Background Black soldier fly larvae meal(BSFLM)stands out as a promising nutritional resource due to its rich bioactive substances and favorable protein profile.Nonetheless,its potential to mitigate coccidia infection...Background Black soldier fly larvae meal(BSFLM)stands out as a promising nutritional resource due to its rich bioactive substances and favorable protein profile.Nonetheless,its potential to mitigate coccidia infection in broilers remains uncertain.This study aimed to evaluate the impact of partially defatted BSFLM(pBSFLM)on growth performance,nutrient utilization,and intestinal health,focusing on morphology,immunology,and cecal fermentation in coccidia-infected broilers.Methods Over the initial 13 d,480 newly-hatched Cobb 500 male birds were allocated to three diets with increasing pBSFLM concentrations(0,60,or 120 g/kg).At d 13 post hatching,chicks within each dietary group were further allotted to non-challenge or challenge subsets,generating six treatments in a 3×2 factorial arrangement.Challenged birds were orally administered oocysts of E.maxima,E.acervulina,and E.tenella(25,000:125,000:25,000).Results During the infection phase(d 13 to 19),linear interactions between Eimeria and pBSFLM were observed in gain to feed ratio(G:F)(P<0.05)and cecal interferon-γ(IFN-γ,P<0.05),with a tendency in cecal acetate concentration(P=0.06).A quadratic interaction was observed in crypt depth(CD,P<0.05).Incremental pBSFLM inclusion negatively affected G:F,CD,IFN-γ,and acetate productions in the ceca under coccidia challenge.Conversely in nonchallenged birds,the impact of pBSFLM varied from neutral(e.g.G:F)to potentially advantageous(e.g.acetate).Challenged birds exhibited decreased(P<0.01)BW,BW gain,feed intake(FI),and the apparent ileal digestibility and total tract nutrient utilization of DM,gross energy,and nitrogen(N).Eimeria challenge reduced(P<0.01)serum carotenoid concentrations,decreased the villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD,P<0.01),and increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids,specifically isobutyrate(P=0.059)and isovalerate(P<0.05)in the cecum.Dietary pBSFLM addition linearly reduced(P<0.05)BW,FI,and N utilization.Tendencies(P<0.06)were observed where pBSFLM linearly decreased VH:CD and reduced goblet cell density.Conclusions Increasing pBSFLM supplementation,particularly at 12%,adversely affected growth,ileal morphology,cecal acetate production,and downregulated key cytokine expression in response to coccidia infection.展开更多
Food waste presents a major global environmental challenge,contributing to resource depletion,greenhouse gas emissions,and climate change.Black Soldier Fly Larvae(BSFL)offer an eco-friendly solution due to their excep...Food waste presents a major global environmental challenge,contributing to resource depletion,greenhouse gas emissions,and climate change.Black Soldier Fly Larvae(BSFL)offer an eco-friendly solution due to their exceptional ability to decompose organic matter.However,accurately identifying larval instars is critical for optimizing feeding efficiency and downstreamapplications,as different stages exhibit only subtle visual differences.This study proposes a real-timemobile application for automatic classification of BSFL larval stages.The systemdistinguishes between early instars(Stages 1–4),suitable for food waste processing and animal feed,and late instars(Stages 5–6),optimal for pupation and industrial use.A baseline YOLO11 model was employed,achieving a mAP50-95 of 0.811.To further improve performance and efficiency,we introduce YOLO11-DSConv,a novel adaptation incorporating Depthwise Separable Convolutions specifically optimized for the unique challenges of BSFL classification.Unlike existing YOLO+DSConv implementations,our approach is tailored for the subtle visual differences between larval stages and integrated into a complete end-to-end system.The enhanced model achieved a mAP50-95 of 0.813 while reducing computational complexity by 15.5%.The proposed system demonstrates high accuracy and lightweight performance,making it suitable for deployment on resource-constrained agricultural devices,while directly supporting circular economy initiatives through precise larval stage identification.By integrating BSFL classification with realtime AI,this work contributes to sustainable food wastemanagement and advances intelligent applications in precision agriculture and circular economy initiatives.Additional supplementary materials and the implementation code are available at the following link:YOLO11-DSConv,Server Side,Mobile Application.展开更多
Benedict is an award-winning novelist and non-fiction writer specializing in social injustice.Her non-fiction book The Lonely Soldier reflects the impact of war on violence against women.Female soldiers are always the...Benedict is an award-winning novelist and non-fiction writer specializing in social injustice.Her non-fiction book The Lonely Soldier reflects the impact of war on violence against women.Female soldiers are always the victims of violence,before,during,and after serving in the Iraq War.This thesis aims to explore their trauma and illuminate the book’s meaning.展开更多
BACKGROUND The working environment of submarine crews is also very special.They are in a closed,high-temperature,high-noise,high-vibration and narrow working and living space for a long time,and they suffer from physi...BACKGROUND The working environment of submarine crews is also very special.They are in a closed,high-temperature,high-noise,high-vibration and narrow working and living space for a long time,and they suffer from physical discomfort caused by seasickness,which will affect the mental health of officers and soldiers.American psychologists have achieved positive results in psychological resilience training for officers and soldiers from the perspective of positive psychology.At present,there are few reports on the correlation between psychological resilience in the field of domestic research on submarine crew psychology,and it is necessary to conduct further research.METHODS A total of 121 soldiers working in a confined space of a large ship were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.The 50 soldiers in the experimental group were given a training course intervention,while the 71 soldiers in the control group did not receive any intervention measures.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,Psychological Resilience Scale,military Psycho-logical Stress Self-Assessment Questionnaire,and General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were compared before and 6 months after the intervention.RESULTS Under the positive psychological control intervention,except for sleep efficiency(P=0.05),the difference between the remaining dimensions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and the total scores of the experimental group compared with the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05);the assessment of the psychological condition showed that,in addition to the Psychological Stress Self-assessment Questionnaire for Military Personnel scores(P=0.05),the scores of the Mental Toughness Scale(Dispositional Resilience Scale Resilience II)in the experimental group,General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were statistically significant(P<0.05)compared to pre-intervention.CONCLUSION Positive psychological intervention and control can improve the sleep state and psychological state of officers and soldiers working in confined space at sea.展开更多
The objective of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)in military personnel.PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EBSCO and CNKI ...The objective of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)in military personnel.PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EBSCO and CNKI databases were searched from 1 January,2000 to November 2022 for Randomized Controlled Trials(RCTs)on psychotherapeutic interventions for military PTSD.The physical Therapy Evidence Database(PEDro)scale was used to evaluate the quality of the literature.Two researchers conducted literature screening,data extraction,and risk bias assessment in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria.Ultimately,49 RCTs were included,involving a total of 5073 veterans,retired and active military from four countries.The average score on the PEDro scale was 7.60.The primary psychotherapeutic modalities for military PTSD intervention include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy,Exposure Therapy,Mindfulness interventions,psychotherapy based on new technological tools,and other emerging psychotherapeutic tools.The review highlights that Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT)and Prolonged Exposure Therapy(PET)stand out as the primary psychotherapeutic modalities for treating PTSD in military personnel.In cases where CPT and PET yield limited benefits,Mindfulness interventions emerge as effective alternatives.Moreover,considering the diverse needs and high dropout rates in the military,population,the review suggests using web-based,computer,and virtual reality technology tools as supplements to first-line treatments(CPT/PET)to enhance overall intervention effectiveness.For the advancement of future psychotherapeutic initiatives,there is a pronounced emphasis on prioritizing proven first-line interventions,CPT and PET while also recognizing the potential of mindfulness-based interventions as credible alternatives.In tandem with this,the active integration of technological tools is advocated to amplify the therapeutic impact of conventional psychological treatment modalities.展开更多
Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coe...Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.展开更多
The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)(Hermetia illucens)are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment.The harvested insect bodies and feces can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.However,heav...The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)(Hermetia illucens)are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment.The harvested insect bodies and feces can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.However,heavy metals have a negative impact on the transformation process of the manure by BSFL.Here we evaluated the effects of Cd,Cr and As in pig manure on the growth of BSFL,as well as the mobility and changes in speciation of the metals during the transformation process.The results showed that As significantly reduced the weight of BSFL,but Cr and Cd had no significant effects on BSFL growth.The bioaccumulation factors(BAFs)at various concentrations of Cd(2.8–3.7)were significantly higher than those of Cr(0.44–0.62)and As(0.43–0.45).The heavy metals in pig manure were mainly transferred to BSFL feces,and the distribution percentages of Cd,Cr and As in the BSFL feces were 52.6–62.0%,90.3–94.2%and 93.0–93.3%,respectively.Cd concentrations in BSFL feces were significantly lower than those in the pig manure,while there were no significant differences in the concentrations of Cr and As between BSFL feces and pig manure(except for the treatment with the addition of 150 mg Cr kg^(–1)).The metal speciation(weak acid soluble,reducible,oxidizable and residual fractions)in BSFL feces obviously changed when compared with pig manure.In BSFL feces,the reducible proportion of Cr decreased while the oxidizable proportion increased.Cd mainly existed in the weak acid soluble and reducible states in pig manure and BSFL feces.For As,the proportions of weak acid soluble and reducible states decreased in BSFL feces.After the BSFL transformation process,the bioavailable fraction of Cr decreased by 17.3–23.1%,but those of Cd and As did not change significantly,except for As in the CK group.These findings contribute to our understanding of the roles of BSFL during the biotransformation process of livestock manure as well as the safe utilization of transformed products.展开更多
In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological...In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.展开更多
The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which thr...The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed.Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF),Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomydiae),demonstrates such concerns can be abated,while also producing products(e.g.,protein,chitin,biodiesel,and fertilizer)of value.In this review,we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)conversion processes,the role of microorganisms,and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products.The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed,and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.展开更多
The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes.However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood.Here, we investiga...The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes.However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood.Here, we investigated the effect of copper(exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts.A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements(MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes(MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples.Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs.The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK(increased by 2.8–13.5 times).Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes.Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species.The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance.However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu.These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.展开更多
The ＂sergeants and soldiers rule＂ occurring in helical copolymer emulsions derived from an achiral monomer （M1） and a chiral monomer （M2） was observed. TEM, GPC, and 1H-NMR techniques in combination demonstrate ...The ＂sergeants and soldiers rule＂ occurring in helical copolymer emulsions derived from an achiral monomer （M1） and a chiral monomer （M2） was observed. TEM, GPC, and 1H-NMR techniques in combination demonstrate the formation of nanoparticles constituted by the copolymers. CD and UV-Vis spectra show the （co）polymer chains in the nanoparticles adopt helical structures of a predominant helicity, and the copolymers follow the ＂sergeants and soldiers rule＂ in forming helical structure.展开更多
Background: Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments. Reliable diagnosis is challenging. Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine wheth...Background: Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments. Reliable diagnosis is challenging. Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms, co-morbidity, frequency of syncopal events, body length, body mass index, and electrocardiography(ECG) abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods: Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope, who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing, were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis. The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation. Results: Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms, such as dizziness and sweating, significantly more often. The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events, and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing. An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension. However, patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller. This finding was detected for both females and males. No significant predictors were found in the ECG patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions: Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms, and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis. In particular, if these factors are present, tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.展开更多
Background:Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments.Reliable diagnosis is challenging.Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis.The aim of this study was to determine whether s...Background:Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments.Reliable diagnosis is challenging.Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis.The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms,co-morbidity,frequency of syncopal events,body length,body mass index,and electrocardiography abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods:Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope,who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing,were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis.The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation.Results:Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms,such as dizziness and sweating,significantly more often.The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events,and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing.An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension.However,patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller.This finding was detected for both females and males.No significant predictors were found in the electrocardiogram patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions:Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms,and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis.In particular,if these factors are present,tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.展开更多
AIM: To describe the clinical features and multimodal images of unilateral foveomacular retinitis in young Korean soldiers. METHODS: Ten patients having foveomacular retinitis were included. Fluorescein angiography, f...AIM: To describe the clinical features and multimodal images of unilateral foveomacular retinitis in young Korean soldiers. METHODS: Ten patients having foveomacular retinitis were included. Fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence(FAF), infrared reflectance(IR), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) were analyzed.RESULTS: All patients were young males experienced insidious visual decline without exposure to bright light. Initial and final vision ranged from hand movement to 20/20(median 20/200) and 20/2000 to 20/20(median 20/500), respectively. Vision decreased in 6 patients while improved in two. Typical macular abnormality was yellow granular spots. SD-OCT showed ellipsoid zone(EZ) or interdigitation zone(IZ) disruption of fovea. The degree of EZ/IZ damage correlated with vision. Lesions were clearly visualized through IR and matched with SD-OCT findings.CONCLUSION: This is the first case series of foveomacular retinitis diagnosed with multimodal imaging. Foveomacular retinitis should be suspected in sudden unilateral visual decline especially in young soldiers. SD-OCT is the most important diagnostic modality.展开更多
This study analyses an iconic photograph of Israeli paratroopers, photographed in Jerusalem in 1967. It explores how visual and formal structural components in the image function in this photograph and how they contri...This study analyses an iconic photograph of Israeli paratroopers, photographed in Jerusalem in 1967. It explores how visual and formal structural components in the image function in this photograph and how they contribute to the process of creating an icon. It explores the mechanisms that exist in visual icons and addresses the question of why some press photographs turn into iconic images while other do not, and if there is a connection between the visual structural elements in the images and the way they are perceived by the public. The study discusses how this visual logic correlates with other elements such as public opinion and myths.展开更多
A survey of population and family planning awareness was con-ducted in 1996 among newly conscripted soldiers serving in the Air Force of the Shenyang Military Area.
Known data on the distribution of Alliocera graeca Saunders, 1845 and Ber＆ chalybata （Forster, 1771） in Europe are summarized. A. graeca has been reliable recorded from Albania, Croatia and Greece. B. chalybata has...Known data on the distribution of Alliocera graeca Saunders, 1845 and Ber＆ chalybata （Forster, 1771） in Europe are summarized. A. graeca has been reliable recorded from Albania, Croatia and Greece. B. chalybata has been reliable recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Roumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzeland. A. graeca and B. chalybata, known as European species, are new records for the Turkish Fauna. In this study, the female ofA. graeca and the female ofB. chalybata are presented and photographs of two species are accompanied. Distribution of these species treated is briefly discussed.展开更多
In 1942, when I was 4 years old, mydaddy was an electrician on the L & N Rail-road in Nashville. Keeping the troop trains rolling was vi-tal to the war effort-but seeing all thoseyoung men going off to war made Da...In 1942, when I was 4 years old, mydaddy was an electrician on the L & N Rail-road in Nashville. Keeping the troop trains rolling was vi-tal to the war effort-but seeing all thoseyoung men going off to war made Daddy wantto help them feel less lonely. That’s when he and Mama decided展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general...[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.展开更多
文摘Background Black soldier fly larvae meal(BSFLM)stands out as a promising nutritional resource due to its rich bioactive substances and favorable protein profile.Nonetheless,its potential to mitigate coccidia infection in broilers remains uncertain.This study aimed to evaluate the impact of partially defatted BSFLM(pBSFLM)on growth performance,nutrient utilization,and intestinal health,focusing on morphology,immunology,and cecal fermentation in coccidia-infected broilers.Methods Over the initial 13 d,480 newly-hatched Cobb 500 male birds were allocated to three diets with increasing pBSFLM concentrations(0,60,or 120 g/kg).At d 13 post hatching,chicks within each dietary group were further allotted to non-challenge or challenge subsets,generating six treatments in a 3×2 factorial arrangement.Challenged birds were orally administered oocysts of E.maxima,E.acervulina,and E.tenella(25,000:125,000:25,000).Results During the infection phase(d 13 to 19),linear interactions between Eimeria and pBSFLM were observed in gain to feed ratio(G:F)(P<0.05)and cecal interferon-γ(IFN-γ,P<0.05),with a tendency in cecal acetate concentration(P=0.06).A quadratic interaction was observed in crypt depth(CD,P<0.05).Incremental pBSFLM inclusion negatively affected G:F,CD,IFN-γ,and acetate productions in the ceca under coccidia challenge.Conversely in nonchallenged birds,the impact of pBSFLM varied from neutral(e.g.G:F)to potentially advantageous(e.g.acetate).Challenged birds exhibited decreased(P<0.01)BW,BW gain,feed intake(FI),and the apparent ileal digestibility and total tract nutrient utilization of DM,gross energy,and nitrogen(N).Eimeria challenge reduced(P<0.01)serum carotenoid concentrations,decreased the villus height to crypt depth ratio(VH:CD,P<0.01),and increased concentrations of branched-chain fatty acids,specifically isobutyrate(P=0.059)and isovalerate(P<0.05)in the cecum.Dietary pBSFLM addition linearly reduced(P<0.05)BW,FI,and N utilization.Tendencies(P<0.06)were observed where pBSFLM linearly decreased VH:CD and reduced goblet cell density.Conclusions Increasing pBSFLM supplementation,particularly at 12%,adversely affected growth,ileal morphology,cecal acetate production,and downregulated key cytokine expression in response to coccidia infection.
文摘Food waste presents a major global environmental challenge,contributing to resource depletion,greenhouse gas emissions,and climate change.Black Soldier Fly Larvae(BSFL)offer an eco-friendly solution due to their exceptional ability to decompose organic matter.However,accurately identifying larval instars is critical for optimizing feeding efficiency and downstreamapplications,as different stages exhibit only subtle visual differences.This study proposes a real-timemobile application for automatic classification of BSFL larval stages.The systemdistinguishes between early instars(Stages 1–4),suitable for food waste processing and animal feed,and late instars(Stages 5–6),optimal for pupation and industrial use.A baseline YOLO11 model was employed,achieving a mAP50-95 of 0.811.To further improve performance and efficiency,we introduce YOLO11-DSConv,a novel adaptation incorporating Depthwise Separable Convolutions specifically optimized for the unique challenges of BSFL classification.Unlike existing YOLO+DSConv implementations,our approach is tailored for the subtle visual differences between larval stages and integrated into a complete end-to-end system.The enhanced model achieved a mAP50-95 of 0.813 while reducing computational complexity by 15.5%.The proposed system demonstrates high accuracy and lightweight performance,making it suitable for deployment on resource-constrained agricultural devices,while directly supporting circular economy initiatives through precise larval stage identification.By integrating BSFL classification with realtime AI,this work contributes to sustainable food wastemanagement and advances intelligent applications in precision agriculture and circular economy initiatives.Additional supplementary materials and the implementation code are available at the following link:YOLO11-DSConv,Server Side,Mobile Application.
文摘Benedict is an award-winning novelist and non-fiction writer specializing in social injustice.Her non-fiction book The Lonely Soldier reflects the impact of war on violence against women.Female soldiers are always the victims of violence,before,during,and after serving in the Iraq War.This thesis aims to explore their trauma and illuminate the book’s meaning.
文摘BACKGROUND The working environment of submarine crews is also very special.They are in a closed,high-temperature,high-noise,high-vibration and narrow working and living space for a long time,and they suffer from physical discomfort caused by seasickness,which will affect the mental health of officers and soldiers.American psychologists have achieved positive results in psychological resilience training for officers and soldiers from the perspective of positive psychology.At present,there are few reports on the correlation between psychological resilience in the field of domestic research on submarine crew psychology,and it is necessary to conduct further research.METHODS A total of 121 soldiers working in a confined space of a large ship were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group.The 50 soldiers in the experimental group were given a training course intervention,while the 71 soldiers in the control group did not receive any intervention measures.The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,Psychological Resilience Scale,military Psycho-logical Stress Self-Assessment Questionnaire,and General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were compared before and 6 months after the intervention.RESULTS Under the positive psychological control intervention,except for sleep efficiency(P=0.05),the difference between the remaining dimensions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and the total scores of the experimental group compared with the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05);the assessment of the psychological condition showed that,in addition to the Psychological Stress Self-assessment Questionnaire for Military Personnel scores(P=0.05),the scores of the Mental Toughness Scale(Dispositional Resilience Scale Resilience II)in the experimental group,General Self-Efficacy Scale scores were statistically significant(P<0.05)compared to pre-intervention.CONCLUSION Positive psychological intervention and control can improve the sleep state and psychological state of officers and soldiers working in confined space at sea.
基金funded by a research Grant CCNU22JC004 from Department of Science and Technology,Central China Normal Universitythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(CCNU23CS035).
文摘The objective of this systematic review is to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD)in military personnel.PubMed,Web of Science,The Cochrane Library,EBSCO and CNKI databases were searched from 1 January,2000 to November 2022 for Randomized Controlled Trials(RCTs)on psychotherapeutic interventions for military PTSD.The physical Therapy Evidence Database(PEDro)scale was used to evaluate the quality of the literature.Two researchers conducted literature screening,data extraction,and risk bias assessment in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria.Ultimately,49 RCTs were included,involving a total of 5073 veterans,retired and active military from four countries.The average score on the PEDro scale was 7.60.The primary psychotherapeutic modalities for military PTSD intervention include Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy,Exposure Therapy,Mindfulness interventions,psychotherapy based on new technological tools,and other emerging psychotherapeutic tools.The review highlights that Cognitive Processing Therapy(CPT)and Prolonged Exposure Therapy(PET)stand out as the primary psychotherapeutic modalities for treating PTSD in military personnel.In cases where CPT and PET yield limited benefits,Mindfulness interventions emerge as effective alternatives.Moreover,considering the diverse needs and high dropout rates in the military,population,the review suggests using web-based,computer,and virtual reality technology tools as supplements to first-line treatments(CPT/PET)to enhance overall intervention effectiveness.For the advancement of future psychotherapeutic initiatives,there is a pronounced emphasis on prioritizing proven first-line interventions,CPT and PET while also recognizing the potential of mindfulness-based interventions as credible alternatives.In tandem with this,the active integration of technological tools is advocated to amplify the therapeutic impact of conventional psychological treatment modalities.
基金supported by the University of Turin(Ex 60% 2014–2015)
文摘Background: The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients(ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy(AME and AMEn) and the amino acid(AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients(AIDC)of a partially defatted(BSFp) and a highly defatted(BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg(w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively.Results: Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly(P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp(16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility(0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal(P < 0.05).Conclusions: Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0500205)the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project,China(19ZYYFSN00010 and 18ZXYENC00130)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21607114)。
文摘The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)(Hermetia illucens)are a good candidate for poultry and livestock manure treatment.The harvested insect bodies and feces can be used as animal feed and organic fertilizer.However,heavy metals have a negative impact on the transformation process of the manure by BSFL.Here we evaluated the effects of Cd,Cr and As in pig manure on the growth of BSFL,as well as the mobility and changes in speciation of the metals during the transformation process.The results showed that As significantly reduced the weight of BSFL,but Cr and Cd had no significant effects on BSFL growth.The bioaccumulation factors(BAFs)at various concentrations of Cd(2.8–3.7)were significantly higher than those of Cr(0.44–0.62)and As(0.43–0.45).The heavy metals in pig manure were mainly transferred to BSFL feces,and the distribution percentages of Cd,Cr and As in the BSFL feces were 52.6–62.0%,90.3–94.2%and 93.0–93.3%,respectively.Cd concentrations in BSFL feces were significantly lower than those in the pig manure,while there were no significant differences in the concentrations of Cr and As between BSFL feces and pig manure(except for the treatment with the addition of 150 mg Cr kg^(–1)).The metal speciation(weak acid soluble,reducible,oxidizable and residual fractions)in BSFL feces obviously changed when compared with pig manure.In BSFL feces,the reducible proportion of Cr decreased while the oxidizable proportion increased.Cd mainly existed in the weak acid soluble and reducible states in pig manure and BSFL feces.For As,the proportions of weak acid soluble and reducible states decreased in BSFL feces.After the BSFL transformation process,the bioavailable fraction of Cr decreased by 17.3–23.1%,but those of Cd and As did not change significantly,except for As in the CK group.These findings contribute to our understanding of the roles of BSFL during the biotransformation process of livestock manure as well as the safe utilization of transformed products.
基金funded by the institutional budget of FBN Dummerstorfpartly supported by the Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock.
文摘In recent years,interest in the larvae of black soldier fly(BSF)(Hermetia illucens)as a sustainable protein resource for livestock feed has increased considerably.However,knowledge on the nutritional and physiological aspects of this insect,especially compared to other conventional farmed animals is scarce.This review presents a critical comparison of data on the growth potential and efficiency of the BSF larvae(BSFL)compared to conventional monogastric livestock species.Advantages of BSFL over other monogastric livestock species includes their high growth rate and their ability to convert low-grade organic waste into high-quality protein and fat-rich biomass suitable for use in animal feed.Calculations using literature data suggest that BSFL are more efficient than broilers,pigs and fish in terms of conversion of substrate protein into body mass,but less efficient than broilers and fish in utilization of substrate gross energy to gain body mass.BSFL growth efficiency varies greatly depending on the nutrient quality of their dietary substrates.This might be associated with the function of their gastrointestinal tract,including the activity of digestive enzymes,the substrate particle characteristics,and their intestinal microbial community.The conceived advantage of BSFL having an environmental footprint better than conventional livestock is only true if BSFL is produced on low-grade organic waste and its protein would directly be used for human consumption.Therefore,their potential role as a new species to better close nutrient cycles in agro-ecological systems needs to be reconsidered,and we conclude that BSFL is a complementary livestock species efficiently utilizing organic waste that cannot be utilized by other livestock.In addition,we provide comparative insight into morpho-functional aspects of the gut,characterization of digestive enzymes,gut microbiota and fiber digestion.Finally,current knowledge on the nutritional utilization and requirements of BSFL in terms of macro-and micronutrients is reviewed and found to be rather limited.In addition,the research methods to determine nutritional requirements of conventional livestock are not applicable for BSFL.Thus,there is a great need for research on the nutrient requirements of BSFL.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0500203 and 2018YFF0213503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770136)。
文摘The number of intensive livestock and poultry farms is expected to increase substantially in future because of consumer demand.Unfortunately,such demand also results in a great deal of manure being generated,which threatens the environment if it is not properly managed.Concurrent developments in biotransformation of these wastes with the black soldier fly(BSF),Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomydiae),demonstrates such concerns can be abated,while also producing products(e.g.,protein,chitin,biodiesel,and fertilizer)of value.In this review,we analyzed the factors influencing black soldier fly larvae(BSFL)conversion processes,the role of microorganisms,and the mechanisms used by BSFL when converting livestock and poultry manure into these valuable products.The effects of BSFL conversion technology on reducing the hazards of such materials and their associated pathogens are reviewed,and the economics of livestock and poultry manure conversion by BSF larvae is discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21607114)the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (No.2018YFD0500205)Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project (Nos.19ZYYFSN00010, 18ZXYENC00130)。
文摘The black soldier fly larvae(BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes.However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood.Here, we investigated the effect of copper(exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts.A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements(MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes(MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples.Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs.The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK(increased by 2.8–13.5 times).Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes.Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species.The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance.However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu.These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21174010, 20974007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZZ1117)
文摘The ＂sergeants and soldiers rule＂ occurring in helical copolymer emulsions derived from an achiral monomer （M1） and a chiral monomer （M2） was observed. TEM, GPC, and 1H-NMR techniques in combination demonstrate the formation of nanoparticles constituted by the copolymers. CD and UV-Vis spectra show the （co）polymer chains in the nanoparticles adopt helical structures of a predominant helicity, and the copolymers follow the ＂sergeants and soldiers rule＂ in forming helical structure.
文摘Background: Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments. Reliable diagnosis is challenging. Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms, co-morbidity, frequency of syncopal events, body length, body mass index, and electrocardiography(ECG) abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods: Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope, who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing, were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis. The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation. Results: Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms, such as dizziness and sweating, significantly more often. The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events, and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing. An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension. However, patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller. This finding was detected for both females and males. No significant predictors were found in the ECG patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions: Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms, and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis. In particular, if these factors are present, tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.
文摘Background:Syncope is a relevant health problem in military environments.Reliable diagnosis is challenging.Tilt table testing is an important tool for syncope diagnosis.The aim of this study was to determine whether signs such as prodromal symptoms,co-morbidity,frequency of syncopal events,body length,body mass index,and electrocardiography abnormalities can be used to predict the success of tilt table testing at diagnosing syncope.Methods:Data from 100 patients with histories of syncope or pre-syncope,who were diagnosed using head-up tilt table testing,were retrospectively analyzed in a cross-sectional analysis.The diagnostic procedure was based upon a modified version of the Westminster protocol without any pharmacological provocation.Results:Patients showing pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing suffered from prodromal symptoms,such as dizziness and sweating,significantly more often.The patients reported more injuries resulting from syncopal events and more previous syncopal events,and the prevalence of co-morbidity was greater among patients presenting negative findings during tilt testing.An asthenic-leptosomal physique was not confirmed as a risk factor for syncopal events as is the case for idiopathic arterial hypotension.However,patients with pathological reaction patterns during tilt table testing were significantly taller.This finding was detected for both females and males.No significant predictors were found in the electrocardiogram patterns of patients showing syncope during tilt table testing.Conclusions:Frequency of prior syncope and prodromal symptoms,and increased body length with an otherwise good state of health influence the predictive value of tilt table testing for syncope diagnosis.In particular,if these factors are present,tilt table testing should be considered part of the diagnostic algorithm for soldiers with recurrent syncope.
基金Supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(No.2016R1D1A1B03934724)funded by the Korean government(Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning+1 种基金 MSIP)Seoul National University Bundang Hospital(No.02-2017-059)
文摘AIM: To describe the clinical features and multimodal images of unilateral foveomacular retinitis in young Korean soldiers. METHODS: Ten patients having foveomacular retinitis were included. Fluorescein angiography, fundus autofluorescence(FAF), infrared reflectance(IR), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) were analyzed.RESULTS: All patients were young males experienced insidious visual decline without exposure to bright light. Initial and final vision ranged from hand movement to 20/20(median 20/200) and 20/2000 to 20/20(median 20/500), respectively. Vision decreased in 6 patients while improved in two. Typical macular abnormality was yellow granular spots. SD-OCT showed ellipsoid zone(EZ) or interdigitation zone(IZ) disruption of fovea. The degree of EZ/IZ damage correlated with vision. Lesions were clearly visualized through IR and matched with SD-OCT findings.CONCLUSION: This is the first case series of foveomacular retinitis diagnosed with multimodal imaging. Foveomacular retinitis should be suspected in sudden unilateral visual decline especially in young soldiers. SD-OCT is the most important diagnostic modality.
文摘This study analyses an iconic photograph of Israeli paratroopers, photographed in Jerusalem in 1967. It explores how visual and formal structural components in the image function in this photograph and how they contribute to the process of creating an icon. It explores the mechanisms that exist in visual icons and addresses the question of why some press photographs turn into iconic images while other do not, and if there is a connection between the visual structural elements in the images and the way they are perceived by the public. The study discusses how this visual logic correlates with other elements such as public opinion and myths.
文摘A survey of population and family planning awareness was con-ducted in 1996 among newly conscripted soldiers serving in the Air Force of the Shenyang Military Area.
文摘Known data on the distribution of Alliocera graeca Saunders, 1845 and Ber＆ chalybata （Forster, 1771） in Europe are summarized. A. graeca has been reliable recorded from Albania, Croatia and Greece. B. chalybata has been reliable recorded from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Roumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzeland. A. graeca and B. chalybata, known as European species, are new records for the Turkish Fauna. In this study, the female ofA. graeca and the female ofB. chalybata are presented and photographs of two species are accompanied. Distribution of these species treated is briefly discussed.
文摘In 1942, when I was 4 years old, mydaddy was an electrician on the L & N Rail-road in Nashville. Keeping the troop trains rolling was vi-tal to the war effort-but seeing all thoseyoung men going off to war made Daddy wantto help them feel less lonely. That’s when he and Mama decided
基金Supported by Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(CARS-45)Science and Technology Major Project of Hunan Province(2017NK1030).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value and safety of black soldier flies fed with dead pig meat and bone meal(DPMBM)and to explore the resource utilization of DPMBM.[Methods]The general nutrient composition,amino acids,fatty acids and mineral elements of black soldier fly meal(BSLM)were detected and analyzed.[Results]The results showed that the contents of moisture,crude protein,crude fat and ash in BSLM were 3.42%,42.31%,34.04%and 5.40%,respectively.The contents of total amino acids(TAA),essential amino acids(∑EAA)and non-essential amino acids(∑NEAA)and umami amino acids(∑DAA),the EAA/TAA value and the EAA/NEAA value were 37.93%,13.08%,24.85%,13.43%,34.47%,52.61%,respectively.A total of eight kinds of saturated fatty acids and seven kinds of unsaturated fatty acids were detected,accounting for 63.65%and 32.67%of the total fatty acids.Among the major mineral elements,the content of Ca was the highest,followed by K,Mg and Na.Among the trace mineral elements,the content of Mn was the highest,followed by Fe,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cr,Cd,As,Pb,Se,Sn,Ti,Sb and Hg.The contents of heavy metal mineral elements in BSLM were far lower than the limits specified in Hygienical Standard for Feeds.[Conclusions]In conclusion,BSLM has high nutritional value and good safety of heavy metals,and thus great potential for development and utilization as a high quality dietary protein,fat and mineral elements source.
