateral efforts.This paper argues that(1) a unique attribute of the right to peace is that the subject to fulfilling the right is an individual as well as a state. It also drives a dilemma: while sustaining the right is the duty of a state, the state’s assisting its citizens to the practice of the right to peace might be conflicting to the fulfillment of state authority;(2) it results from the view that the state is regarded as the only subject to practice the right. As such, the state might be more likely to include individuals to practice the right from a higher vision, and deal with possible disputes between the personal right to peace and the common interest in society through the rule of law. The findings further suggest that(3) a main determinant of effect in practice of the right to peace concerns how multilateral and state actors addressing the legitimate problem determines the practice of human rights norms and the compatibility between international norms and state authority.(4) The evolution from military conflicts to peaceful development across the Taiwan Strait is a concrete practice of the right to peace.
文摘Computing power,algorithms and data are the core factors for the digital economy.According to figures from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,as of the end of June,China had built 10.85 million standard racks,and its intelligent computing power had reached 788 EFLOPS,an indicator of system speed equaling 1 quintillion floatingpoint calculations per second.China tops the global large language model count with 1,509 models having been released.
文摘The rapid rise of medical AI has outpaced global governance,with the US,EU,and China taking divergent regulatory paths.Existing theories such as regulatory competition and techno-nationalismcannot fully explain this fragmentation.This paper proposes the Regulatory Trilemma of MedicalAI,which posits that no system can simultaneously maximize innovation velocity,rights protection,and national sovereignty.Using comparative case studies and framework analysis,we show that theUS prioritizes innovation speed,the EU emphasizes rights and safety,and China asserts sovereigntythrough state-led data control.These choices generate systemic trade-offs,leading to a“Balka-nization”of global medical AI markets,creating barriers to trade,complicating standard-setting bybodies like the WHO,and threatening health equity.The framework offers a more integrated lensto understand these dynamics and calls for a new global compact to establish baseline principles ofsafety,efficacy,and ethics in medical AI governance.
文摘This article examines the evolution of India’s border laws from colonial to post-colonial periods,analyzing the continuities and transformations in legal frameworks governing territorial boundaries.Through historical-legal analysis of key legislation,policies,and judicial interpretations,the research demonstrates how colonial border regulations-primarily designed for imperial control-have been selectively preserved,modified,or replaced to serve post-independence imperatives.Findings reveal that 62%of colonial border management mechanisms persisted verbatim in post-colonial legislation,while regional variations created overlapping“legal border zones”with differential adaptation rates.The study identifies a significant shift from administrative boundaries toward securitized frontiers,with a 217%increase in religious and ethnic identifiers in post-1947 border legislation.This legal evolution reflects broader tensions between decolonization aspirations and inherited governance structures,creating what Cons(2016)terms“sensitive spaces”where exceptional legal regimes continue to operate.The research contributes to understanding how post-colonial states navigate the paradox of maintaining sovereignty through legal instruments originally designed for imperial control,with implications for borderland populations who experience persistent“legal liminality”despite constitutional protections.
文摘What the newly established mediation body in China’s Hong Kong means for Africa In a world fraying under geopoliti-cal tensions,legal asymmetry,and fragmented global governance,the launch of the International Organisation for Mediation(IOMed)in China’s Hong Kong on 30 May is much more than a diplomatic novelty.It is a strategic recalibration of how the Global South,particularly African nations,might resolve disputes without surrendering sovereignty or dignity.
