From lecture halls in Beijing to villages in the mountains of southwest China,a group of young rural innovators from Global South countries recently embarked on a journey that connected policy thinking,technological p...From lecture halls in Beijing to villages in the mountains of southwest China,a group of young rural innovators from Global South countries recently embarked on a journey that connected policy thinking,technological practice and lived rural experience.展开更多
China provides a compelling reference for how governments can promote global climate governance and sustainable innovative development.SENIOR government officials,technical experts,and policy researchers from 14 devel...China provides a compelling reference for how governments can promote global climate governance and sustainable innovative development.SENIOR government officials,technical experts,and policy researchers from 14 developing countries in Asia,Africa,Latin America,and Pacific Island countries gathered at Tsinghua University(THU),Beijing,on September 1-13,2025 for in-depth study and exchange on“climate finance and low-carbon transformation.”展开更多
Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and ...Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and reanalysis data(MERRA-2)from March 2007 to February 2015(eight years).The horizontal distribution reveals lower cirrus fraction values in the northern SCS and higher values in the southern region,with minima observed in March and April and maxima sequentially occurring in August(northern SCS,NSCS),September(middle SCS,MSCS),and December(southern SCS,SSCS).Vertically,the cirrus fraction peaks in summer and reaches its lowest levels in spring.Opaque cirrus dominates during summer in the NSCS and MSCS,comprising 53.6%and 55.9%,respectively,while the SSCS exhibits a higher frequency of opaque cirrus relative to other cloud types.Subvisible cirrus clouds have the lowest frequency year-round,whereas thin cirrus is most prominent in winter in the NSCS(46.3%)and in spring in the MSCS(45.3%).A case study from September 2021 further explores the influence of ice crystal habits on brightness temperature(BT)over the SCS.Simulations utilizing five ice crystal shapes from the ARTS DDA(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator Discrete Dipole Approximation)database and the RTTOV 12.4 radiative transfer model reveal that the 8-column-aggregate shape best represents BT in the NSCS and SSCS,while the large-block-aggregate shape performs better in the SSCS.展开更多
Polygonal fault systems(PFS),characterized by multi-directional fault patterns within layered sequences,are well-documented features in global continental margin basins.While the geometry and formation mechanisms of P...Polygonal fault systems(PFS),characterized by multi-directional fault patterns within layered sequences,are well-documented features in global continental margin basins.While the geometry and formation mechanisms of PFS have been extensively studied in the northern South China Sea,the PFS in the Zhongjiannan Basin(western South China Sea)remain relatively unexplored,with a lack of quantitative analysis regarding their propagation.This study addresses this gap by using high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)seismic data and conducting a quantitative fault analysis to thoroughly examine the planform,cross-sectional geometry,and evolution of PFS in the northern Zhongjiannan Basin.The absence of a dominant strike direction among these polygonal faults suggests that their evolution is not controlled by anisotropic stress.Our interpretation of seismic data,constrained by the spatial relationship among PFS,gullies,and pockmarks,indicates that PFS mainly developed within the Miocene strata,with their initiation occurring during the late Miocene.Furthermore,the PFS act as key conduits connecting gullies to pockmarks in this area.The formation and development of PFS may be primarily driven by thermally triggered processes within siliceous sediments.The necessary heat source is probably associated with the abundant submarine magmatism observed in the Zhongjiannan Basin.To reconstruct the regional geological history,a four-stage evolutionary model,incorporating the formation of PFS,is presented.This research significantly improves our understanding of the regional geological evolution of the Zhongjiannan Basin,providing critical insights into the initiation and development of PFS in the western South China Sea.展开更多
Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 rea...Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to explore the variations in seasonal cycles and thermal comfort characteristics on the island. The observational data revealed that the onset of summer on the island occurred earlier each year, whereas the onset of autumn was gradually delayed,leading to an increase in the duration of summer. Urbanization had played an important role in elevating local temperatures and extending the duration of summer. The thermal comfort index exhibited a clear upward trend annually, reflecting a shift towards warmer and less comfortable conditions due to urbanization. From 1961 to 2020, the annual average thermal comfort index indicated that 36 years(60%) were characterized by hot discomfort, and 24 years(40%) were within the comfortable range. The number of comfortable days per year on the island exhibited a declining trend. Urbanization markedly influenced the thermal comfort levels on the island, contributing to an annual increase in the number of hot discomfort days. However, the reanalysis data did not reflect the actual observed changes in the comfort characteristics on the island.展开更多
High-Mg andesites(HMAs)typically originate in subduction-related tectonic settings,including active continental margins and island arcs,and studies of HMAs can constrain the tectonic evolution of the South China Block...High-Mg andesites(HMAs)typically originate in subduction-related tectonic settings,including active continental margins and island arcs,and studies of HMAs can constrain the tectonic evolution of the South China Block and Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.This paper presents new chronological and geochemical data for high-Mg gabbroic diorites in the Funing area,southern South China.The gabbroic diorites yield ages of 254-249 Ma,and have moderate SiO2 contents(51.3%-57.8%),high MgO contents(4.6%-10.2%)and Mg^(#)values(52-75),enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements,and depletion in high-field-strength elements-collectively displaying geochemical signatures typical of sanukites.The gabbroic diorites have radiogenic initial Sr and Pb isotopic compositions,and negativeεNd(t)andεHf(t)values.These characteristics distinguish the Funing gabbroic diorites from subduction-related igneous rocks in the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain.Instead,they are isotopically similar to HMAs and basalts along the Paleo-Tethys suture.We propose the high-Mg gabbroic diorites and basaltic andesites in Funing area share a common mantle source,linked to subduction and rollback of the Paleo-Tethyan plate beneath the South China Block,which triggered back-arc rifting and partial melting of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle during the Late Permian to Early Triassic.展开更多
Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Produ...Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Product Passport,known as DPP,to disclose their compliance certifications,environmental impact,and supply chain information.Failure to comply may result in exclusion from the EU market.展开更多
The subantarctic mode water(SAMW)represents a large water mass in the Southern Ocean.This body of water forms through deep convection(subduction)in winter and contributes to the uptake and storage of anthropogenic hea...The subantarctic mode water(SAMW)represents a large water mass in the Southern Ocean.This body of water forms through deep convection(subduction)in winter and contributes to the uptake and storage of anthropogenic heat.However,its longterm changes in subduction rate and volume in response to shifting climate conditions are unclear.In this study,we investigated the long-term trend of the subduction rate and volume of the South Pacific–SAMW(SPSAMW)using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation outputs during 1980–2017.The results show the overall increasing trend of the subduction rate of the SPSAMW.The increased subduction of the SPSAMW directly contributes to the volume variation in the SPSAMW.The increased subduction in the South Pacific reached(0.28±0.16)Sv-1 per year,which explains nearly 68%of the volume increase in the SPSAMW.This variability in the SPSAMW reflects alterations in the overlying atmosphere.The positive to negative phase change of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO)in 1980–2017 deepened the Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)via atmospheric teleconnections over the South Pacific.Further analysis reveals that the increased westerly winds during the deepening of ASL resulted in more cold water transport from the south,which deepened the winter mixed layer and thus increased subduction and volume within the SPSAMW subduction region.This finding suggests the association of the long-term trends of SPSAMW subduction and volume with the phase change of the IPO.展开更多
The prediction of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_(2))in the South China Sea is crucial for understanding the region’s contribution to the global carbon budget and its interactions with climate cha...The prediction of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_(2))in the South China Sea is crucial for understanding the region’s contribution to the global carbon budget and its interactions with climate change.We applied the Spatiotemporal Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory(STConvLSTM)model,integrating key environmental factors including sea surface temperature(SST),sea surface salinity(SSS),and chlorophyll a(Chl a),to predict and analyze sea surface pCO_(2)in the South China Sea.The model demonstrated high accuracy in short-term predictions(1 month),with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 0.394,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.659,and a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.998.For long-term predictions(12 months),the model maintained its predictive capability,with an MAE of 0.667,RMSE of 1.255,and R^(2)of 0.994.Feature importance analysis revealed that sea surface pCO_(2)and SST were the main drivers of the model’s predictions,whereas Chl a and SSS had relatively minor impacts.The model’s generalization ability was further validated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean,where it successfully captured the spatiotemporal variation in pCO_(2)with small prediction errors.The ST-ConvLSTM model provides an efficient and accurate tool for forecasting and analyzing sea surface pCO_(2)in the South China Sea,offering new insights into global carbon cycling and climate change.This study demonstrates the potential of deep learning in marine science and provides a significant technical support for global changes and marine ecosystem research.展开更多
The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a su...The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a subduction setting,the distinct investigation reveals the necessity for reassessment.To address this,the authors employ integrated methods encompassing petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,Lu-Hf isotopic and geochemical methods for sedimentary rocks from the upper Shenshan subgroup and Banxi Group.The geochemical results indicate that they were formed through the recycling deposition of intermediate-acidic igneous source material and experienced moderate chemical weathering.Additionally,both sedimentary sequences exhibit characteristics consistent with those formed in an intracontinental extensional rift setting since ca.810 Ma.The provenance analysis indicates that the upper Shenshan subgroup primarily originates from the Yangtze Domain,while the Banxi Group from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia domains.Synthesizing with previous studies,the Shenshan Group should be subdivided into the lower and upper subgroups which represent distinct tectonic backgrounds.The lower subgroup is inferred to have formed in an Early Neoproterozoic fore-arc setting,akin to the Zhoutan group.The upper subgroup corresponds to the Banxi Group,representing the Middle Neoproterozoic postorogenic rift setting,responding to the breakup of Rodinia.展开更多
Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These su...Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These surge events typically occur for days in the early-summer season(from April to June)and can lead to heavy rains in South China.This study categorizes surge events into three types of flow patterns and examines their multiscale variations and impacts on rainfall.The first type occurs mainly in April,with the southeasterlies enhanced by a deepening trough in South China and the western Pacific subtropical high established over the SCS.The second type of surge events mostly appears in June,featuring the prevailing southwesterlies of summer monsoon from the Indian Ocean during the active phases of intraseasonal oscillations.Most surge events exhibit semi-diurnal variations with morning and afternoon peaks of northward moisture fluxes.Specifically,the first type features a dominant afternoon peak,while the second type shows a dominant early-morning peak,which is induced by thermal contrast between the Indochina Peninsula and the SCS.In general,the surge events enhance moisture convergence and increase rainfall downstream in South China,but they show some regional differences.The second type strengthens moisture convergence and rainfall in coastal regions with a morning peak.In contrast,the first type enhances inland rainfall with a morning peak,while moisture divergence dominates coastal regions.The third type of surge events denotes transitional conditions between the first two types,in terms of atmospheric circulations,diurnal cycles,and rainfall patterns.These results highlight a diversity of regional moisture surges and related rainfall ranging from diurnal to sub-seasonal scales.展开更多
Amid overlapping crises and uncertainties as the world enters an era of turbulence and transformation,the countries of the Global South are swiftly emerging from the periphery of world politics to the forefront of int...Amid overlapping crises and uncertainties as the world enters an era of turbulence and transformation,the countries of the Global South are swiftly emerging from the periphery of world politics to the forefront of international cooperation,playing an increasingly vital role in advancing humanity’s collective progress.展开更多
South African scholars highlight the importance of Xi Jinping:The Governance of China China is playing an increasingly active and important role in global politics and economy,especially in the development of the Glob...South African scholars highlight the importance of Xi Jinping:The Governance of China China is playing an increasingly active and important role in global politics and economy,especially in the development of the Global South.展开更多
This study explores the impact of winter sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the Southern Indian Ocean on summer precipitation patterns in China,utilizing data from reanalysis sources and Coupled Model Intercompa...This study explores the impact of winter sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the Southern Indian Ocean on summer precipitation patterns in China,utilizing data from reanalysis sources and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models.The results reveal that the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole(SIOD),characterized by contrasting SST anomalies in the northeast and southwest regions,acts as a predictor for Chinese summer precipitation patterns,namely floods in the south and drought in the north.In a positive SIOD event,the southwestern Indian Ocean exhibits warmer SSTs,while the northeastern region remains cooler.A negative SIOD event shows the opposite pattern.During the positive phase of the SIOD,the winter SST distribution strengthens the 850-hPa cross-equatorial airflow,generating a robust low-level westerly jet that enhances water vapor transport to the Bay of Bengal(BoB).These air-sea interactions maintain lower SSTs in the northeastern region,which significantly increase the land-sea temperature contrast in the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer.This strengthened thermal gradient intensifies the southwest monsoon,establishing a strong convergence zone near the South China Sea and amplifying monsoon-driven precipitation in South China.Additionally,CMIP6 models,such as NorESM2-LM and NorCPM1,which accurately simulate the SIOD pattern,effectively capture the seasonal response of cross-equatorial airflow driven by SST anomalies of Southern Indian Ocean.The result highlights the essential role of cross-equatorial airflow generated by the SIOD in forecasting crossseasonal precipitation patterns.展开更多
Global South,representing the collective of emerging markets and developing countries,is becoming a pivotal force in reshaping the international order.It plays a vital role in driving global governance reforms with th...Global South,representing the collective of emerging markets and developing countries,is becoming a pivotal force in reshaping the international order.It plays a vital role in driving global governance reforms with the principle of fairness and equity.展开更多
The ocean heat content variability in the South China Sea(SCS)plays a pivotal role in regional climate and extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones.Using high-resolution ocean reanalysis data,we show that the ...The ocean heat content variability in the South China Sea(SCS)plays a pivotal role in regional climate and extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones.Using high-resolution ocean reanalysis data,we show that the SCS exhibits a summer subsurface temperature dipole mode that controls the interannual variability of ocean heat content in the upper SCS.This dipole mode manifests as warm anomalies in the north and cold anomalies in the south during strong monsoon years,and a reversed pattern during weak monsoons years.The monsoon variability is linked to large-scale climate variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation transitions.Heat budget analysis indicates that this dipole pattern is primarily driven by vertical heat transport linked to opposite wind stress curl anomalies in the northern and southern basin.Accompanying the vertical heat transports is a shallow meridional overturning circulation that redistributes heat between the northern and southern SCS.展开更多
The Late Cretaceous Jiepailing granitoids,located at the central Nanling Range in South China,are closely associated with significant Sn-Li-Be-F polymetallic metallogeny.The Jiepailing granitoids mainly consist of gra...The Late Cretaceous Jiepailing granitoids,located at the central Nanling Range in South China,are closely associated with significant Sn-Li-Be-F polymetallic metallogeny.The Jiepailing granitoids mainly consist of granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite.The two granitoids have an A-type affinity,showing elevated Rb/Sr ratios and significant depletions in Ba,Sr and P.Integrated zircon and monazite U-Pb dating results suggest that granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite were emplaced at~89 Ma and~94 Ma,respectively.The low Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)ratios of the Jiepailing granitoids,together with significant negative Eu anomalies of the zircons,indicate that their formation occurred under conditions of reduced oxygen fugacity.Through the analysis of zircon Hf-O and whole-rock Nd isotopes,it has been determined that both stages of the Jiepailing granitoids originated in the lower-middle Mesoproterozoic crustal basement[ε_(Nd)(t)=−5.33 to−4.96,t^(C)_(DM)(Nd)=1289-1234 Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)=−4.13 to+2.22,t^(C)_(DM)(Hf)=1418-1015 Ma andδ^(18)O_(Zrc)=6.33‰-7.72‰],with the involvement of mantle-derived materials.Both granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite exhibit elevated concentrations of fluorine(F),with the positive correlation between F and Sn emphasizing the crucial role of high F sources in tin mineralization.Drawing upon the study of the Late Cretaceous magma systems in southern Hunan and through comparison with the mineralized granites observed in coastal regions during the Late Cretaceous,a genetic model for the mineralized granites in the Nanling region is developed.When the Paleo-Pacific Plate retreated to the coastal region,the continental crust in southern China underwent extensional thinning and asthenospheric upwelling due to gravitational collapse.Such processes resulted in the partial melting of the middle-lower crustal metamorphic sedimentary basement and the subsequent formation of F-rich granitic magmas,related to tin mineralization.展开更多
The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and...The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemistry for this complex.Our findings indicate that the southern complex consists of(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites and muscovite granites emplaced at 153-151 Ma,and the central and northern complex consists of two-mica granites and tourmaline-bearing muscovite granites,respectively with the former emplaced at 164 Ma and the latter at 150 Ma.The(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites have SiO_(2) contents of 68.0-73.8 wt% and are enriched in alkalis and rare earth elements and depleted in Sr and Ba.They display Zr+Y+Ce+Nb>350 ppm and 10000×Ga/Al>2.6 along with high zircon saturation temperatures(821-883oC).The two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites have high SiO_(2)(74.4-77.3 wt%)and low Ga/Al,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y,K/Rb,Zr/Hf,and Nb/Ta along with low zircon saturation temperatures(709-817℃).Geochemical characteristics suggest that the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites are A-type granites generated through shallow dehydration melting of early Paleozoic granitoids,and that the two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites are fractionated A-type granites produced through fractionation crystallization from the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites accompanied by fluid fractionation.展开更多
The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradua...The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.展开更多
文摘From lecture halls in Beijing to villages in the mountains of southwest China,a group of young rural innovators from Global South countries recently embarked on a journey that connected policy thinking,technological practice and lived rural experience.
文摘China provides a compelling reference for how governments can promote global climate governance and sustainable innovative development.SENIOR government officials,technical experts,and policy researchers from 14 developing countries in Asia,Africa,Latin America,and Pacific Island countries gathered at Tsinghua University(THU),Beijing,on September 1-13,2025 for in-depth study and exchange on“climate finance and low-carbon transformation.”
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42027804,41775026,and 41075012)。
文摘Cirrus clouds play a crucial role in the energy balance of the Earth-atmosphere system.We investigated the spatiotemporal variations of cirrus over the South China Sea(SCS)using satellite data(MOD08,MYD08,CALIPSO)and reanalysis data(MERRA-2)from March 2007 to February 2015(eight years).The horizontal distribution reveals lower cirrus fraction values in the northern SCS and higher values in the southern region,with minima observed in March and April and maxima sequentially occurring in August(northern SCS,NSCS),September(middle SCS,MSCS),and December(southern SCS,SSCS).Vertically,the cirrus fraction peaks in summer and reaches its lowest levels in spring.Opaque cirrus dominates during summer in the NSCS and MSCS,comprising 53.6%and 55.9%,respectively,while the SSCS exhibits a higher frequency of opaque cirrus relative to other cloud types.Subvisible cirrus clouds have the lowest frequency year-round,whereas thin cirrus is most prominent in winter in the NSCS(46.3%)and in spring in the MSCS(45.3%).A case study from September 2021 further explores the influence of ice crystal habits on brightness temperature(BT)over the SCS.Simulations utilizing five ice crystal shapes from the ARTS DDA(Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator Discrete Dipole Approximation)database and the RTTOV 12.4 radiative transfer model reveal that the 8-column-aggregate shape best represents BT in the NSCS and SSCS,while the large-block-aggregate shape performs better in the SSCS.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFC3100700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42376070)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2024A1515012371)the Rising Star Foundation of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology(No.NHXX2019DZ0201)。
文摘Polygonal fault systems(PFS),characterized by multi-directional fault patterns within layered sequences,are well-documented features in global continental margin basins.While the geometry and formation mechanisms of PFS have been extensively studied in the northern South China Sea,the PFS in the Zhongjiannan Basin(western South China Sea)remain relatively unexplored,with a lack of quantitative analysis regarding their propagation.This study addresses this gap by using high-resolution three-dimensional(3D)seismic data and conducting a quantitative fault analysis to thoroughly examine the planform,cross-sectional geometry,and evolution of PFS in the northern Zhongjiannan Basin.The absence of a dominant strike direction among these polygonal faults suggests that their evolution is not controlled by anisotropic stress.Our interpretation of seismic data,constrained by the spatial relationship among PFS,gullies,and pockmarks,indicates that PFS mainly developed within the Miocene strata,with their initiation occurring during the late Miocene.Furthermore,the PFS act as key conduits connecting gullies to pockmarks in this area.The formation and development of PFS may be primarily driven by thermally triggered processes within siliceous sediments.The necessary heat source is probably associated with the abundant submarine magmatism observed in the Zhongjiannan Basin.To reconstruct the regional geological history,a four-stage evolutionary model,incorporating the formation of PFS,is presented.This research significantly improves our understanding of the regional geological evolution of the Zhongjiannan Basin,providing critical insights into the initiation and development of PFS in the western South China Sea.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A6001,42475077)Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province。
文摘Seasonal cycles are essential components of weather and climatic systems. This study utilized observational data from a meteorological station on an island in the South China Sea from 1961 to 2020, along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to explore the variations in seasonal cycles and thermal comfort characteristics on the island. The observational data revealed that the onset of summer on the island occurred earlier each year, whereas the onset of autumn was gradually delayed,leading to an increase in the duration of summer. Urbanization had played an important role in elevating local temperatures and extending the duration of summer. The thermal comfort index exhibited a clear upward trend annually, reflecting a shift towards warmer and less comfortable conditions due to urbanization. From 1961 to 2020, the annual average thermal comfort index indicated that 36 years(60%) were characterized by hot discomfort, and 24 years(40%) were within the comfortable range. The number of comfortable days per year on the island exhibited a declining trend. Urbanization markedly influenced the thermal comfort levels on the island, contributing to an annual increase in the number of hot discomfort days. However, the reanalysis data did not reflect the actual observed changes in the comfort characteristics on the island.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42473063)Guike AD24010023, the Seventh Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Bagui Scholars Program (to LIU Xijun)the Guangxi Natural Science Foundations of China (2025GXNSFBA069054)
文摘High-Mg andesites(HMAs)typically originate in subduction-related tectonic settings,including active continental margins and island arcs,and studies of HMAs can constrain the tectonic evolution of the South China Block and Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.This paper presents new chronological and geochemical data for high-Mg gabbroic diorites in the Funing area,southern South China.The gabbroic diorites yield ages of 254-249 Ma,and have moderate SiO2 contents(51.3%-57.8%),high MgO contents(4.6%-10.2%)and Mg^(#)values(52-75),enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements,and depletion in high-field-strength elements-collectively displaying geochemical signatures typical of sanukites.The gabbroic diorites have radiogenic initial Sr and Pb isotopic compositions,and negativeεNd(t)andεHf(t)values.These characteristics distinguish the Funing gabbroic diorites from subduction-related igneous rocks in the Paleo-Pacific tectonic domain.Instead,they are isotopically similar to HMAs and basalts along the Paleo-Tethys suture.We propose the high-Mg gabbroic diorites and basaltic andesites in Funing area share a common mantle source,linked to subduction and rollback of the Paleo-Tethyan plate beneath the South China Block,which triggered back-arc rifting and partial melting of the metasomatized lithospheric mantle during the Late Permian to Early Triassic.
文摘Background In July 2024,the European Union's Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation,or ESPR,officially came into effect.This regulation mandates that products entering the EU market must use a Digital Product Passport,known as DPP,to disclose their compliance certifications,environmental impact,and supply chain information.Failure to comply may result in exclusion from the EU market.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42406256,42376034,and 42430402)the Qingdao Postdoctoral Application Research Project(No.QDBSH20220202152)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0605701)the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration(No.IRASCC2020-2022-02-01-03)。
文摘The subantarctic mode water(SAMW)represents a large water mass in the Southern Ocean.This body of water forms through deep convection(subduction)in winter and contributes to the uptake and storage of anthropogenic heat.However,its longterm changes in subduction rate and volume in response to shifting climate conditions are unclear.In this study,we investigated the long-term trend of the subduction rate and volume of the South Pacific–SAMW(SPSAMW)using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation outputs during 1980–2017.The results show the overall increasing trend of the subduction rate of the SPSAMW.The increased subduction of the SPSAMW directly contributes to the volume variation in the SPSAMW.The increased subduction in the South Pacific reached(0.28±0.16)Sv-1 per year,which explains nearly 68%of the volume increase in the SPSAMW.This variability in the SPSAMW reflects alterations in the overlying atmosphere.The positive to negative phase change of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO)in 1980–2017 deepened the Amundsen Sea Low(ASL)via atmospheric teleconnections over the South Pacific.Further analysis reveals that the increased westerly winds during the deepening of ASL resulted in more cold water transport from the south,which deepened the winter mixed layer and thus increased subduction and volume within the SPSAMW subduction region.This finding suggests the association of the long-term trends of SPSAMW subduction and volume with the phase change of the IPO.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC3008202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42406019)the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(No.Y202353066)。
文摘The prediction of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide(pCO_(2))in the South China Sea is crucial for understanding the region’s contribution to the global carbon budget and its interactions with climate change.We applied the Spatiotemporal Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory(STConvLSTM)model,integrating key environmental factors including sea surface temperature(SST),sea surface salinity(SSS),and chlorophyll a(Chl a),to predict and analyze sea surface pCO_(2)in the South China Sea.The model demonstrated high accuracy in short-term predictions(1 month),with a mean absolute error(MAE)of 0.394,a root mean square error(RMSE)of 0.659,and a coefficient of determination(R^(2))of 0.998.For long-term predictions(12 months),the model maintained its predictive capability,with an MAE of 0.667,RMSE of 1.255,and R^(2)of 0.994.Feature importance analysis revealed that sea surface pCO_(2)and SST were the main drivers of the model’s predictions,whereas Chl a and SSS had relatively minor impacts.The model’s generalization ability was further validated in the northwest Pacific Ocean and tropical Pacific Ocean,where it successfully captured the spatiotemporal variation in pCO_(2)with small prediction errors.The ST-ConvLSTM model provides an efficient and accurate tool for forecasting and analyzing sea surface pCO_(2)in the South China Sea,offering new insights into global carbon cycling and climate change.This study demonstrates the potential of deep learning in marine science and provides a significant technical support for global changes and marine ecosystem research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372250,42102262 and 41972235)National Key Research and Development Program Project(2023YFF0803701)+1 种基金Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2023SP206)the program of China Scholarship Council。
文摘The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a subduction setting,the distinct investigation reveals the necessity for reassessment.To address this,the authors employ integrated methods encompassing petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,Lu-Hf isotopic and geochemical methods for sedimentary rocks from the upper Shenshan subgroup and Banxi Group.The geochemical results indicate that they were formed through the recycling deposition of intermediate-acidic igneous source material and experienced moderate chemical weathering.Additionally,both sedimentary sequences exhibit characteristics consistent with those formed in an intracontinental extensional rift setting since ca.810 Ma.The provenance analysis indicates that the upper Shenshan subgroup primarily originates from the Yangtze Domain,while the Banxi Group from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia domains.Synthesizing with previous studies,the Shenshan Group should be subdivided into the lower and upper subgroups which represent distinct tectonic backgrounds.The lower subgroup is inferred to have formed in an Early Neoproterozoic fore-arc setting,akin to the Zhoutan group.The upper subgroup corresponds to the Banxi Group,representing the Middle Neoproterozoic postorogenic rift setting,responding to the breakup of Rodinia.
基金Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2020B0301030004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42475003)Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2023SP209)。
文摘Southerly moisture surges over the central South China Sea(SCS)are characterized by the strengthening of lowlevel southerlies that transport moisture northward from the Pacific or Indian Oceans to South China.These surge events typically occur for days in the early-summer season(from April to June)and can lead to heavy rains in South China.This study categorizes surge events into three types of flow patterns and examines their multiscale variations and impacts on rainfall.The first type occurs mainly in April,with the southeasterlies enhanced by a deepening trough in South China and the western Pacific subtropical high established over the SCS.The second type of surge events mostly appears in June,featuring the prevailing southwesterlies of summer monsoon from the Indian Ocean during the active phases of intraseasonal oscillations.Most surge events exhibit semi-diurnal variations with morning and afternoon peaks of northward moisture fluxes.Specifically,the first type features a dominant afternoon peak,while the second type shows a dominant early-morning peak,which is induced by thermal contrast between the Indochina Peninsula and the SCS.In general,the surge events enhance moisture convergence and increase rainfall downstream in South China,but they show some regional differences.The second type strengthens moisture convergence and rainfall in coastal regions with a morning peak.In contrast,the first type enhances inland rainfall with a morning peak,while moisture divergence dominates coastal regions.The third type of surge events denotes transitional conditions between the first two types,in terms of atmospheric circulations,diurnal cycles,and rainfall patterns.These results highlight a diversity of regional moisture surges and related rainfall ranging from diurnal to sub-seasonal scales.
文摘Amid overlapping crises and uncertainties as the world enters an era of turbulence and transformation,the countries of the Global South are swiftly emerging from the periphery of world politics to the forefront of international cooperation,playing an increasingly vital role in advancing humanity’s collective progress.
文摘South African scholars highlight the importance of Xi Jinping:The Governance of China China is playing an increasingly active and important role in global politics and economy,especially in the development of the Global South.
基金Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2020B0301030004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2442202)+1 种基金Key Innovation Team of China Meteorological Administration“Climate Change Detection and Response”(CMA2022ZD03)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF0805104)。
文摘This study explores the impact of winter sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the Southern Indian Ocean on summer precipitation patterns in China,utilizing data from reanalysis sources and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)models.The results reveal that the Southern Indian Ocean Dipole(SIOD),characterized by contrasting SST anomalies in the northeast and southwest regions,acts as a predictor for Chinese summer precipitation patterns,namely floods in the south and drought in the north.In a positive SIOD event,the southwestern Indian Ocean exhibits warmer SSTs,while the northeastern region remains cooler.A negative SIOD event shows the opposite pattern.During the positive phase of the SIOD,the winter SST distribution strengthens the 850-hPa cross-equatorial airflow,generating a robust low-level westerly jet that enhances water vapor transport to the Bay of Bengal(BoB).These air-sea interactions maintain lower SSTs in the northeastern region,which significantly increase the land-sea temperature contrast in the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer.This strengthened thermal gradient intensifies the southwest monsoon,establishing a strong convergence zone near the South China Sea and amplifying monsoon-driven precipitation in South China.Additionally,CMIP6 models,such as NorESM2-LM and NorCPM1,which accurately simulate the SIOD pattern,effectively capture the seasonal response of cross-equatorial airflow driven by SST anomalies of Southern Indian Ocean.The result highlights the essential role of cross-equatorial airflow generated by the SIOD in forecasting crossseasonal precipitation patterns.
文摘Global South,representing the collective of emerging markets and developing countries,is becoming a pivotal force in reshaping the international order.It plays a vital role in driving global governance reforms with the principle of fairness and equity.
基金The National Key R&D Program of under contract No.2024YFF0506603.
文摘The ocean heat content variability in the South China Sea(SCS)plays a pivotal role in regional climate and extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones.Using high-resolution ocean reanalysis data,we show that the SCS exhibits a summer subsurface temperature dipole mode that controls the interannual variability of ocean heat content in the upper SCS.This dipole mode manifests as warm anomalies in the north and cold anomalies in the south during strong monsoon years,and a reversed pattern during weak monsoons years.The monsoon variability is linked to large-scale climate variability associated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation transitions.Heat budget analysis indicates that this dipole pattern is primarily driven by vertical heat transport linked to opposite wind stress curl anomalies in the northern and southern basin.Accompanying the vertical heat transports is a shallow meridional overturning circulation that redistributes heat between the northern and southern SCS.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42303073).
文摘The Late Cretaceous Jiepailing granitoids,located at the central Nanling Range in South China,are closely associated with significant Sn-Li-Be-F polymetallic metallogeny.The Jiepailing granitoids mainly consist of granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite.The two granitoids have an A-type affinity,showing elevated Rb/Sr ratios and significant depletions in Ba,Sr and P.Integrated zircon and monazite U-Pb dating results suggest that granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite were emplaced at~89 Ma and~94 Ma,respectively.The low Ce^(4+)/Ce^(3+)ratios of the Jiepailing granitoids,together with significant negative Eu anomalies of the zircons,indicate that their formation occurred under conditions of reduced oxygen fugacity.Through the analysis of zircon Hf-O and whole-rock Nd isotopes,it has been determined that both stages of the Jiepailing granitoids originated in the lower-middle Mesoproterozoic crustal basement[ε_(Nd)(t)=−5.33 to−4.96,t^(C)_(DM)(Nd)=1289-1234 Ma,ε_(Hf)(t)=−4.13 to+2.22,t^(C)_(DM)(Hf)=1418-1015 Ma andδ^(18)O_(Zrc)=6.33‰-7.72‰],with the involvement of mantle-derived materials.Both granitic porphyry and zinnwaldite granite exhibit elevated concentrations of fluorine(F),with the positive correlation between F and Sn emphasizing the crucial role of high F sources in tin mineralization.Drawing upon the study of the Late Cretaceous magma systems in southern Hunan and through comparison with the mineralized granites observed in coastal regions during the Late Cretaceous,a genetic model for the mineralized granites in the Nanling region is developed.When the Paleo-Pacific Plate retreated to the coastal region,the continental crust in southern China underwent extensional thinning and asthenospheric upwelling due to gravitational collapse.Such processes resulted in the partial melting of the middle-lower crustal metamorphic sedimentary basement and the subsequent formation of F-rich granitic magmas,related to tin mineralization.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41872054 and 41272083)。
文摘The petrogenesis and genetic link to polymetallic mineralization of the granites in the Dayishan complex,southern Hunan province remain debated.Here,we present an integrated study on the petrology,zircon U-Pb ages and whole-rock geochemistry for this complex.Our findings indicate that the southern complex consists of(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites and muscovite granites emplaced at 153-151 Ma,and the central and northern complex consists of two-mica granites and tourmaline-bearing muscovite granites,respectively with the former emplaced at 164 Ma and the latter at 150 Ma.The(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites have SiO_(2) contents of 68.0-73.8 wt% and are enriched in alkalis and rare earth elements and depleted in Sr and Ba.They display Zr+Y+Ce+Nb>350 ppm and 10000×Ga/Al>2.6 along with high zircon saturation temperatures(821-883oC).The two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites have high SiO_(2)(74.4-77.3 wt%)and low Ga/Al,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y,K/Rb,Zr/Hf,and Nb/Ta along with low zircon saturation temperatures(709-817℃).Geochemical characteristics suggest that the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites are A-type granites generated through shallow dehydration melting of early Paleozoic granitoids,and that the two-mica granites and(tourmaline-bearing)muscovite granites are fractionated A-type granites produced through fractionation crystallization from the(amphibole-bearing)biotite granites accompanied by fluid fractionation.
文摘The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.
