Snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)is one of the most widely cultivated grass flowers in the world.WRKY transcription factors,VQ proteins and their interactions play crucial roles in plant response to abiotic stresses.Howev...Snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)is one of the most widely cultivated grass flowers in the world.WRKY transcription factors,VQ proteins and their interactions play crucial roles in plant response to abiotic stresses.However,little is known about WRKY and VQ gene families in snapdragon.In the present study,WRKY and VQ genes and their interactions were comprehensively analyzed in snapdragon using bioinformatics approaches,and their expression in response to drought and cold stresses was examined using real-time PCR.A total of 67 AmWRKY genes were identified in snapdragon,which were classified into different groups or subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis.Members in the same group or sub-groups exhibited similar exon-intron structure and conserved motifs distribution.Among these WRKY genes,16 and 22 genes were found to differentially express under drought and cold stresses,respectively.A total of 32 AmVQ genes were identified,of which 10 and 18 were found to differentially express under drought and cold stresses,respectively.The WRKY-VQ or WRKY-WRKY interaction relationships were predicted for 11 cold-responsive genes,suggesting that they might exist in the same response pathway to cold stress.These results lay a foundation for further studies on roles of WRKY and VQ genes and their interactions in regulating abiotic responses in snapdragon.展开更多
Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical mo...Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.展开更多
Shades of different light intensities (29%, 43%, 54%,60% or 68%) along with control (no shade) were studied to observe their effects on the flowering time and plant quality. A hyperbolic relationship was observed betw...Shades of different light intensities (29%, 43%, 54%,60% or 68%) along with control (no shade) were studied to observe their effects on the flowering time and plant quality. A hyperbolic relationship was observed between different light intensities under shade,and time to flowering.The total number of flower buds showed a curvilinear relationship with light intensities. Growth parameters related to the plant characteristics such as plant height,leaf area and plant fresh weight were improved under shading treatments at the expense of flowering time and number of flower buds.However,both linear and polynomial models applied assumed that cultivar Chimes White was equally sensitive to light intensity throughout development.展开更多
基金This research was funded by the Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province(2019C02025)the Youth Talent Program of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2020R25R08E02).
文摘Snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)is one of the most widely cultivated grass flowers in the world.WRKY transcription factors,VQ proteins and their interactions play crucial roles in plant response to abiotic stresses.However,little is known about WRKY and VQ gene families in snapdragon.In the present study,WRKY and VQ genes and their interactions were comprehensively analyzed in snapdragon using bioinformatics approaches,and their expression in response to drought and cold stresses was examined using real-time PCR.A total of 67 AmWRKY genes were identified in snapdragon,which were classified into different groups or subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis.Members in the same group or sub-groups exhibited similar exon-intron structure and conserved motifs distribution.Among these WRKY genes,16 and 22 genes were found to differentially express under drought and cold stresses,respectively.A total of 32 AmVQ genes were identified,of which 10 and 18 were found to differentially express under drought and cold stresses,respectively.The WRKY-VQ or WRKY-WRKY interaction relationships were predicted for 11 cold-responsive genes,suggesting that they might exist in the same response pathway to cold stress.These results lay a foundation for further studies on roles of WRKY and VQ genes and their interactions in regulating abiotic responses in snapdragon.
基金funded by the USDANIFA grant 2019-67013-29236the USDA HATCH program FLA-MFC-006387,awarded to Heqiang Huo.
文摘Basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors regulate diverse plant processes,particularly anthocyanin biosynthesis through the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.Despite snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus)serving as a classical model for studying flower pigmentation genetics,its bHLH gene family has rarely been comprehensively characterized.Here,we performed a genome-wide identification and systematic characterization of the bHLH gene family in A.majus,with a focus on candidates involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis.A total of 150 AmbHLH genes were identified and subjected to in-silico analyses,including phylogenetic classification,structural analysis,and promoter cis-element characterization.Comparative transcriptomic profiling between anthocyanin-poor(“SIPPE50”,Green)and anthocyanin-rich(“JI2R”,Red)snapdragon lines highlighted eight differentially expressed AmbHLHs.AmbHLH001,AmbHLH002,and AmbHLH042 showed significant upregulation in the anthocyanin-rich line and showed positive correlations with the expression of key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.Among these,AmbHLH002 was prioritized as a candidate and was assessed via heterologous overexpression in tomatoes.Notably,AmbHLH002 is a newly identified regulator whose overexpression in tomato resulted in visible purple pigmentation and increased anthocyanin accumulation.These findings support the view that AmbHLH002 acts as a positive regulator,with phylogenetic evidence for conservation of anthocyanin biosynthesis,presenting valuable potential for engineering pigmentation traits in ornamental plants and serving as a candidate visible marker for plant genetic transformation.
文摘Shades of different light intensities (29%, 43%, 54%,60% or 68%) along with control (no shade) were studied to observe their effects on the flowering time and plant quality. A hyperbolic relationship was observed between different light intensities under shade,and time to flowering.The total number of flower buds showed a curvilinear relationship with light intensities. Growth parameters related to the plant characteristics such as plant height,leaf area and plant fresh weight were improved under shading treatments at the expense of flowering time and number of flower buds.However,both linear and polynomial models applied assumed that cultivar Chimes White was equally sensitive to light intensity throughout development.
