[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the potential ecological dam- ages of alien invasive species Cenchrus echinatus. [Method] By using seed germi- nation method, the effects of different concentrations of C. e...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the potential ecological dam- ages of alien invasive species Cenchrus echinatus. [Method] By using seed germi- nation method, the effects of different concentrations of C. echinatus aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of three Solanaceae crops were investigated. [Result] After incubated for 5 d, no significant differences were observed in germination speed indices of Lycopersicum esculentum seeds between aqueous extract groups and control groups; germination speed indices of Solarium melongena seeds were significantly reduced with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts; however, Capsicum frutescens seeds in various groups were not germinated. After incubated for 7 d, root lengths of Lycopersicum esculentum seedlings were inhibited with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts, while stem lengths and comprehensive allelopathic effects were promoted; germination rates of Solanum melongena seeds in various groups were all significantly lower than control groups; root length, stem length and comprehen- sive allelopathic effects in higher concentration groups were inhibited; germination rates of Capsicum frutescens seeds were significantly inhibited, and those in the highest concentration group were not generated. After incubated for 14 d, all indica- tors of Solanum melongena were significantly inhibited; various indicators of Capsicum frutescens in the highest concentration group were significantly inhibited. [Conclusion] The sensitivity of three Solanaceae crops to Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts presented an overall order of Solanum melongena 〉 Capsicum frutescens 〉 Lycopersicum esculentum, suggesting that Cenchrus echinatus can to some extent inhibit the growth of several crops, which should be strictly prevented and controlled in agricultural production.展开更多
The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;...The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia,and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions.Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae,the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure.In this study,we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data,and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia,Physalis infinemundi,the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae.We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera(Hyoscyameae sensu stricto),Atropanthe is sister to the clade(Scopolia,Physochlaina,Przewalskia),and together they are sister to the robustly supported AnisoduseHyoscyamus clade.The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene(47.11 Ma,95%HPD:36.75e57.86 Ma),and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene(22.52 Ma,95%HPD:15.19e30.53 Ma),which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae,as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.展开更多
Whole genome duplication(WGD) and tandem duplication(TD) are important modes of gene amplification and functional innovation, and they are common in plant genome evolution. We analyzed the genomes of three Solanaceae ...Whole genome duplication(WGD) and tandem duplication(TD) are important modes of gene amplification and functional innovation, and they are common in plant genome evolution. We analyzed the genomes of three Solanaceae species(Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, and Petunia inflata), which share a common distant ancestor with Vitis vinifera, Theobroma cacao, and Coffea canephora but have undergone an extra whole genome triplication(WGT) event. The analysis was used to investigate the phenomenon of tandem gene evolution with(S. lycopersicum) or without WGT(V. vinifera). Among the tandem gene arrays in these genomes, we found that V. vinifera, which has not experienced the WGT event, retained relatively more and larger tandem duplicated gene(TDG) clusters than the Solanaceae species that experienced the WGT event. Larger TDG clusters tend to be derived from older TD events, so this indicates that continuous TDGs(absolute dosage) accumulated during long-term evolution. In addition, WGD and TD show a significant bias in the functional categories of the genes retained. WGD tends to retain dose-sensitive genes related to biological processes, including DNA-binding and transcription factor activity, while TD tends to retain genes involved in stress resistance. WGD and TD also provide more possibilities for gene functional innovation through gene fusion and fission. The TDG cluster containing the tomato fusarium wilt resistance gene I3 contains 15 genes, and one of these genes, Solyc07g055560, has undergone a fusion event after the duplication events. These data provide evidence that helps explain the new functionalization of TDGs in adapting to environmental changes.展开更多
The present paper reconstructs the biogeographic diversification for Nolana L.f. （Solanaceae）, a genus of 89 endemic species largely restricted to fog-dependent desert lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile. Pre...The present paper reconstructs the biogeographic diversification for Nolana L.f. （Solanaceae）, a genus of 89 endemic species largely restricted to fog-dependent desert lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile. Previous efforts have reconstructed a phylogenetic estimate for Nolana using a combination of molecular markers. Herein, we expand on those results to examine hypotheses of biogeographic origins and diversification patterns. Nolana occupies habitats within a continuous coastal desert and forms a terrestrial archipelago of discrete ＂islands＂ unique in size, topography, and species composition. Each locality contains at least one Nolana species and many contain multiple species in sympatry. The genus has a Chilean origin, with the basal clades confined to Chile with wide geographic and ecological distributions. Peru contains two strongly supported clades, suggesting two introductions with subsequent radiation. A Chilean clade of shrubby, small-flowered species appears to have had its origins from the same ancestors of the second line that radiated in Peru and northern Chile. Nolana galapagensis is endemic to the Islas Galapagos, with origins traced to Peruvian taxa with a divergence time of 0.35 mya. Rates of diversification over the past 4.02 mya in Nolana, in one of the driest habitats on Earth, suggest rapid adaptive radiation in several clades. Success in Nolana may be attributed to characters that confer a competitive advantage in unpredictable and water-dependent environments, such as succulent leaf anatomy and ecophysiology, and the reproductive mericarp unique to Nolana. The processes affecting or shaping the biota of western South America are discussed.展开更多
Characterization of occurrence, density and motif sequence of tandem repeats in the transcribed regions is helpful in understanding the functional significance of these repeats in the modern genomes. We analyzed tande...Characterization of occurrence, density and motif sequence of tandem repeats in the transcribed regions is helpful in understanding the functional significance of these repeats in the modern genomes. We analyzed tandem repeats present in expressed sequences of thirteen species belonging to genera Capsicum, Nicotiana, Petunia and Solanum of family Solanaceae and the genus Coffea of Rubiaceae to investigate the propagation and evolutionary sustenance of these repeats. Tandem repeat containing sequences constituted 1.58% to 7.46% of sequences analyzed. Tandem repetitions of size 2, 15, 18 and 21 bp motifs were more frequent. Repeats with unit sizes 21 and 22 bp were also abundant in genomic sequences of potato and tomato. While mutations occurring in these repeats may alter the repeat number, genomes adjust to these changes by keeping the translated products unaffected. Surprisingly, in majority of the species under study, tandem repeat motif length did not exceed 228 bp. Conserved tandem repeat motifs of sizes 180, 192 and 204 bp were also abundant in the genomic sequences. Our observations lead us to propose that these tandem repeats are actually remnants of ancestral megasatellite repeats, which have split into multiple repeats due to frequent insertions over the course of evolution.展开更多
The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practit...The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat inflammation and painful conditions like rheumatism. It is also known to be used as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Despite the claims, there is no information in literature to corroborate the therapeutic success of Withania somnifera in the treatment of inflammation and insomnia. The study, therefore, investigated the anti-inflammatory and central nervous system depressant activities of the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species in mice and rats. Fresh leaves of W. somnifera were collected from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen （UWC 005） deposited in the University＇s Herbarium. Leaf aqueous extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effects while pentobarbitone-induced sleep and locomotor activity tests were used to evaluate the sedative effect of the plant species. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies of the plant species were also carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical qualitative analysis carried out on the dried powdered leaves of W. somnifera showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Leaf aqueous extract of IV. somnifera （100-200 mg/kg IP） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice in a dose dependant manner. Diazepam （0.5 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg （i.p.） of the plant species and 0.5 mg/kg （i.p.） of diazepam significantly reduced the locomotor activity of mice. Leaf aqueous extract of the plant species （50-200 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced the oedema produced by carrageenan （1%） in rats over 90 min period of testing. Indomethacin （20 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced carrageenan （1%）-induced oedema in rats over 120 min period of testing. The LDs0 value obtained for the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species following inter-peritoneal injection was 1,600 mg/kg while that following oral administration was probably over 4,000 mg/kg. The HPLC finger-print of the aqueous extract showed distinct peaks at the following retention times 2.977, 3.594, 4.154, 4.406, 4.660 and 15.267 min. The results obtained show that leaf aqueous extract of W. somnifera has both sedative and anti-inflammatory effects.展开更多
The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,...The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,wolfberry,and pepino.Research progress varies greatly among these species,with model crops like tomato being far ahead.This disparity limits the broader agricultural application of other Solanaceae species.In this study,we constructed an interspecies pan-genome for the Solanaceae family and identified various gene retention patterns.Our findings reveal that the activity of specific transposable elements is closely associated with gene fractionation and transposition.The pan-genome was further resolved at the level of T subgenomes,which were generated by Solanaceae-specific paleohexaploidization(T event).We demonstrate substantial gene fractionation(loss)and divergence events following ancient duplications.For example,all class A and E flower model genes in Solanaceae originated from two tandemly duplicated genes,which expanded through the g and T events before fractionating into 10 genes in tomato,each acquiring distinct functions critical for fruit development.Based on these results,we developed the Solanaceae Pan-Genome Database(SolPGD,http://www.bioinformaticslab.cn/SolPGD),which integrates datasets from both inter-and intra-species pan-genomes of Solanaceae.These findings and resources will facilitate future studies of solanaceous species,including orphan crops.展开更多
GAME15, a scaffold protein, orchestrates the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids (a class of compounds with known defensive properties) and steroidal saponins (which contribute to plant defense) in Solanaceae pla...GAME15, a scaffold protein, orchestrates the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids (a class of compounds with known defensive properties) and steroidal saponins (which contribute to plant defense) in Solanaceae plants, essential for their defense mechanisms. By assembling key enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum, GAME15 ensures efficient metabolite production, preventing toxic intermediate diffusion. This breakthrough in plant defense biosynthesis opens opportunities for metabolic engineering, enabling the production of valuable metabolites in non-native hosts and offering potential strategies for crop protection, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.展开更多
Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins （nsLtps） have been reported to be involved in plant defense activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 135 （122 putative and 13 previous...Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins （nsLtps） have been reported to be involved in plant defense activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 135 （122 putative and 13 previously identified） Solanaceae nsLtps, which are clustered into 8 different groups. By comparing with Boutrot’s nsLtp classification, we classified these eight groups into five types （I, II, IV, IX and X）. We compared Solanaceae nsLtps with Arabidopsis and Gramineae nsLtps and found that （1） Types I, II and IV are shared by Solanaceae, Gramineae and Arabidopsis; （2） Types III, V, VI and VIII are shared by Gramineae and Arabidopsis but not detected in Solanaceae so far; （3） Type VII is only found in Gramineae whereas type IX is present only in Arabidopsis and Solanaceae; （4） Type X is a new type that accounts for 52.59% Solanaceae nsLtps in our data, and has not been reported in any other plant so far. We further built and compared the three-dimensional structures of the eight groups, and found that the major functional diversification within the nsLtp family could be predated to the monocot/dicot divergence, and many gene duplications and sequence variations had happened in the nsLtp family after the monocot/dicot divergence, especially in Solanaceae.展开更多
Solanaceae,the nightshade family,have2700 species,including the important crops potato and tomato,ornamentals,and medicinal plants.Several sequenced Solanaceae genomes show evidence for wholegenome duplication(WGD),pr...Solanaceae,the nightshade family,have2700 species,including the important crops potato and tomato,ornamentals,and medicinal plants.Several sequenced Solanaceae genomes show evidence for wholegenome duplication(WGD),providing an excellent opportunity to investigate WGD and its impacts.Here,we generated 93 transcriptomes/genomes and combined them with 87 public datasets,for a total of 180 Solanaceae species representing all four subfamilies and 14 of 15 tribes.Nearly 1700 nuclear genes from these transcriptomic/genomic datasets were used to reconstruct a highly resolved Solanaceae phylogenetic tree with six major clades.The Solanaceae tree supports four previously recognized subfamilies(Goetzeioideae,Cestroideae,Nicotianoideae,and Solanoideae)and the designation of three other subfamilies(Schizanthoideae,Schwenckioideae,and Petunioideae),with the placement of several previously unassigned genera.We placed a Solanaceae-specific whole-genome triplication(WGT1)at81 million years ago(mya),before the divergence of Schizanthoideae from other Solanaceae subfamilies at73 mya.In addition,we detected two gene duplication bursts(GDBs)supporting proposed WGD events and four other GDBs.An investigation of the evolutionary histories of homologs of carpel and fruit developmental genes in 14 gene(sub)families revealed that 21 gene clades have retained gene duplicates.These were likely generated by the Solanaceae WGT1 and may have promoted fleshy fruit development.This study presents a well-resolved Solanaceae phylogeny and a new perspective on retained gene duplicates and carpel/fruit development,providing an improved understanding of Solanaceae evolution.展开更多
Glycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of...Glycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of Solanaceae plants （potato, tomato and black nightshade） or pure commercial glycoalkaloids on the coleopteran Zophobas atratus E were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo bioassays using heart experimental models. Each tested extract induced a dose-dependent cardioinhibitory effect. The perfusion of Zophobas atratus semi-isolated heart using the highest potato and tomato extract concentration （1 mmol/L） caused irreversible cardiac arrests, while extract from black nightshade pro- duced fast but reversible arrests. Pure commercial glycoalkaloids caused similar but less evident effects compared with extracts. Our results showed that the bioactivity of tested compounds depended on their structure and suggested the existence of synergistic interac- tions when combinations of the main glycoalkaloids of potato and black nightshade were used for trials. Surprisingly, injection of tomato and potato extracts in 1-day-old pupae of Zophobas atratus induced reversible positive chronotropic effects and decreased the duration of the both phases （anterograde and retrograde） of the heart contractile activity. Furthermore, these extracts affected the amplitude of the heart contractions.展开更多
Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous c...Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan,which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site.We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops,such as eggplants,tomato,and potato.In the present study,we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted,in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted.In eggplants,leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching.We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii.We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts.In addition,disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana,a model plant,following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts.The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.展开更多
Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing o...Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. ＆ Wendl. （Solanaceae） is present in many Ayurveda compound formulations including Chavanaprasha and Dasamoolarishta. The whole plant is used in conditions such as inflammati...OBJECTIVE： Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. ＆ Wendl. （Solanaceae） is present in many Ayurveda compound formulations including Chavanaprasha and Dasamoolarishta. The whole plant is used in conditions such as inflammation, constipation and promoting conception in females. In the present study, we carried out different tests to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum （SXE） in postmenopausal syndrome. METHODS： The study was carried out in bilaterally ovariectomized one-month-old Wistar rats （40-50 g）. Bilaterally ovariectomized （OVX） Wistar rats were divided into four groups （n=6） receiving different treatments, consisting of a vehicle （distilled water）, aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum at two different doses （200 and 400 mg/kg） administered orally daily for 90 d and standard drug β estradiol at a dose of 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously biweekly for 90 d. Estrogenic activity was assessed by vaginal cornification, sexual behavior, serum estradiol and uterine weight to body weight ratio. Antiosteoporotic activity was assessed on the basis of biomechanical and biochemical parameters followed by histopathological studies, and antidepressant activity was assessed by forced swim test. RESULTS： SXE showed presence of steroids. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, it significantly improved all the parameters of sexual behavior （P〈0.01）, caused vaginal cornification, and increased serum estradiol and uterine weight （P〈0.01）. It also significantly improved all the parameters of bone strength as well as depression （P〈0.01）. Histopathology of bones confirmed the above findings. CONCLUSION： The study indicated that SXE may provide an effective treatment in the prevention of postmenopausal symptoms.展开更多
Over the past 30 years,the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies.Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae,comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the...Over the past 30 years,the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies.Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae,comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa,Australia,and parts of Asia,e.g.,China,India and Japan.Many of them are economically signifcant species.Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identifcation of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids,terpenes,favonoids,lignans,sterols,phenolic comopunds,coumarins,amongst other compounds.Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to diferent tumors as breast cancer(4T1 and EMT),colorectal cancer(HCT116,HT29,and SW480),and prostate cancer(DU145)cell lines.The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids and phenols.This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018,fetched from SciFinder,Pubmed,ScienceDirect,Wikipedia and Baidu,using“Solanum”and the species’names as search terms(“all felds”).展开更多
Steroidal alkaloids possess the basic steroidal skeleton with a nitrogen atom in rings or side chains incorporated as an integral part of the molecule.They have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities,and s...Steroidal alkaloids possess the basic steroidal skeleton with a nitrogen atom in rings or side chains incorporated as an integral part of the molecule.They have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities,and some of them have even been developed as therapeutic drugs,such as abiraterone acetate(Zytiga®),a blockbuster drug,which has been used for the treatment of prostate cancer.Structurally diverse natural steroidal alkaloids present a wide spectrum of biological activities,which are attractive for natural product chemistry and medicinal chemistry communities.This review comprehensively covers the structural classification,isolation and various biological activities of 697 natural steroidal alkaloids discovered from 1926 to October 2021,with 363 references being cited.展开更多
基金Supported by the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline Project of Education Sciences of Guangzhou City(12A008)Popular Science Project of Bureau of Education of Guangzhou Municipality(12A102,13B022-02)Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2012KP024)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the potential ecological dam- ages of alien invasive species Cenchrus echinatus. [Method] By using seed germi- nation method, the effects of different concentrations of C. echinatus aqueous extracts on seed germination and seedling growth of three Solanaceae crops were investigated. [Result] After incubated for 5 d, no significant differences were observed in germination speed indices of Lycopersicum esculentum seeds between aqueous extract groups and control groups; germination speed indices of Solarium melongena seeds were significantly reduced with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts; however, Capsicum frutescens seeds in various groups were not germinated. After incubated for 7 d, root lengths of Lycopersicum esculentum seedlings were inhibited with the increasing concentration of Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts, while stem lengths and comprehensive allelopathic effects were promoted; germination rates of Solanum melongena seeds in various groups were all significantly lower than control groups; root length, stem length and comprehen- sive allelopathic effects in higher concentration groups were inhibited; germination rates of Capsicum frutescens seeds were significantly inhibited, and those in the highest concentration group were not generated. After incubated for 14 d, all indica- tors of Solanum melongena were significantly inhibited; various indicators of Capsicum frutescens in the highest concentration group were significantly inhibited. [Conclusion] The sensitivity of three Solanaceae crops to Cenchrus echinatus aqueous extracts presented an overall order of Solanum melongena 〉 Capsicum frutescens 〉 Lycopersicum esculentum, suggesting that Cenchrus echinatus can to some extent inhibit the growth of several crops, which should be strictly prevented and controlled in agricultural production.
基金We thank Dr.Xiao-Feng Chi and Dr.Ofelia Vargas-Ponce for contributing the whole chloroplast genome sequences of Anisodus tanguticus(Maxim.)Pascher and Physalis philadelphica Lam.before the release in NCBI.This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.5192012)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32070235)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.201906515009)。
文摘The cosmopolitan family Solanaceae,which originated and first diversified in South America,is economically important.The tribe Hyoscyameae is one of the three clades in Solanaceae that occurs outside of the New World;Hyoscyameae genera are distributed mainly in Europe and Asia,and have centers of species diversity in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent regions.Although many phylogenetic studies have focused on Solanaceae,the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Hyoscyameae and its biogeographic history remain obscure.In this study,we reconstructed the phylogeny of Hyoscyameae based on whole chloroplast genome data,and estimated lineage divergence times according to the newly reported fruit fossil from the Eocene Patagonia,Physalis infinemundi,the earliest known fossil of Solanaceae.We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of Hyoscyameae that reveals the berry fruit-type Atropa is sister to the six capsule-bearing genera(Hyoscyameae sensu stricto),Atropanthe is sister to the clade(Scopolia,Physochlaina,Przewalskia),and together they are sister to the robustly supported AnisoduseHyoscyamus clade.The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene(47.11 Ma,95%HPD:36.75e57.86 Ma),and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene(22.52 Ma,95%HPD:15.19e30.53 Ma),which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae,as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,31972411 and 31722048)the Program for Scientific and Technological Innovative Talents in Universities of Henan Province,China(20HASTIT035)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciencesthe Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China。
文摘Whole genome duplication(WGD) and tandem duplication(TD) are important modes of gene amplification and functional innovation, and they are common in plant genome evolution. We analyzed the genomes of three Solanaceae species(Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, and Petunia inflata), which share a common distant ancestor with Vitis vinifera, Theobroma cacao, and Coffea canephora but have undergone an extra whole genome triplication(WGT) event. The analysis was used to investigate the phenomenon of tandem gene evolution with(S. lycopersicum) or without WGT(V. vinifera). Among the tandem gene arrays in these genomes, we found that V. vinifera, which has not experienced the WGT event, retained relatively more and larger tandem duplicated gene(TDG) clusters than the Solanaceae species that experienced the WGT event. Larger TDG clusters tend to be derived from older TD events, so this indicates that continuous TDGs(absolute dosage) accumulated during long-term evolution. In addition, WGD and TD show a significant bias in the functional categories of the genes retained. WGD tends to retain dose-sensitive genes related to biological processes, including DNA-binding and transcription factor activity, while TD tends to retain genes involved in stress resistance. WGD and TD also provide more possibilities for gene functional innovation through gene fusion and fission. The TDG cluster containing the tomato fusarium wilt resistance gene I3 contains 15 genes, and one of these genes, Solyc07g055560, has undergone a fusion event after the duplication events. These data provide evidence that helps explain the new functionalization of TDGs in adapting to environmental changes.
基金supported,in part,by grants to MOD from the National Science Foundation (DEB 0415573,DEB 9801297,DEB 8513205)
文摘The present paper reconstructs the biogeographic diversification for Nolana L.f. （Solanaceae）, a genus of 89 endemic species largely restricted to fog-dependent desert lomas formations of coastal Peru and Chile. Previous efforts have reconstructed a phylogenetic estimate for Nolana using a combination of molecular markers. Herein, we expand on those results to examine hypotheses of biogeographic origins and diversification patterns. Nolana occupies habitats within a continuous coastal desert and forms a terrestrial archipelago of discrete ＂islands＂ unique in size, topography, and species composition. Each locality contains at least one Nolana species and many contain multiple species in sympatry. The genus has a Chilean origin, with the basal clades confined to Chile with wide geographic and ecological distributions. Peru contains two strongly supported clades, suggesting two introductions with subsequent radiation. A Chilean clade of shrubby, small-flowered species appears to have had its origins from the same ancestors of the second line that radiated in Peru and northern Chile. Nolana galapagensis is endemic to the Islas Galapagos, with origins traced to Peruvian taxa with a divergence time of 0.35 mya. Rates of diversification over the past 4.02 mya in Nolana, in one of the driest habitats on Earth, suggest rapid adaptive radiation in several clades. Success in Nolana may be attributed to characters that confer a competitive advantage in unpredictable and water-dependent environments, such as succulent leaf anatomy and ecophysiology, and the reproductive mericarp unique to Nolana. The processes affecting or shaping the biota of western South America are discussed.
文摘Characterization of occurrence, density and motif sequence of tandem repeats in the transcribed regions is helpful in understanding the functional significance of these repeats in the modern genomes. We analyzed tandem repeats present in expressed sequences of thirteen species belonging to genera Capsicum, Nicotiana, Petunia and Solanum of family Solanaceae and the genus Coffea of Rubiaceae to investigate the propagation and evolutionary sustenance of these repeats. Tandem repeat containing sequences constituted 1.58% to 7.46% of sequences analyzed. Tandem repetitions of size 2, 15, 18 and 21 bp motifs were more frequent. Repeats with unit sizes 21 and 22 bp were also abundant in genomic sequences of potato and tomato. While mutations occurring in these repeats may alter the repeat number, genomes adjust to these changes by keeping the translated products unaffected. Surprisingly, in majority of the species under study, tandem repeat motif length did not exceed 228 bp. Conserved tandem repeat motifs of sizes 180, 192 and 204 bp were also abundant in the genomic sequences. Our observations lead us to propose that these tandem repeats are actually remnants of ancestral megasatellite repeats, which have split into multiple repeats due to frequent insertions over the course of evolution.
文摘The use of medicinal plants in South Africa is cultural. Withania somnifera is one of the medicinal plants used to treat various ailments in the country. The plant species has been used by traditional medicine practitioners to treat inflammation and painful conditions like rheumatism. It is also known to be used as a sedative and hypnotic drug. Despite the claims, there is no information in literature to corroborate the therapeutic success of Withania somnifera in the treatment of inflammation and insomnia. The study, therefore, investigated the anti-inflammatory and central nervous system depressant activities of the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species in mice and rats. Fresh leaves of W. somnifera were collected from Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, authenticated by a taxonomist and a voucher specimen （UWC 005） deposited in the University＇s Herbarium. Leaf aqueous extract was prepared using standard extraction methods. The carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test was used to determine the anti-inflammatory effects while pentobarbitone-induced sleep and locomotor activity tests were used to evaluate the sedative effect of the plant species. Phytochemical qualitative analysis, acute toxicity and HPLC studies of the plant species were also carried out using standard methods. The phytochemical qualitative analysis carried out on the dried powdered leaves of W. somnifera showed the presence of saponins, tannins and triterpene steroids. Leaf aqueous extract of IV. somnifera （100-200 mg/kg IP） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice in a dose dependant manner. Diazepam （0.5 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly prolonged pentobarbitone （40 mg/kg, i.p.）-induced sleep in mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg （i.p.） of the plant species and 0.5 mg/kg （i.p.） of diazepam significantly reduced the locomotor activity of mice. Leaf aqueous extract of the plant species （50-200 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced the oedema produced by carrageenan （1%） in rats over 90 min period of testing. Indomethacin （20 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly reduced carrageenan （1%）-induced oedema in rats over 120 min period of testing. The LDs0 value obtained for the leaf aqueous extract of the plant species following inter-peritoneal injection was 1,600 mg/kg while that following oral administration was probably over 4,000 mg/kg. The HPLC finger-print of the aqueous extract showed distinct peaks at the following retention times 2.977, 3.594, 4.154, 4.406, 4.660 and 15.267 min. The results obtained show that leaf aqueous extract of W. somnifera has both sedative and anti-inflammatory effects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC grants U23A20210,32102382,and 32102386)the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-23-A15)+1 种基金the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Y2024QC05)the Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China.
文摘The Solanaceae family contains many agriculturally important crops,including tomato,potato,pepper,and tobacco,as well as other species with potential for agricultural development,such as the orphan crops groundcherry,wolfberry,and pepino.Research progress varies greatly among these species,with model crops like tomato being far ahead.This disparity limits the broader agricultural application of other Solanaceae species.In this study,we constructed an interspecies pan-genome for the Solanaceae family and identified various gene retention patterns.Our findings reveal that the activity of specific transposable elements is closely associated with gene fractionation and transposition.The pan-genome was further resolved at the level of T subgenomes,which were generated by Solanaceae-specific paleohexaploidization(T event).We demonstrate substantial gene fractionation(loss)and divergence events following ancient duplications.For example,all class A and E flower model genes in Solanaceae originated from two tandemly duplicated genes,which expanded through the g and T events before fractionating into 10 genes in tomato,each acquiring distinct functions critical for fruit development.Based on these results,we developed the Solanaceae Pan-Genome Database(SolPGD,http://www.bioinformaticslab.cn/SolPGD),which integrates datasets from both inter-and intra-species pan-genomes of Solanaceae.These findings and resources will facilitate future studies of solanaceous species,including orphan crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971314)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization(SKLTOF20210122).
文摘GAME15, a scaffold protein, orchestrates the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids (a class of compounds with known defensive properties) and steroidal saponins (which contribute to plant defense) in Solanaceae plants, essential for their defense mechanisms. By assembling key enzymes at the endoplasmic reticulum, GAME15 ensures efficient metabolite production, preventing toxic intermediate diffusion. This breakthrough in plant defense biosynthesis opens opportunities for metabolic engineering, enabling the production of valuable metabolites in non-native hosts and offering potential strategies for crop protection, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30900831)
文摘Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins （nsLtps） have been reported to be involved in plant defense activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 135 （122 putative and 13 previously identified） Solanaceae nsLtps, which are clustered into 8 different groups. By comparing with Boutrot’s nsLtp classification, we classified these eight groups into five types （I, II, IV, IX and X）. We compared Solanaceae nsLtps with Arabidopsis and Gramineae nsLtps and found that （1） Types I, II and IV are shared by Solanaceae, Gramineae and Arabidopsis; （2） Types III, V, VI and VIII are shared by Gramineae and Arabidopsis but not detected in Solanaceae so far; （3） Type VII is only found in Gramineae whereas type IX is present only in Arabidopsis and Solanaceae; （4） Type X is a new type that accounts for 52.59% Solanaceae nsLtps in our data, and has not been reported in any other plant so far. We further built and compared the three-dimensional structures of the eight groups, and found that the major functional diversification within the nsLtp family could be predated to the monocot/dicot divergence, and many gene duplications and sequence variations had happened in the nsLtp family after the monocot/dicot divergence, especially in Solanaceae.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.31770242,31970224,and 32270232)the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University,and Eberly College of Science and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University.
文摘Solanaceae,the nightshade family,have2700 species,including the important crops potato and tomato,ornamentals,and medicinal plants.Several sequenced Solanaceae genomes show evidence for wholegenome duplication(WGD),providing an excellent opportunity to investigate WGD and its impacts.Here,we generated 93 transcriptomes/genomes and combined them with 87 public datasets,for a total of 180 Solanaceae species representing all four subfamilies and 14 of 15 tribes.Nearly 1700 nuclear genes from these transcriptomic/genomic datasets were used to reconstruct a highly resolved Solanaceae phylogenetic tree with six major clades.The Solanaceae tree supports four previously recognized subfamilies(Goetzeioideae,Cestroideae,Nicotianoideae,and Solanoideae)and the designation of three other subfamilies(Schizanthoideae,Schwenckioideae,and Petunioideae),with the placement of several previously unassigned genera.We placed a Solanaceae-specific whole-genome triplication(WGT1)at81 million years ago(mya),before the divergence of Schizanthoideae from other Solanaceae subfamilies at73 mya.In addition,we detected two gene duplication bursts(GDBs)supporting proposed WGD events and four other GDBs.An investigation of the evolutionary histories of homologs of carpel and fruit developmental genes in 14 gene(sub)families revealed that 21 gene clades have retained gene duplicates.These were likely generated by the Solanaceae WGT1 and may have promoted fleshy fruit development.This study presents a well-resolved Solanaceae phylogeny and a new perspective on retained gene duplicates and carpel/fruit development,providing an improved understanding of Solanaceae evolution.
文摘Glycoalkaloids, the biologically active secondary metabolites produced by Solanaceae plants, are natural defenses against animals, insects and fungi. In this paper, the effects of glycoalkaloids present in extracts of Solanaceae plants （potato, tomato and black nightshade） or pure commercial glycoalkaloids on the coleopteran Zophobas atratus E were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo bioassays using heart experimental models. Each tested extract induced a dose-dependent cardioinhibitory effect. The perfusion of Zophobas atratus semi-isolated heart using the highest potato and tomato extract concentration （1 mmol/L） caused irreversible cardiac arrests, while extract from black nightshade pro- duced fast but reversible arrests. Pure commercial glycoalkaloids caused similar but less evident effects compared with extracts. Our results showed that the bioactivity of tested compounds depended on their structure and suggested the existence of synergistic interac- tions when combinations of the main glycoalkaloids of potato and black nightshade were used for trials. Surprisingly, injection of tomato and potato extracts in 1-day-old pupae of Zophobas atratus induced reversible positive chronotropic effects and decreased the duration of the both phases （anterograde and retrograde） of the heart contractile activity. Furthermore, these extracts affected the amplitude of the heart contractions.
基金Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(JP15K06930,JP18H02286,JP19K06108)。
文摘Poaceae plant species,such as silver grass,are commonly used in mulching activities Japan.In contrast,local farmers have traditionally used Japanese knotweed(Fallopia japonica)mulch in the cultivation of solanaceous crops in the Nishi-Awa area of Japan,which is a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site.We have previously evaluated the positive effects of Japanese knotweed mulching on solanaceous crops,such as eggplants,tomato,and potato.In the present study,we observed that the naturally occurring diseases in the solanaceous crops tended to decrease when the knotweed mulching system was adopted,in comparison to when Poaceae mulch was adopted.In eggplants,leaf mold and powdery mildew decreased under Japanese knotweed mulching.We further evaluated the effects of Japanese knotweed mulching by inoculating test plants with Pseudomonas cichorii.We observed suppression of bacterial disease and tomato mosaic virus under Japanese knotweed mulching and following spraying with Japanese knotweed extracts.In addition,disease-resistance genes were expressed at high levels in Arabidopsis thaliana,a model plant,following treatment with Japanese knotweed extracts.The results suggest that Japanese knotweed has potential applications in future sustainable agriculture activities.
文摘Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.
文摘OBJECTIVE： Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. ＆ Wendl. （Solanaceae） is present in many Ayurveda compound formulations including Chavanaprasha and Dasamoolarishta. The whole plant is used in conditions such as inflammation, constipation and promoting conception in females. In the present study, we carried out different tests to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum （SXE） in postmenopausal syndrome. METHODS： The study was carried out in bilaterally ovariectomized one-month-old Wistar rats （40-50 g）. Bilaterally ovariectomized （OVX） Wistar rats were divided into four groups （n=6） receiving different treatments, consisting of a vehicle （distilled water）, aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum at two different doses （200 and 400 mg/kg） administered orally daily for 90 d and standard drug β estradiol at a dose of 1 mg/kg administered subcutaneously biweekly for 90 d. Estrogenic activity was assessed by vaginal cornification, sexual behavior, serum estradiol and uterine weight to body weight ratio. Antiosteoporotic activity was assessed on the basis of biomechanical and biochemical parameters followed by histopathological studies, and antidepressant activity was assessed by forced swim test. RESULTS： SXE showed presence of steroids. At the dose of 200 mg/kg, it significantly improved all the parameters of sexual behavior （P〈0.01）, caused vaginal cornification, and increased serum estradiol and uterine weight （P〈0.01）. It also significantly improved all the parameters of bone strength as well as depression （P〈0.01）. Histopathology of bones confirmed the above findings. CONCLUSION： The study indicated that SXE may provide an effective treatment in the prevention of postmenopausal symptoms.
文摘Over the past 30 years,the genus Solanum has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies.Solanum is the largest genus in the family Solanaceae,comprising of about 2000 species distributed in the subtropical and tropical regions of Africa,Australia,and parts of Asia,e.g.,China,India and Japan.Many of them are economically signifcant species.Previous phytochemical investigations on Solanum species led to the identifcation of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids,terpenes,favonoids,lignans,sterols,phenolic comopunds,coumarins,amongst other compounds.Many species belonging to this genus present huge range of pharmacological activities such as cytotoxicity to diferent tumors as breast cancer(4T1 and EMT),colorectal cancer(HCT116,HT29,and SW480),and prostate cancer(DU145)cell lines.The biological activities have been attributed to a number of steroidal saponins,steroidal alkaloids and phenols.This review features 65 phytochemically studied species of Solanum between 1990 and 2018,fetched from SciFinder,Pubmed,ScienceDirect,Wikipedia and Baidu,using“Solanum”and the species’names as search terms(“all felds”).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32170405)Yunnan Science and Technology Project (202105AE160006,2019FY003004) for partial financial support.
文摘Steroidal alkaloids possess the basic steroidal skeleton with a nitrogen atom in rings or side chains incorporated as an integral part of the molecule.They have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities,and some of them have even been developed as therapeutic drugs,such as abiraterone acetate(Zytiga®),a blockbuster drug,which has been used for the treatment of prostate cancer.Structurally diverse natural steroidal alkaloids present a wide spectrum of biological activities,which are attractive for natural product chemistry and medicinal chemistry communities.This review comprehensively covers the structural classification,isolation and various biological activities of 697 natural steroidal alkaloids discovered from 1926 to October 2021,with 363 references being cited.
