To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmac...To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Disease-associated targets for gout and hyperuricemia were identified from the GeneCards,OMIM,Disgenet,and TTD databases,while the key active components and their corresponding targets for Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis were obtained from the TCSMP database.The intersection of these targets enabled the construction of a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,which was subsequently visualized and analyzed.Core targets were further subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved.Molecular docking was then employed to validate the reliability of the interactions between the active components and the identified targets.The analysis revealed that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis contained 15 bioactive components that interacted with 393 potential targets,while gout and hyperuricemia were associated with 660 targets in total.The primary active compounds implicated in treating these conditions included diosgenin,quercetin,and naringenin,which were found to interact with crucial hub targets such as BCL2,CASP3,and MAPK3.These interactions suggested that the herbal medicine pair modulated several biological processes,including gland development and the regulation of body fluid levels,through pathways involving membrane rafts,membrane microdomains,and nuclear receptor activities.Enrichment analyses highlighted their involvement in multiple signaling pathways,such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,phospholipase D signaling,and platelet activation.Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding affinities between the hub genes and the major active components,supporting their potential role in therapeutic efficacy.This study demonstrated that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis might offer a promising therapeutic strategy for gout and hyperuricemia by targeting multiple molecular components,biological functions,and pathways.The findings underscored the unique potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in managing complex diseases by leveraging synergistic effects across diverse biological mechanisms.展开更多
Objective:To assess anti-psoriatic activity of the methanol extract and the isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of Smilax china(S.china) Linn.Methods:Mouse tail test was used for the evaluation of anti-psori...Objective:To assess anti-psoriatic activity of the methanol extract and the isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of Smilax china(S.china) Linn.Methods:Mouse tail test was used for the evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity.Methanol extract(100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) and isolated flavonoid quercetin(25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) were tested in Swiss albino mice.Parameters studied in the mouse tail test were changes in epidermal thickness and percentage orthokeratotic values.The anti-inflammatory role of the methanol extract and isolated flavonoid quercetin was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats.In vitro antiproliferant assay on HaCaT cell lines was also carried out.Results:The isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of S.china produced significant orthokeratosis(P<0.01) in the mouse tail test.In epidermal thickness,a significant reduction with respect to control was observed in groups treated with retinoic acid and isolated flavonoid quercetin.The methanol extract(200 mg/kg) and isolated flavonoid quercetin(50 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory effect in terms of significant inhibition(P<0.001) in leukocyte migration.Maximum antiproliferant activity was shown by isolated flavonoid quercetin(IC_(50),62.42± 10.20 μg/mL).Conclusions:From the above data,the flavonoid quercetin shows significant orthokeratosis,anti-inflammatory and maximum antiproliferant activities.To our knowledge,this is the first report on the anti-psoriatic effect of the flavonoid quercetin which is promising for further investigations to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.展开更多
A new flavonol glycoside, named neosmitilbin was isolated form the rhizome of Smilax glabra. Its structure and absolute configuration were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies.
As a Chinese medicinal plant,Smilax china is traditionally used in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID).Flavonoids have been identified as the anti-inflammatory bioactive fraction.However,the high content...As a Chinese medicinal plant,Smilax china is traditionally used in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID).Flavonoids have been identified as the anti-inflammatory bioactive fraction.However,the high content of total flavonoids has not been extracted from S.china.The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of total flavonoids are still unknown.In the present study,we aimed to obtain the effective parts of flavonoids in S.china,and elucidate the mechanism of action on PID.The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated on phenol mucilage-induced pelvic inflammation in rats.This was the first time that total flavonoids in high concentration(up to 55.6%)were obtained in S.china.A total of 15 compounds were separated and identified by NMR,and the total flavonoids were detected with HPLC.TFSC caused a reduction in serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β.These results suggested that TFSC had a significant anti-PID effect,probably due to inhibition of the inflammatory reaction.展开更多
The Smilax species,widely distributed in tropical region of the world and the warm areas of East Asia and North America,are extensively used as folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.Chemical investigation on S...The Smilax species,widely distributed in tropical region of the world and the warm areas of East Asia and North America,are extensively used as folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.Chemical investigation on Smilax species showed they are rich sources of steroidal saponins with diversified structure types,including spirostane,isospirostane,furostane,pregnane,and cholestane.This review mainly summarizes the steroidal saponins(1–104)reported from the genus Smilax between 1967 and 2016,and their biological activities.The relationship between structures of steroidal saponins and related biological activities were briefly discussed.展开更多
Two new minor steroidal saponins, (25R) spirostan-3β-ol-6-one-3-O-[α-L- arabinopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-glucopyranosidc (1) and (25S) spirost-5-en -3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-O- [α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-6)]-β-D-glucopyranos...Two new minor steroidal saponins, (25R) spirostan-3β-ol-6-one-3-O-[α-L- arabinopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-glucopyranosidc (1) and (25S) spirost-5-en -3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-O- [α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-6)]-β-D-glucopyranosidc (2) were isolated from the roots of Smilax lebrunii. Their structures were established on thc basis of chemical and spectral methods.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity of Smilax myosotiflora(S. myosotiflora)methanolic extract and its effects on sexual hormone levels and testicular histology in male rats.Methods: The cytotoxicity of S. myoso...Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity of Smilax myosotiflora(S. myosotiflora)methanolic extract and its effects on sexual hormone levels and testicular histology in male rats.Methods: The cytotoxicity of S. myosotiflora methanolic extract was investigated by employing brine shrimp lethality assay. Forty eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups(Groups I–IV) of 12 each. Rats in Group I were administered with 0.5 m L of distilled water(vehicle), whilst Groups II, III and IV received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of S. myosotiflora in 0.5 m L of the vehicle, respectively. Male rats treated with continuous daily dosing were killed and necropsied after a total dose period of 60 days. Sexual hormones were assayed and histological examination of testes was performed according to standard methods.Results: S. myosotiflora extracts did not produce any cytotoxicity to brine shrimp in all concentrations tested. Serum testosterone level was significantly higher in rats treated with high dose of S. myosotiflora. Testicular histology showed normal architecture with all stages of spermatogenesis in all experimental groups.Conclusions: The present work confirmed that S. myosotiflora extract improves reproductive functions, without any cytotoxic activity and produces no histological changes to the testes.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the osteoblastogenic activity of the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of Smilax glabra Roxb roots and its major active compound astilbin.Methods:Astilbin was isolated from EtOAc extract using silic...Objective:To investigate the osteoblastogenic activity of the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of Smilax glabra Roxb roots and its major active compound astilbin.Methods:Astilbin was isolated from EtOAc extract using silica gel chromatography combined with fraction crystallization.Chemical structure of astilbin was determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data in comparison with the literature.MTT method was used to detect the toxicity.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 405 nm using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate.Calcium deposition was stained with alizarin red-S,distained with cetylpyridium chloride,and quantified at 562 nm.In silico model for astilbin-ALP interaction was analyzed using AutoDock 4.2.6.The changes in expression of osteoblast differentiation related genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.Results:Both the EtOAc extract and astilbin had no toxicity toward osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells at 5.0,10,25,and 50μg/mL.At 25μg/mL,they enhanced ALP activity and mineralization of osteoblasts up to 30%and 55%for the EtOAc extract and 22%and 41%for astilbin,respectively.Molecular docking analysis of astilbin-ALP interaction revealed Arg167,Asp320,His324,and His437 were key residues participating in hydrophobic interaction;meanwhile,His434 and Thr436 residues were involved in hydrogen bond formation in the active site of human tissue-nonspecific ALP.Moreover,the expression level of genes opn,col1,osx,and runx2 were up-regulated in astilbin treated samples with the fold changes as 2.2;3.7;4.1;2.3,respectively at 10μg/mL(P<0.05).Conclusions:The EtOAc extract and its major compound astilbin exhibit osteoblastogenic activity by up-regulating important markers for bone cell differentiation.It could be a new and promising osteogenic agent with dual actions for therapeutic applications.展开更多
A preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Smilax domingensis Willd., (Smilacaceae) was realized to determine the macromorphology and micromorphology characteristics, the physicochemical and phyto...A preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Smilax domingensis Willd., (Smilacaceae) was realized to determine the macromorphology and micromorphology characteristics, the physicochemical and phytochemical parameters from the rhizome of this spice that grows in Cuba. This crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values such as moisture content (13.11%), extractable matter in ethanol at 70% (13.53%), total ashes (3.45%), water soluble ashes (2.43%) and acid insoluble ashes (0.64%). Phytochemical screening revealed the possible presence of alkaloids, oils and/or fats, coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, pyrogallol-type tannins, quinones, catechins, reductants sugars, triterpens and steroids and absence of resins, aminoacids, cardiotonic glycosides, anthocyanidins and astringent and/or bitter principles, realized under WHO parameters.展开更多
Smilax canariensis Brouss. ex Willd. is an endemic plant of the Canary Islands. Its rhizomes, leaves and stems have been traditionally used in Canary folk medicine to treat a wide variety of conditions including pain....Smilax canariensis Brouss. ex Willd. is an endemic plant of the Canary Islands. Its rhizomes, leaves and stems have been traditionally used in Canary folk medicine to treat a wide variety of conditions including pain. Our objective is to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts of S. canariensis in Swiss mice, using established biological models for pain and inflammation, such as phenylquinone writhing test, formalin test, tail-flick test and mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan. Oral administration of S. canariensis extracts significantly reduce writhing episodes evoked by phenylquinone injection in a dose-dependent manner;and higher doses result in a reduction of pain similar to or higher than that of the reference drug piroxicam (59.56%;p < 0.01). The extracts also cause a marked dose-dependent inhibition of for-malin-induced pain in the second phase but only minimal inhibition of tail-flick behavior, suggesting that S. canariensis is not a centrally acting analgesic. Finally, in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model, the extracts show a moderate anti-inflammatory effect, the most active being the ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/kg p.o. (33.33%;p < 0.05). Our results suggest that S. canariensis extracts have clear dose-dependent peripheral analgesic effects, which lends support to the traditional use of this medicinal plant to treat pain associated with inflammatory or other processes.展开更多
A New steroidal saponin was isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax lebrunii. On the basis of spectral and chemical methods, its structure was elucidated as:(25S)spirost-5-en-3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-0-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(...A New steroidal saponin was isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax lebrunii. On the basis of spectral and chemical methods, its structure was elucidated as:(25S)spirost-5-en-3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-0-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)][α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside.展开更多
Two minor steroidal saponins were isolated from the roots of Smilax menispermoidea.One of them is new and its structure was established as(25S) spirost-5-en-3β,17α,27-triol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-gluco...Two minor steroidal saponins were isolated from the roots of Smilax menispermoidea.One of them is new and its structure was established as(25S) spirost-5-en-3β,17α,27-triol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-gluco- pyranoside using spectroscopic and chemical methods.展开更多
Objective:To study the effects of smilax bockii warb polysaccharide on inflammatory mediators, apoptosis and immune cell function in rats with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.Methods:Female SD rats were chosen as ...Objective:To study the effects of smilax bockii warb polysaccharide on inflammatory mediators, apoptosis and immune cell function in rats with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.Methods:Female SD rats were chosen as experimental animals and divided into control group, pelvic inflammation group and smilax bockii warb group, pelvic inflammation group and smilax bockii warb group were made into pelvic inflammation models, and smilax bockii warb group were given intragastric administration of smilax bockii warb. The contents of inflammatory mediators and the expression of apoptosis genes in uterine muscle as well as the contents of immune cells in peripheral blood were determined 21 d after molding and intervention.Results:TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and IL-8 levels as well as Fas, TNFR-1, GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in uterine muscle tissue and CD3+CD8+T cell in peripheral blood of pelvic inflammation group were higher than those of control group whereas peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T cell, red blood cell C3b receptor rosette rate and erythrocyte immune complex rosette were lower than those of control group;TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and IL-8 levels as well as Fas, TNFR-1, GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in uterine muscle tissue as well as CD3+CD8+T cell in peripheral blood of smilax bockii warb group were lower than those of pelvic inflammation group whereas peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T cell, red blood cell C3b receptor rosette rate and erythrocyte immune complex rosette were higher than those of pelvic inflammation group. Conclusion:Smilax bockii warb polysaccharide for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease intervention can inhibit the inflammatory mediator secretion, apoptosis and regulate the immune cell function.展开更多
Objective:To predict the relevant targets and signaling pathways of Smilax china L.(SC)for treating myocardial infarction on the basis of network pharmacology and molecular docking.Consequently,the basis for additiona...Objective:To predict the relevant targets and signaling pathways of Smilax china L.(SC)for treating myocardial infarction on the basis of network pharmacology and molecular docking.Consequently,the basis for additional in-depth investigation is obtained.Methods:First,the targets of SC and the targets for treating myocardial infarction were screened from different databases,Then the intersection genes of SC for treating myocardial infarction were performed in Venny 2.1.0.Second,to obtain the protein interaction network,the Metascape database,String database,were used to analyze the important modules related to the signaling pathway using MCODE algorithm.Furthermore,the DAVID database was used for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis.And we constructed the“interaction targets-pathways”network by Cytoscape software,and using Network Analyzer was used to screen the core compound,core targets and core pathways.Finally,molecular docking was used to verify whether the core compounds and core targets had better docking binding.Results:11 active ingredients and 98 targets of SC,1846 targets to treat myocardial infarction and 58 targets related to treat myocardial infarction in SC were obtained;MCODE analysis of the protein-protein interaction network yielded 4 important modules related to signaling pathways;Gene Ontology enrichment analysis yielded 848 entries and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis yielded 144 signaling pathways;the core compounds were beta-sitosterol,diosgenin,kaempferol,core targets were AKT1,CASP9,BCL2,core pathways were pathways in cancer,pathways of neurodegeneration-multiple diseases,Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection,lipid and atherosclerosis and human cytomegalovirus infection.Finally,molecular docking between core components and core targets was verified.Conclusion:The preliminary prediction of the mechanism of the SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction is that it acts through a multi-compounds,multi-targets and multi-pathways.This study provided a theoretical basis and research direction for the mechanism of action of SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction,and lays the foundation for further research on SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction.展开更多
Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compou...Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.展开更多
Atopic dermatitis(AD)is a prevalent cutaneous condition with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation,posing a public health concern owing to its long-lasting and recurrent nature.Butyrate,a short-chain fatty aci...Atopic dermatitis(AD)is a prevalent cutaneous condition with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation,posing a public health concern owing to its long-lasting and recurrent nature.Butyrate,a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbiota,exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in AD.Yet,its delivery via butyrylated starch for prolonged release in the colon has not been adequately investigated.In this study,butyrylated Smilax glabra starch(BSGS)was synthesized and its therapeutic potential against AD via modulation of the gut–skin axis was examined.BSGS exhibited a C-type crystalline structure and highly resistance to gastrointestinal digestion.In vitro anaerobic fermentation showed that BSGS effectively promoted the generation of short-chain fatty acids,especially butyrate,and positively influenced the gut microbial composition.In AD mice,BSGS administration considerably mitigated cutaneous inflammation,lowered serum proinflammatory cytokines,restored intestinal barrier integrity,and modulated gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroides and norank_f__Prevotellaceae while decreasing Alistipes and norank_o__RF39.This therapeutic effect was associated with butyrate release and NF-κB pathway suppression,as evidenced by the reduced phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα.These findings establish that BSGS,a novel colon-targeted butyrate donor,holds promising potential in AD treatment by modulating the immune system via the gut–skin axis.展开更多
Objective： To study the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of extract of the Smilax china L. rhizome （SCR） on ovarian cancer cells. Methods： Ovarian cancer cells A2780 were treated with different concentr...Objective： To study the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of extract of the Smilax china L. rhizome （SCR） on ovarian cancer cells. Methods： Ovarian cancer cells A2780 were treated with different concentrations of SCR extract （SCRE）, and compared with controls. Effects on cell growth were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay; proliferation effects by EdU incorporation assay; cell cycle by propidium iodide staining; apoptosis by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide; cellular distribution of nuclear factor- κ B （NF-κ B） by immunofluorescence; protein levels of NF- κB, caspase-3, poly-adenosine diphosphate （ADP）-ribose polymerase （PARP）, Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis （clAP）-1, anti-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein （XlAP）, B-cell lymphoma-extra large （BcI-XL）, B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and AKT by Western blotting; and effects of SCRE combined with cisplatin or adriamycin on A2780 cells by CCK-8 assay. Results： SCRE suppressed A2780 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner （P〈0.05, /=〈0.01）, arrested cells in GJM phase and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3, PARP and Bax. SCRE treatment also correlated with inhibition of NF-κ B and downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, clAP-l, XlAP and AKT. SCRE can promote chemosensitivity to cisplatin and adriamycin in A2780 cells （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： SCR effectively inhibits NF- κ B, induces apoptosis and reduces chemoresistance to cisplatin and adriamycin in ovarian cancer cells, which might be its molecular basis for treating ovarian cancer.展开更多
文摘To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of the herbal medicine pair Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis in treating gout and hyperuricemia,a comprehensive analysis was conducted using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Disease-associated targets for gout and hyperuricemia were identified from the GeneCards,OMIM,Disgenet,and TTD databases,while the key active components and their corresponding targets for Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis were obtained from the TCSMP database.The intersection of these targets enabled the construction of a protein-protein interaction(PPI)network,which was subsequently visualized and analyzed.Core targets were further subjected to Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses to elucidate the biological processes and pathways involved.Molecular docking was then employed to validate the reliability of the interactions between the active components and the identified targets.The analysis revealed that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis contained 15 bioactive components that interacted with 393 potential targets,while gout and hyperuricemia were associated with 660 targets in total.The primary active compounds implicated in treating these conditions included diosgenin,quercetin,and naringenin,which were found to interact with crucial hub targets such as BCL2,CASP3,and MAPK3.These interactions suggested that the herbal medicine pair modulated several biological processes,including gland development and the regulation of body fluid levels,through pathways involving membrane rafts,membrane microdomains,and nuclear receptor activities.Enrichment analyses highlighted their involvement in multiple signaling pathways,such as EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance,phospholipase D signaling,and platelet activation.Molecular docking confirmed the strong binding affinities between the hub genes and the major active components,supporting their potential role in therapeutic efficacy.This study demonstrated that Smilax Glabra and Semen Coicis might offer a promising therapeutic strategy for gout and hyperuricemia by targeting multiple molecular components,biological functions,and pathways.The findings underscored the unique potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in managing complex diseases by leveraging synergistic effects across diverse biological mechanisms.
基金financially supported by Vels University,Tamilnadu,India
文摘Objective:To assess anti-psoriatic activity of the methanol extract and the isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of Smilax china(S.china) Linn.Methods:Mouse tail test was used for the evaluation of anti-psoriatic activity.Methanol extract(100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) and isolated flavonoid quercetin(25 and 50 mg/kg b.w.) were tested in Swiss albino mice.Parameters studied in the mouse tail test were changes in epidermal thickness and percentage orthokeratotic values.The anti-inflammatory role of the methanol extract and isolated flavonoid quercetin was evaluated using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats.In vitro antiproliferant assay on HaCaT cell lines was also carried out.Results:The isolated flavonoid quercetin from the rhizome of S.china produced significant orthokeratosis(P<0.01) in the mouse tail test.In epidermal thickness,a significant reduction with respect to control was observed in groups treated with retinoic acid and isolated flavonoid quercetin.The methanol extract(200 mg/kg) and isolated flavonoid quercetin(50 mg/kg) showed anti-inflammatory effect in terms of significant inhibition(P<0.001) in leukocyte migration.Maximum antiproliferant activity was shown by isolated flavonoid quercetin(IC_(50),62.42± 10.20 μg/mL).Conclusions:From the above data,the flavonoid quercetin shows significant orthokeratosis,anti-inflammatory and maximum antiproliferant activities.To our knowledge,this is the first report on the anti-psoriatic effect of the flavonoid quercetin which is promising for further investigations to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.
文摘A new flavonol glycoside, named neosmitilbin was isolated form the rhizome of Smilax glabra. Its structure and absolute configuration were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic studies.
基金The Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province(Grant No.20192ACB20016,20165BCB18006,20172BCB22010,GJJ201214)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.8150640)。
文摘As a Chinese medicinal plant,Smilax china is traditionally used in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease(PID).Flavonoids have been identified as the anti-inflammatory bioactive fraction.However,the high content of total flavonoids has not been extracted from S.china.The therapeutic effects and mechanisms of total flavonoids are still unknown.In the present study,we aimed to obtain the effective parts of flavonoids in S.china,and elucidate the mechanism of action on PID.The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated on phenol mucilage-induced pelvic inflammation in rats.This was the first time that total flavonoids in high concentration(up to 55.6%)were obtained in S.china.A total of 15 compounds were separated and identified by NMR,and the total flavonoids were detected with HPLC.TFSC caused a reduction in serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β.These results suggested that TFSC had a significant anti-PID effect,probably due to inhibition of the inflammatory reaction.
基金the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.P2015-KF07)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(No.201607010147)Guangdong Medical Science Foundation(No.A2015225).
文摘The Smilax species,widely distributed in tropical region of the world and the warm areas of East Asia and North America,are extensively used as folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders.Chemical investigation on Smilax species showed they are rich sources of steroidal saponins with diversified structure types,including spirostane,isospirostane,furostane,pregnane,and cholestane.This review mainly summarizes the steroidal saponins(1–104)reported from the genus Smilax between 1967 and 2016,and their biological activities.The relationship between structures of steroidal saponins and related biological activities were briefly discussed.
基金Project supported by the Nahonal Natural Sciencc Foundahon and the grant for doctoral program from State Education Commission of China
文摘Two new minor steroidal saponins, (25R) spirostan-3β-ol-6-one-3-O-[α-L- arabinopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-glucopyranosidc (1) and (25S) spirost-5-en -3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-O- [α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-6)]-β-D-glucopyranosidc (2) were isolated from the roots of Smilax lebrunii. Their structures were established on thc basis of chemical and spectral methods.
基金Supported by Universiti Sains Malaysia Short Term Grants(Grant No.304/PPSK/61310007 and 304/PPSK/61310030)
文摘Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity of Smilax myosotiflora(S. myosotiflora)methanolic extract and its effects on sexual hormone levels and testicular histology in male rats.Methods: The cytotoxicity of S. myosotiflora methanolic extract was investigated by employing brine shrimp lethality assay. Forty eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups(Groups I–IV) of 12 each. Rats in Group I were administered with 0.5 m L of distilled water(vehicle), whilst Groups II, III and IV received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of S. myosotiflora in 0.5 m L of the vehicle, respectively. Male rats treated with continuous daily dosing were killed and necropsied after a total dose period of 60 days. Sexual hormones were assayed and histological examination of testes was performed according to standard methods.Results: S. myosotiflora extracts did not produce any cytotoxicity to brine shrimp in all concentrations tested. Serum testosterone level was significantly higher in rats treated with high dose of S. myosotiflora. Testicular histology showed normal architecture with all stages of spermatogenesis in all experimental groups.Conclusions: The present work confirmed that S. myosotiflora extract improves reproductive functions, without any cytotoxic activity and produces no histological changes to the testes.
基金supported by the the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology under grant NCCC 08.10/20-20the Institute of Biotechnology under grant CS20-01。
文摘Objective:To investigate the osteoblastogenic activity of the ethyl acetate(EtOAc)extract of Smilax glabra Roxb roots and its major active compound astilbin.Methods:Astilbin was isolated from EtOAc extract using silica gel chromatography combined with fraction crystallization.Chemical structure of astilbin was determined by analysis of the spectroscopic data in comparison with the literature.MTT method was used to detect the toxicity.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method at 405 nm using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate.Calcium deposition was stained with alizarin red-S,distained with cetylpyridium chloride,and quantified at 562 nm.In silico model for astilbin-ALP interaction was analyzed using AutoDock 4.2.6.The changes in expression of osteoblast differentiation related genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR.Results:Both the EtOAc extract and astilbin had no toxicity toward osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells at 5.0,10,25,and 50μg/mL.At 25μg/mL,they enhanced ALP activity and mineralization of osteoblasts up to 30%and 55%for the EtOAc extract and 22%and 41%for astilbin,respectively.Molecular docking analysis of astilbin-ALP interaction revealed Arg167,Asp320,His324,and His437 were key residues participating in hydrophobic interaction;meanwhile,His434 and Thr436 residues were involved in hydrogen bond formation in the active site of human tissue-nonspecific ALP.Moreover,the expression level of genes opn,col1,osx,and runx2 were up-regulated in astilbin treated samples with the fold changes as 2.2;3.7;4.1;2.3,respectively at 10μg/mL(P<0.05).Conclusions:The EtOAc extract and its major compound astilbin exhibit osteoblastogenic activity by up-regulating important markers for bone cell differentiation.It could be a new and promising osteogenic agent with dual actions for therapeutic applications.
文摘A preliminary pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Smilax domingensis Willd., (Smilacaceae) was realized to determine the macromorphology and micromorphology characteristics, the physicochemical and phytochemical parameters from the rhizome of this spice that grows in Cuba. This crude drug showed the characteristic physicochemical values such as moisture content (13.11%), extractable matter in ethanol at 70% (13.53%), total ashes (3.45%), water soluble ashes (2.43%) and acid insoluble ashes (0.64%). Phytochemical screening revealed the possible presence of alkaloids, oils and/or fats, coumarins, saponins, flavonoids, pyrogallol-type tannins, quinones, catechins, reductants sugars, triterpens and steroids and absence of resins, aminoacids, cardiotonic glycosides, anthocyanidins and astringent and/or bitter principles, realized under WHO parameters.
文摘Smilax canariensis Brouss. ex Willd. is an endemic plant of the Canary Islands. Its rhizomes, leaves and stems have been traditionally used in Canary folk medicine to treat a wide variety of conditions including pain. Our objective is to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of different extracts of S. canariensis in Swiss mice, using established biological models for pain and inflammation, such as phenylquinone writhing test, formalin test, tail-flick test and mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan. Oral administration of S. canariensis extracts significantly reduce writhing episodes evoked by phenylquinone injection in a dose-dependent manner;and higher doses result in a reduction of pain similar to or higher than that of the reference drug piroxicam (59.56%;p < 0.01). The extracts also cause a marked dose-dependent inhibition of for-malin-induced pain in the second phase but only minimal inhibition of tail-flick behavior, suggesting that S. canariensis is not a centrally acting analgesic. Finally, in the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model, the extracts show a moderate anti-inflammatory effect, the most active being the ethyl acetate fraction at 200 mg/kg p.o. (33.33%;p < 0.05). Our results suggest that S. canariensis extracts have clear dose-dependent peripheral analgesic effects, which lends support to the traditional use of this medicinal plant to treat pain associated with inflammatory or other processes.
文摘A New steroidal saponin was isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax lebrunii. On the basis of spectral and chemical methods, its structure was elucidated as:(25S)spirost-5-en-3β, 17α, 27-triol-3-0-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1-4)][α-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-6)]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Scicnce Foundation of Chinathe grant for doctoral program from State Education Commission of China
文摘Two minor steroidal saponins were isolated from the roots of Smilax menispermoidea.One of them is new and its structure was established as(25S) spirost-5-en-3β,17α,27-triol-3-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-4)]-β-D-gluco- pyranoside using spectroscopic and chemical methods.
文摘Objective:To study the effects of smilax bockii warb polysaccharide on inflammatory mediators, apoptosis and immune cell function in rats with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.Methods:Female SD rats were chosen as experimental animals and divided into control group, pelvic inflammation group and smilax bockii warb group, pelvic inflammation group and smilax bockii warb group were made into pelvic inflammation models, and smilax bockii warb group were given intragastric administration of smilax bockii warb. The contents of inflammatory mediators and the expression of apoptosis genes in uterine muscle as well as the contents of immune cells in peripheral blood were determined 21 d after molding and intervention.Results:TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and IL-8 levels as well as Fas, TNFR-1, GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in uterine muscle tissue and CD3+CD8+T cell in peripheral blood of pelvic inflammation group were higher than those of control group whereas peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T cell, red blood cell C3b receptor rosette rate and erythrocyte immune complex rosette were lower than those of control group;TLR4, NF-κB, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and IL-8 levels as well as Fas, TNFR-1, GRP78, CHOP and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in uterine muscle tissue as well as CD3+CD8+T cell in peripheral blood of smilax bockii warb group were lower than those of pelvic inflammation group whereas peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T cell, red blood cell C3b receptor rosette rate and erythrocyte immune complex rosette were higher than those of pelvic inflammation group. Conclusion:Smilax bockii warb polysaccharide for chronic pelvic inflammatory disease intervention can inhibit the inflammatory mediator secretion, apoptosis and regulate the immune cell function.
基金supported by a grant from Key Project of Education Commission of Hubei Province(D20202802)Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy Program(2020XZ10)+1 种基金Hubei University of Science,Research Innovation Team Project of Hubei University of Science and Technology(2018)Key Team Project of Education Commission of Hubei Province(T201921).
文摘Objective:To predict the relevant targets and signaling pathways of Smilax china L.(SC)for treating myocardial infarction on the basis of network pharmacology and molecular docking.Consequently,the basis for additional in-depth investigation is obtained.Methods:First,the targets of SC and the targets for treating myocardial infarction were screened from different databases,Then the intersection genes of SC for treating myocardial infarction were performed in Venny 2.1.0.Second,to obtain the protein interaction network,the Metascape database,String database,were used to analyze the important modules related to the signaling pathway using MCODE algorithm.Furthermore,the DAVID database was used for Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis.And we constructed the“interaction targets-pathways”network by Cytoscape software,and using Network Analyzer was used to screen the core compound,core targets and core pathways.Finally,molecular docking was used to verify whether the core compounds and core targets had better docking binding.Results:11 active ingredients and 98 targets of SC,1846 targets to treat myocardial infarction and 58 targets related to treat myocardial infarction in SC were obtained;MCODE analysis of the protein-protein interaction network yielded 4 important modules related to signaling pathways;Gene Ontology enrichment analysis yielded 848 entries and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis yielded 144 signaling pathways;the core compounds were beta-sitosterol,diosgenin,kaempferol,core targets were AKT1,CASP9,BCL2,core pathways were pathways in cancer,pathways of neurodegeneration-multiple diseases,Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection,lipid and atherosclerosis and human cytomegalovirus infection.Finally,molecular docking between core components and core targets was verified.Conclusion:The preliminary prediction of the mechanism of the SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction is that it acts through a multi-compounds,multi-targets and multi-pathways.This study provided a theoretical basis and research direction for the mechanism of action of SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction,and lays the foundation for further research on SC in the treatment of myocardial infarction.
文摘Background Chobchini,derived from the root and rhizome of Smilax china Linn.,has been traditionally used in tribal and folk medicine for centuries.It is administered either as a single drug or as a component in compound formulations to address a variety of health conditions.Objective This review aims to highlight the therapeutic applications of chobchini and provide a comprehensive analysis of its pharmacological activities.Methods A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed,Google Scholar,ScienceDirect,and SCOPUS,with search terms including“chobchini”,“Smilax china”,“phytochemical studies”,and“pharmacological studies”.Traditional perspectives were obtained from classical Unani texts,including Risala-i-Chobchini,Muheet Azam,Qarabadeen Ahsani,and Khazainul Advia.Ethnobotanical references were consulted from Indian Materia Medica and Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,alongside Urdu and English research reports and original articles on Smilax china.Results The plant is recognized for its blood-purifying properties and effectiveness in treating phlegmatic and melancholic disorders.Pharmacological studies indicate its antimicrobial,antidiabetic,antioxidant,anticancer,and anti-inflammatory activities,among others.Conclusion Despite its versatility and significance in the Unani system of medicine,current scientific studies are inadequate to fully validate chobchini's pharmacological potential.Further research focusing on Unani mechanisms of action is necessary to substantiate its therapeutic claims with robust scientific evidence.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82174074).
文摘Atopic dermatitis(AD)is a prevalent cutaneous condition with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation,posing a public health concern owing to its long-lasting and recurrent nature.Butyrate,a short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microbiota,exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects in AD.Yet,its delivery via butyrylated starch for prolonged release in the colon has not been adequately investigated.In this study,butyrylated Smilax glabra starch(BSGS)was synthesized and its therapeutic potential against AD via modulation of the gut–skin axis was examined.BSGS exhibited a C-type crystalline structure and highly resistance to gastrointestinal digestion.In vitro anaerobic fermentation showed that BSGS effectively promoted the generation of short-chain fatty acids,especially butyrate,and positively influenced the gut microbial composition.In AD mice,BSGS administration considerably mitigated cutaneous inflammation,lowered serum proinflammatory cytokines,restored intestinal barrier integrity,and modulated gut microbiota by increasing Bacteroides and norank_f__Prevotellaceae while decreasing Alistipes and norank_o__RF39.This therapeutic effect was associated with butyrate release and NF-κB pathway suppression,as evidenced by the reduced phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα.These findings establish that BSGS,a novel colon-targeted butyrate donor,holds promising potential in AD treatment by modulating the immune system via the gut–skin axis.
基金Partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2013CFB389)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81202962)
文摘Objective： To study the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of extract of the Smilax china L. rhizome （SCR） on ovarian cancer cells. Methods： Ovarian cancer cells A2780 were treated with different concentrations of SCR extract （SCRE）, and compared with controls. Effects on cell growth were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay; proliferation effects by EdU incorporation assay; cell cycle by propidium iodide staining; apoptosis by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide; cellular distribution of nuclear factor- κ B （NF-κ B） by immunofluorescence; protein levels of NF- κB, caspase-3, poly-adenosine diphosphate （ADP）-ribose polymerase （PARP）, Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis （clAP）-1, anti-X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein （XlAP）, B-cell lymphoma-extra large （BcI-XL）, B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2） and AKT by Western blotting; and effects of SCRE combined with cisplatin or adriamycin on A2780 cells by CCK-8 assay. Results： SCRE suppressed A2780 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner （P〈0.05, /=〈0.01）, arrested cells in GJM phase and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-3, PARP and Bax. SCRE treatment also correlated with inhibition of NF-κ B and downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, clAP-l, XlAP and AKT. SCRE can promote chemosensitivity to cisplatin and adriamycin in A2780 cells （P〈0.01）. Conclusion： SCR effectively inhibits NF- κ B, induces apoptosis and reduces chemoresistance to cisplatin and adriamycin in ovarian cancer cells, which might be its molecular basis for treating ovarian cancer.
