The human being must find a dwelling and protect himself against the vicissitudes of nature.He has to adapt himself to the contemporary world and to his environment.Sometimes,he should accept unwittingly extreme situa...The human being must find a dwelling and protect himself against the vicissitudes of nature.He has to adapt himself to the contemporary world and to his environment.Sometimes,he should accept unwittingly extreme situations dominated by inhabitability and as such abandon his plot of land and properties and to get into the city where he has to refuge into spaces that any human being enjoying a minimum of living conditions would not accept:the slum.For the time being,he does his best to make his environment enjoyable and to transfer his existence into something of a temporary happiness by trying to make order in these inhospitable places in order to create a sort of happiness that he is the only one who can measure its real impact.Throughout this essay,we are trying to present this human habitation that we often meet in Constantine.展开更多
Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human...Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.展开更多
This paper analyzes the state of health and access to health services among the urban poor in India. Analysis is based on data from a primary survey conducted among 2000 households, covering 10,929 individuals from fo...This paper analyzes the state of health and access to health services among the urban poor in India. Analysis is based on data from a primary survey conducted among 2000 households, covering 10,929 individuals from four cities of India. Summary statistics and regressions (using STATA) are used for data analysis. Results show lack of government facilities and services, a very high preference for private health facilities, high expenses especially in private but also in public facilities, and a perception that private facilities are offering high quality services as important concerns. An econometric analysis of the determinants of acute illness indicates the insufficiency of basic amenities like sanitation, garbage disposal and potable water. Together with the lack of availability of government health facilities in the vicinity, these results indicate continued vulnerability of the urban poor, and the need for urgent government action.展开更多
This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities i...This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus necessary to fund different but complementary aspects of sanitation in slums.展开更多
Aim: To study the Practices of Pre-lacteal feeding among Newborns in Urban slums of Lucknow city. Setting and Design: A cross-sectional study in Urban slums of Lucknow city, UP. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional...Aim: To study the Practices of Pre-lacteal feeding among Newborns in Urban slums of Lucknow city. Setting and Design: A cross-sectional study in Urban slums of Lucknow city, UP. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study in Urban slums of Lucknow city, UP included 524 women who had a live birth during last one year preceding data collection. A pre-desined and pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analysis used: The data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using the software SPSS 10.0 for Windows and Discrete data were analyzed using the chisquare test. Results: Study findings showed that Half (50.6%) of the mothers had given pre-lacteal feedings to their newborn. Out of those who had given pre-lacteal feed, 55.1 percent had given mugli ghutti/griipe water and 49.4 percent had given boiled water as pre-lacteal feed Only mother’s education (p < 0.01), father’s education (p < 0.001) and socioeconomic status (p < 0.05) were statistically associated with the practice of giving prelecteal feeding. Conclusion: It was concluded that maternal knowledge and awareness of correct feeding practices is essential for the normal growth, health and well being of the children. We therefore suggested that the primary focus of various nutrition related national programs in India for children should aim at imparting nutrition and health education to the mothers.展开更多
Casablanca, Morocco's economic capital continues today to fight against the proliferation of informal settle- ments affecting its urban fabric illustrated especially by the slums. Actually Casablanca represents 25...Casablanca, Morocco's economic capital continues today to fight against the proliferation of informal settle- ments affecting its urban fabric illustrated especially by the slums. Actually Casablanca represents 25% of the total slums of Morocco [1]. These are the habitats of all deprived of healthy sanitary conditions and judged precarious from the perspective humanitarian and below the acceptable. The majority of the inhabi- tants of these slums are from the rural exodus with insufficient income to meet the basic needs of daily life. Faced with this situation and to eradicate these habitats, the Moroccan government has launched since 2004 an entire program to create cities without slums (C.W.S.) to resettle or relocate families. Indeed the process control and monitoring of this program requires first identifying and detecting spatial habitats. To achieve these tasks, conventional methods such as information gathering, mapping, use of databases and statistics often have shown their limits and are sometimes outdated. It is within this framework and that of the great German Morocco project “Urban agriculture as an integrative factor of development that fits our project de- tection of slums in Casablanca. The use of satellite imagery, particulary the HSR, has the advantage of providing the physical coverage of urban land but it raises the difficulty of choosing the appropriate method to apply.This paper is actually to develop new approaches based mainly on object-oriented classification of high spatial resolution satellite images for the detection of slums.This approach has been developed for mapping the urban land through by integration of several types of information (spectral, spatial, contextual ...) (Hofmann, P ., 2001, Herold et al. 2002b;Van Der Sande et al., 2003, Benz et al., 2004, Nobrega et al., 2006). In order to refine the result of classification, we applied mathematical morphology and in particular the closing filter. The data from this classification (binary image), which then will be used in a spatial data- base (ArcGIS).展开更多
Over 60 percent of Kenya＇s urban dwellers live in slum settlements. Here, people live under life-threatening conditions characterized with poverty, inadequate food and shelter, physical overcrowding, unsafe drinking ...Over 60 percent of Kenya＇s urban dwellers live in slum settlements. Here, people live under life-threatening conditions characterized with poverty, inadequate food and shelter, physical overcrowding, unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation. The flimsiness of these dwellers is not always due to low incomes. It is often the result of insecurity of tenure and other deprivations： the lack of entitlement inhibits their investment in better health. In Kibera Slum, Africa＇s second largest and Kenya＇s oldest and largest slum, poor sanitation and inadequate water supply is a daily challenge for the residents. Over 150 persons share one shallow pit latrine while 75 percent of the population uses sanitation practices that involve direct handling of human waste increasing in spread of infectious diseases. Insecurity of tenure; low levels of education; inadequate socio-economic, infrastructural and physical entitlements all affect the Kibera＇s residents＇ perception and attitude towards investing in better sanitation behavior.展开更多
Objectives:Character strengths use has been studied in WEIRD(Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic)societies,where it is related to happiness,resilience,and reduced distress.However,this rela-tionship in...Objectives:Character strengths use has been studied in WEIRD(Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic)societies,where it is related to happiness,resilience,and reduced distress.However,this rela-tionship in harsh living conditions remains unstudied.This study aims to examine the relationship between character strengths use and psychological well-being among slum dwellers in the Philippines,where harsh living conditions can create severe psychological challenges.Methods:A correlational analysis was conducted in a slum community in Cavite City,Philippines,with 120 participants completing self-report questionnaires,including the Strengths Use Scale(SUS),Flourishing Scale(FS),and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale(K10).Correlation and regression analyses examined whether strengths use predicts psychological well-being while controlling for psychological distress and demographic factors such as family monthly income.Results:A significant positive correlation was found between strengths use and psychological well-being(r=0.39,p<0.01),and hierarchical linear regression analysis confirmed that SUS significantly predicted FS(β=0.37,95%CI=[0.08,0.22]).Despite experiencing high levels of psychological distress(Mean=27.22,SD=6.78),participants demonstrated relatively higher FS scores compared to more privileged Filipino student samples.These findings suggest that character strengths use act as psychological resources even in challenging environments.Conclusions:The study supports the Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health,showing that well-being and ill-being can coexist.Strengths use may help slum dwellers cope with ongoing challenges,highlighting the potential of strengths-based interventions to foster resilience and well-being in high-adversity urban slum settings.Future research should explore how family and cultural values support well-being in difficult environments.展开更多
The worldwide slum population currently stands at over one billion,with substantial growth expected in the coming decades.Traditionally,slums have been mapped using information derived mainly from either physical indi...The worldwide slum population currently stands at over one billion,with substantial growth expected in the coming decades.Traditionally,slums have been mapped using information derived mainly from either physical indicators using remote sensing data,or socio-economic indicators using census data.Each data source on its own provides only a partial view of slums,an issue further compounded by data poverty in less-developed countries.To overcome such issues,this paper explores the fusion of traditional with emerging open data sources and data mining tools to identify additional indicators that can be used to detect and map the presence of slums,map their footprint,and map their evolution.Towards this goal,we develop an indicator database for slums using open sources of physical and socio-economic data that can be used to characterize slum settlements.Using this database,we then leverage data mining techniques to identify the most suitable combination of these indicators for mapping slums.Using three cities in Kenya as test cases,results show that the fusion of these data can improve the mapping accuracy of slums.These results suggest that the proposed approach can provide a viable solution to the emerging challenge of monitoring the growth of slums.展开更多
Chinese firms help 2,400 slum children to stay in school in Kenya’s capital city As laughter and singing echo through a community school in Mathare,a slum in the heart of Nairobi,Kenya’s capital,the vital role of qu...Chinese firms help 2,400 slum children to stay in school in Kenya’s capital city As laughter and singing echo through a community school in Mathare,a slum in the heart of Nairobi,Kenya’s capital,the vital role of quality education becomes unmistakably clear.展开更多
On May 10,2025,the"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"China-Africa Friendship for International Volunteer Service was held at the Hope Primary School in Mathare Slum,Nairobi,Kenya.The event was co-organ...On May 10,2025,the"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"China-Africa Friendship for International Volunteer Service was held at the Hope Primary School in Mathare Slum,Nairobi,Kenya.The event was co-organised by China NGO Network for International Exchanges(CNIE)and the Dream Building Service Association.Li Jun,Vice-President of CNIE delivered opening remarks at the event.展开更多
Hutments--a term used to designate ＂beggars＇ villages,＂ ＂straw- house villages＂ or more bluntly ＂slums＂--became a standard feature of Shanghai＇s urban landscape in the early 1920s. Located in peripheral areas,...Hutments--a term used to designate ＂beggars＇ villages,＂ ＂straw- house villages＂ or more bluntly ＂slums＂--became a standard feature of Shanghai＇s urban landscape in the early 1920s. Located in peripheral areas, they became a central object of concern by the authorities that governed the foreign settlements in the city. Over time, due to economic crisis and above all war, ＂hutments＂ slowly colonized the whole urban space and became a massive housing issue and a problematic historical legacy after 1949. This paper argues that hutments arose mostly from the turmoil of the Civil War period. Their nature changed little from the time of their appearance in the 1920s to the early 1950s. Yet, perceptions and policies over three major periods under study here varied significantly. They were strongly influenced by the discursive constructions and distorting lenses the local administrations formulated around issues of nuisance, public health, and city beautification. Each era carried over the concerns and prejudices of the previous period. Yet, new cultural and political postures treatment of hutment dwellers. each municipal institution also brought in that changed the overall discourse and展开更多
Objective:To assess the factors associated with knowledge,attitude and behavior of contraception use among urban slum population in Chennai.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slum of Anakaputhu...Objective:To assess the factors associated with knowledge,attitude and behavior of contraception use among urban slum population in Chennai.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slum of Anakaputhur,Chennai.Married couples between ages of 19-49 years and living in slum areas were taken up for the study by simple random sampling.Pregnant women,postnatal and postmenopausal women were excluded from the study.Data collection was done using a pretested structured questionnaire focusing on details regarding contraception knowledge,attitude,and practices.Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22.Analytical test like Chi square and odds ratio(OR)were used to identify association between knowledge,attitude,and behavior of contraception with the associated variables and enter method of logistic regression analysis was done.Results:Out of the 360 respondents,228 were females,with a mean age of(34±5)years.Approximately 43%demonstrated adequate knowledge of contraception use,and 91%were aware of at least one contraceptive method.Notably,72%exhibited a positive attitude towards contraceptive use.Nevertheless,43%(155 individuals)did not utilize any contraceptive method.Among contraceptive users,intrauterine devices were the most commonly adopted,followed by barrier methods and female sterilization.There was significant association between knowledge of contraception and education(aOR 7.29,95%CI 2.93-18.10,P<0.05),age(aOR 2.04,95%CI 1.19-3.50,P<0.05)and socioeconomic class(aOR 3.66,95%CI 1.71-7.85,P<0.05;aOR 3.97,95%CI 2.12-7.49,P<0.05).Regarding attitude towards contraception use,education(aOR 8.54,95%CI 2.35-31.03,P<0.05),sex(aOR 0.15,95%CI 0.06-0.37,P<0.05),age(aOR 0.53,95%CI 0.28-0.99,P<0.05),socio-economic class(aOR 4.42,95%CI 1.97-9.92,P<0.05;aOR 9.83,95%CI 3.63-26.58,P<0.05)and number of children(aOR 10.04,95%CI 4.26-23.66,P<0.05)were the variables that had a significant association.Conclusions:These findings underscore the imperative for enhanced dissemination of health education pertaining to contraception use within the slum population.The health sectors of the area and other stakeholders need to make sure to extend penetration of family planning related services to the urban slum population.展开更多
This study determined prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and hygiene practices among public secondary school students in Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos state, Nigeria. An institutional-based, cross-sectional ...This study determined prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and hygiene practices among public secondary school students in Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos state, Nigeria. An institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among two randomly selected secondary schools. One hundred (100) consented students participated in the study and interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire while blood samples were collected by venipuncture. Respondents’ ages were 16.1 ± 2.8 years and 54.0% were females. Mean number of persons living in a room was 7.0 ± 3.5, and however, 39.0% of the respondents lived in a room with 4 - 6 persons. The prevalence of H. pylori was 59.0% (59/100). Majority, 64.4% of those infected with H. pylori were 15 years and above while 62.7% females were tested positive to H. pylori. Some, 38.9% of the participants infected with H. pylori drink tap water while 84.7% did hand washing after visiting toilets with water and soap. Mostly, 64.0% of those tested positive to H. pylori did not experience abdominal pain in the last 4 weeks. No significant association existed between drinking water source, hand washing practice after defecation and H. pylori positivity. Routine examination of school students is required to detect Helicobacter pylori in order to commence treatment immediately and awareness about the H. pylori infection should be increased throughout secondary school to prevent further infection.展开更多
Rapid urbanisation and quest for better livelihood, push-pull factor of occupations education, policy changes attract large scale rural population to urban areas. It is well documented that in spite of better public h...Rapid urbanisation and quest for better livelihood, push-pull factor of occupations education, policy changes attract large scale rural population to urban areas. It is well documented that in spite of better public health facilities including tertiary care hospitals which are available in the urban areas but the services are underutilised by the urban poor. Aim: Hence, in this paper, it is attempted to comprehend the reasons for underutilisation of available public health facilities and to compare the difference with non-slum areas of the major metropolitan cities of India. Methods: A secondary data from National Family Health Survey-III for five major metropolitan cities namely, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai is used for the analysis. Slum data which are classified by both the agencies, that is census of India and NFHS-III as slum households only considered for analysis. Results: In Mumbai slums about 90% of the households are having water sources from public tap or piped to yard followed by Hyderabad having better water supply and Chennai slum dwellers having minimum access to good water sources. About 11.4% of the households do not know where their toilet drainage is connected. There is a significant (P 0.05) 75% to 79%, Kolkata and Chennai have parallel high proportion, that is more than 95% (P > 0.05) and Mumbai stands as median percent age as 89.6. Apart from Delhi, about 40% to 45% of the slum population is in the opinion of “long waiting time” in the government hospitals, and the same trend of proportions is observed for “poor quality of service”.展开更多
Given its national conditions,China cannot simply copy the European and American model of modernization, which was driven by industrialization. The Communist Party of China adopted a "small city and town" st...Given its national conditions,China cannot simply copy the European and American model of modernization, which was driven by industrialization. The Communist Party of China adopted a "small city and town" strategy in 1998 in recognition of the success of towns that thrived even without state investment.However,this development strategy also faces a series of challenges.China should draw on international experiences and prevent the emergence of social malaises such as slums,mafia groups and crimes that occurred in some other large developing countries with a population of above 100 million.The key to developing small cities and towns in China is to reform the ownership of rural community land and township enterprises,reform local governance structure,and balance the relationship between statutory towns and village self-governance.展开更多
Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes....Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes. Likewise, Khartoum is growing rapidly and is subjected to continual transformation. It started in Independence Day （1/1/1956） by 〈3% of Sudan population and reached 16.8% in 2010 while its physical block grew beyond imagination. The objective of this paper is to throw light on Khartoum rapid growth change effects which necessitated implementation of a revolutionary restructuring programme. At first, huge rural influxes were absorbed and later physical distortions were corrected. This included squatter settlements＇ treatment to strengthen urban fabric, reallocation of incompatible urban functions, revitalization of the CBD （central business district） and other urban renewal schemes. Transportation lines were extended to ease people mobility and higher population concentrations were diluted, particularly the filthy slums. Old neighbourhoods, traditional villages, etc. were re-planned and popular physical development was encouraged. The restructuring programme appropriated population distribution, administrative districts, new local markets＇ locations and urban activities＇ distribution. The programme attained social benefits, particularly availing shelter and essential social services. Difficulties from relocation processes were encountered but settlements＇ regularization achieved social justice and sustained urban growth.展开更多
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and particularly to children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance of fecal <i>Klebsiella spp</i> on selec...Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and particularly to children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance of fecal <i>Klebsiella spp</i> on selected beta lactam (3<sup>rd</sup> generation cephalosporins and carbapenems) and fluoroquinolone classes of drugs in four health facilities serving the slum communities of Nairobi city in Kenya. Additionally, determine the genetic basis for the multidrug resistance observed. A cross sectional laboratory based study was undertaken where a total of 1171 children below 16 years were selected, from whom stool samples were collected, tested and analyzed. 395 (33.73%) <i>Klebsiella spp</i> were isolated, consisting of 365 (92.4%) <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and 30 (7.6%) <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> were isolated. The proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and MDR <i>K. oxytoca</i> was 64.1% (234/365) and 96.67% (29/30) respectively. Third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime ceftriaxone and ceftazidime showed the highest resistance of 30.7%, 29.9% and 27.4% respectively, whereas carbapenems including imipenem and meropenem had the least resistance of 1.6%, each, to <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. A significant association was observed in diarrheic children (OR = 1.88;p = 0.01) and those below 50 months (OR = 0.43;p = 0.002) and carrying <i>K. pneumoniae</i> resistance to one or more third generation cephalosporins. Genes associated with resistance included <i>bla</i> TEM 100%, <i>bla</i> CTX-M 95.2%, <i>bla</i> SHV 57.1%, <i>bla</i> OXA-1 66.7%, <i>qnr</i>S 54.1%, <i>qnr</i>B 47.6% and <i>bla</i> NDM 7.1%. In conclusion, there’s need for more effective infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship to reduce emergence of antimicrobial resistance, improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices.展开更多
The first birth marks a transition of a woman into motherhood.It contributes substantially to overall fertility of each individual woman.The age at which childbearing begins influences the number of children a woman b...The first birth marks a transition of a woman into motherhood.It contributes substantially to overall fertility of each individual woman.The age at which childbearing begins influences the number of children a woman bears throughout her whole reproductive life span.Thus,the mother's age at first birth influences the total number of births that she might have in her life,which impacts the size,composition,and future growth of the population.Child-bearing at very young ages is common among the poor in Bangladesh.The objective of the present study is to examine the factors associated with age at first birth among slum dwellers of five selected slums(locally,colony) in Sylhet city corporation area,Bangladesh.The data of this study was collected from 520 women aged 14-50 years.The study found that almost 93%of women were married by the ages of 18 years and about 56%of the women have had their first child by the age of 18 years.The Ordinary Least Squares(OLS) regression model was used to analyze the factors correlated with women's age at first birth.The regression model is significant with an F-value of 49.48 and can explain 40.4%of the variation in the dependent variable as it is indicated by the R-square.展开更多
文摘The human being must find a dwelling and protect himself against the vicissitudes of nature.He has to adapt himself to the contemporary world and to his environment.Sometimes,he should accept unwittingly extreme situations dominated by inhabitability and as such abandon his plot of land and properties and to get into the city where he has to refuge into spaces that any human being enjoying a minimum of living conditions would not accept:the slum.For the time being,he does his best to make his environment enjoyable and to transfer his existence into something of a temporary happiness by trying to make order in these inhospitable places in order to create a sort of happiness that he is the only one who can measure its real impact.Throughout this essay,we are trying to present this human habitation that we often meet in Constantine.
文摘Despite being one of the symbols of civilization throughout human history, Greater Cairo has many slum areas, hosting a population of three million people living in deteriorating conditions and lacking the basic human necessities. These slums represent a fertile environment for diseases caused by pollution in all its forms and are subject to crimes, rape and theft. There is a huge difference in the state of conditions when comparing the formally planned areas to the informally planned ones. People living in the formally planned settlements, like Nasr City, and in informal ones, like Ezbet El-Haggana, are similar to the kings and queens and slaves of legends. This paper tries to find solutions to the problem of slums and random areas.
文摘This paper analyzes the state of health and access to health services among the urban poor in India. Analysis is based on data from a primary survey conducted among 2000 households, covering 10,929 individuals from four cities of India. Summary statistics and regressions (using STATA) are used for data analysis. Results show lack of government facilities and services, a very high preference for private health facilities, high expenses especially in private but also in public facilities, and a perception that private facilities are offering high quality services as important concerns. An econometric analysis of the determinants of acute illness indicates the insufficiency of basic amenities like sanitation, garbage disposal and potable water. Together with the lack of availability of government health facilities in the vicinity, these results indicate continued vulnerability of the urban poor, and the need for urgent government action.
文摘This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus necessary to fund different but complementary aspects of sanitation in slums.
文摘Aim: To study the Practices of Pre-lacteal feeding among Newborns in Urban slums of Lucknow city. Setting and Design: A cross-sectional study in Urban slums of Lucknow city, UP. Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study in Urban slums of Lucknow city, UP included 524 women who had a live birth during last one year preceding data collection. A pre-desined and pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical analysis used: The data was tabulated on Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using the software SPSS 10.0 for Windows and Discrete data were analyzed using the chisquare test. Results: Study findings showed that Half (50.6%) of the mothers had given pre-lacteal feedings to their newborn. Out of those who had given pre-lacteal feed, 55.1 percent had given mugli ghutti/griipe water and 49.4 percent had given boiled water as pre-lacteal feed Only mother’s education (p < 0.01), father’s education (p < 0.001) and socioeconomic status (p < 0.05) were statistically associated with the practice of giving prelecteal feeding. Conclusion: It was concluded that maternal knowledge and awareness of correct feeding practices is essential for the normal growth, health and well being of the children. We therefore suggested that the primary focus of various nutrition related national programs in India for children should aim at imparting nutrition and health education to the mothers.
文摘Casablanca, Morocco's economic capital continues today to fight against the proliferation of informal settle- ments affecting its urban fabric illustrated especially by the slums. Actually Casablanca represents 25% of the total slums of Morocco [1]. These are the habitats of all deprived of healthy sanitary conditions and judged precarious from the perspective humanitarian and below the acceptable. The majority of the inhabi- tants of these slums are from the rural exodus with insufficient income to meet the basic needs of daily life. Faced with this situation and to eradicate these habitats, the Moroccan government has launched since 2004 an entire program to create cities without slums (C.W.S.) to resettle or relocate families. Indeed the process control and monitoring of this program requires first identifying and detecting spatial habitats. To achieve these tasks, conventional methods such as information gathering, mapping, use of databases and statistics often have shown their limits and are sometimes outdated. It is within this framework and that of the great German Morocco project “Urban agriculture as an integrative factor of development that fits our project de- tection of slums in Casablanca. The use of satellite imagery, particulary the HSR, has the advantage of providing the physical coverage of urban land but it raises the difficulty of choosing the appropriate method to apply.This paper is actually to develop new approaches based mainly on object-oriented classification of high spatial resolution satellite images for the detection of slums.This approach has been developed for mapping the urban land through by integration of several types of information (spectral, spatial, contextual ...) (Hofmann, P ., 2001, Herold et al. 2002b;Van Der Sande et al., 2003, Benz et al., 2004, Nobrega et al., 2006). In order to refine the result of classification, we applied mathematical morphology and in particular the closing filter. The data from this classification (binary image), which then will be used in a spatial data- base (ArcGIS).
文摘Over 60 percent of Kenya＇s urban dwellers live in slum settlements. Here, people live under life-threatening conditions characterized with poverty, inadequate food and shelter, physical overcrowding, unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation. The flimsiness of these dwellers is not always due to low incomes. It is often the result of insecurity of tenure and other deprivations： the lack of entitlement inhibits their investment in better health. In Kibera Slum, Africa＇s second largest and Kenya＇s oldest and largest slum, poor sanitation and inadequate water supply is a daily challenge for the residents. Over 150 persons share one shallow pit latrine while 75 percent of the population uses sanitation practices that involve direct handling of human waste increasing in spread of infectious diseases. Insecurity of tenure; low levels of education; inadequate socio-economic, infrastructural and physical entitlements all affect the Kibera＇s residents＇ perception and attitude towards investing in better sanitation behavior.
文摘Objectives:Character strengths use has been studied in WEIRD(Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic)societies,where it is related to happiness,resilience,and reduced distress.However,this rela-tionship in harsh living conditions remains unstudied.This study aims to examine the relationship between character strengths use and psychological well-being among slum dwellers in the Philippines,where harsh living conditions can create severe psychological challenges.Methods:A correlational analysis was conducted in a slum community in Cavite City,Philippines,with 120 participants completing self-report questionnaires,including the Strengths Use Scale(SUS),Flourishing Scale(FS),and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale(K10).Correlation and regression analyses examined whether strengths use predicts psychological well-being while controlling for psychological distress and demographic factors such as family monthly income.Results:A significant positive correlation was found between strengths use and psychological well-being(r=0.39,p<0.01),and hierarchical linear regression analysis confirmed that SUS significantly predicted FS(β=0.37,95%CI=[0.08,0.22]).Despite experiencing high levels of psychological distress(Mean=27.22,SD=6.78),participants demonstrated relatively higher FS scores compared to more privileged Filipino student samples.These findings suggest that character strengths use act as psychological resources even in challenging environments.Conclusions:The study supports the Dual-Factor Model of Mental Health,showing that well-being and ill-being can coexist.Strengths use may help slum dwellers cope with ongoing challenges,highlighting the potential of strengths-based interventions to foster resilience and well-being in high-adversity urban slum settings.Future research should explore how family and cultural values support well-being in difficult environments.
文摘The worldwide slum population currently stands at over one billion,with substantial growth expected in the coming decades.Traditionally,slums have been mapped using information derived mainly from either physical indicators using remote sensing data,or socio-economic indicators using census data.Each data source on its own provides only a partial view of slums,an issue further compounded by data poverty in less-developed countries.To overcome such issues,this paper explores the fusion of traditional with emerging open data sources and data mining tools to identify additional indicators that can be used to detect and map the presence of slums,map their footprint,and map their evolution.Towards this goal,we develop an indicator database for slums using open sources of physical and socio-economic data that can be used to characterize slum settlements.Using this database,we then leverage data mining techniques to identify the most suitable combination of these indicators for mapping slums.Using three cities in Kenya as test cases,results show that the fusion of these data can improve the mapping accuracy of slums.These results suggest that the proposed approach can provide a viable solution to the emerging challenge of monitoring the growth of slums.
文摘Chinese firms help 2,400 slum children to stay in school in Kenya’s capital city As laughter and singing echo through a community school in Mathare,a slum in the heart of Nairobi,Kenya’s capital,the vital role of quality education becomes unmistakably clear.
文摘On May 10,2025,the"Silk Road People-to-People Connectivity"China-Africa Friendship for International Volunteer Service was held at the Hope Primary School in Mathare Slum,Nairobi,Kenya.The event was co-organised by China NGO Network for International Exchanges(CNIE)and the Dream Building Service Association.Li Jun,Vice-President of CNIE delivered opening remarks at the event.
文摘Hutments--a term used to designate ＂beggars＇ villages,＂ ＂straw- house villages＂ or more bluntly ＂slums＂--became a standard feature of Shanghai＇s urban landscape in the early 1920s. Located in peripheral areas, they became a central object of concern by the authorities that governed the foreign settlements in the city. Over time, due to economic crisis and above all war, ＂hutments＂ slowly colonized the whole urban space and became a massive housing issue and a problematic historical legacy after 1949. This paper argues that hutments arose mostly from the turmoil of the Civil War period. Their nature changed little from the time of their appearance in the 1920s to the early 1950s. Yet, perceptions and policies over three major periods under study here varied significantly. They were strongly influenced by the discursive constructions and distorting lenses the local administrations formulated around issues of nuisance, public health, and city beautification. Each era carried over the concerns and prejudices of the previous period. Yet, new cultural and political postures treatment of hutment dwellers. each municipal institution also brought in that changed the overall discourse and
文摘Objective:To assess the factors associated with knowledge,attitude and behavior of contraception use among urban slum population in Chennai.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slum of Anakaputhur,Chennai.Married couples between ages of 19-49 years and living in slum areas were taken up for the study by simple random sampling.Pregnant women,postnatal and postmenopausal women were excluded from the study.Data collection was done using a pretested structured questionnaire focusing on details regarding contraception knowledge,attitude,and practices.Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 22.Analytical test like Chi square and odds ratio(OR)were used to identify association between knowledge,attitude,and behavior of contraception with the associated variables and enter method of logistic regression analysis was done.Results:Out of the 360 respondents,228 were females,with a mean age of(34±5)years.Approximately 43%demonstrated adequate knowledge of contraception use,and 91%were aware of at least one contraceptive method.Notably,72%exhibited a positive attitude towards contraceptive use.Nevertheless,43%(155 individuals)did not utilize any contraceptive method.Among contraceptive users,intrauterine devices were the most commonly adopted,followed by barrier methods and female sterilization.There was significant association between knowledge of contraception and education(aOR 7.29,95%CI 2.93-18.10,P<0.05),age(aOR 2.04,95%CI 1.19-3.50,P<0.05)and socioeconomic class(aOR 3.66,95%CI 1.71-7.85,P<0.05;aOR 3.97,95%CI 2.12-7.49,P<0.05).Regarding attitude towards contraception use,education(aOR 8.54,95%CI 2.35-31.03,P<0.05),sex(aOR 0.15,95%CI 0.06-0.37,P<0.05),age(aOR 0.53,95%CI 0.28-0.99,P<0.05),socio-economic class(aOR 4.42,95%CI 1.97-9.92,P<0.05;aOR 9.83,95%CI 3.63-26.58,P<0.05)and number of children(aOR 10.04,95%CI 4.26-23.66,P<0.05)were the variables that had a significant association.Conclusions:These findings underscore the imperative for enhanced dissemination of health education pertaining to contraception use within the slum population.The health sectors of the area and other stakeholders need to make sure to extend penetration of family planning related services to the urban slum population.
文摘This study determined prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and hygiene practices among public secondary school students in Ikeja Local Government Area (LGA), Lagos state, Nigeria. An institutional-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among two randomly selected secondary schools. One hundred (100) consented students participated in the study and interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire while blood samples were collected by venipuncture. Respondents’ ages were 16.1 ± 2.8 years and 54.0% were females. Mean number of persons living in a room was 7.0 ± 3.5, and however, 39.0% of the respondents lived in a room with 4 - 6 persons. The prevalence of H. pylori was 59.0% (59/100). Majority, 64.4% of those infected with H. pylori were 15 years and above while 62.7% females were tested positive to H. pylori. Some, 38.9% of the participants infected with H. pylori drink tap water while 84.7% did hand washing after visiting toilets with water and soap. Mostly, 64.0% of those tested positive to H. pylori did not experience abdominal pain in the last 4 weeks. No significant association existed between drinking water source, hand washing practice after defecation and H. pylori positivity. Routine examination of school students is required to detect Helicobacter pylori in order to commence treatment immediately and awareness about the H. pylori infection should be increased throughout secondary school to prevent further infection.
文摘Rapid urbanisation and quest for better livelihood, push-pull factor of occupations education, policy changes attract large scale rural population to urban areas. It is well documented that in spite of better public health facilities including tertiary care hospitals which are available in the urban areas but the services are underutilised by the urban poor. Aim: Hence, in this paper, it is attempted to comprehend the reasons for underutilisation of available public health facilities and to compare the difference with non-slum areas of the major metropolitan cities of India. Methods: A secondary data from National Family Health Survey-III for five major metropolitan cities namely, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai is used for the analysis. Slum data which are classified by both the agencies, that is census of India and NFHS-III as slum households only considered for analysis. Results: In Mumbai slums about 90% of the households are having water sources from public tap or piped to yard followed by Hyderabad having better water supply and Chennai slum dwellers having minimum access to good water sources. About 11.4% of the households do not know where their toilet drainage is connected. There is a significant (P 0.05) 75% to 79%, Kolkata and Chennai have parallel high proportion, that is more than 95% (P > 0.05) and Mumbai stands as median percent age as 89.6. Apart from Delhi, about 40% to 45% of the slum population is in the opinion of “long waiting time” in the government hospitals, and the same trend of proportions is observed for “poor quality of service”.
文摘Given its national conditions,China cannot simply copy the European and American model of modernization, which was driven by industrialization. The Communist Party of China adopted a "small city and town" strategy in 1998 in recognition of the success of towns that thrived even without state investment.However,this development strategy also faces a series of challenges.China should draw on international experiences and prevent the emergence of social malaises such as slums,mafia groups and crimes that occurred in some other large developing countries with a population of above 100 million.The key to developing small cities and towns in China is to reform the ownership of rural community land and township enterprises,reform local governance structure,and balance the relationship between statutory towns and village self-governance.
文摘Rapidly developing cities are under continuous physical and social changes which make sustainable urban growth concept a matured line of thinking. They are therefore, in need of restructuring to contain these changes. Likewise, Khartoum is growing rapidly and is subjected to continual transformation. It started in Independence Day （1/1/1956） by 〈3% of Sudan population and reached 16.8% in 2010 while its physical block grew beyond imagination. The objective of this paper is to throw light on Khartoum rapid growth change effects which necessitated implementation of a revolutionary restructuring programme. At first, huge rural influxes were absorbed and later physical distortions were corrected. This included squatter settlements＇ treatment to strengthen urban fabric, reallocation of incompatible urban functions, revitalization of the CBD （central business district） and other urban renewal schemes. Transportation lines were extended to ease people mobility and higher population concentrations were diluted, particularly the filthy slums. Old neighbourhoods, traditional villages, etc. were re-planned and popular physical development was encouraged. The restructuring programme appropriated population distribution, administrative districts, new local markets＇ locations and urban activities＇ distribution. The programme attained social benefits, particularly availing shelter and essential social services. Difficulties from relocation processes were encountered but settlements＇ regularization achieved social justice and sustained urban growth.
文摘Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health and particularly to children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance of fecal <i>Klebsiella spp</i> on selected beta lactam (3<sup>rd</sup> generation cephalosporins and carbapenems) and fluoroquinolone classes of drugs in four health facilities serving the slum communities of Nairobi city in Kenya. Additionally, determine the genetic basis for the multidrug resistance observed. A cross sectional laboratory based study was undertaken where a total of 1171 children below 16 years were selected, from whom stool samples were collected, tested and analyzed. 395 (33.73%) <i>Klebsiella spp</i> were isolated, consisting of 365 (92.4%) <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and 30 (7.6%) <i>Klebsiella oxytoca</i> were isolated. The proportion of multi-drug resistance (MDR) <i>K. pneumoniae</i> and MDR <i>K. oxytoca</i> was 64.1% (234/365) and 96.67% (29/30) respectively. Third generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime ceftriaxone and ceftazidime showed the highest resistance of 30.7%, 29.9% and 27.4% respectively, whereas carbapenems including imipenem and meropenem had the least resistance of 1.6%, each, to <i>K. pneumoniae</i>. A significant association was observed in diarrheic children (OR = 1.88;p = 0.01) and those below 50 months (OR = 0.43;p = 0.002) and carrying <i>K. pneumoniae</i> resistance to one or more third generation cephalosporins. Genes associated with resistance included <i>bla</i> TEM 100%, <i>bla</i> CTX-M 95.2%, <i>bla</i> SHV 57.1%, <i>bla</i> OXA-1 66.7%, <i>qnr</i>S 54.1%, <i>qnr</i>B 47.6% and <i>bla</i> NDM 7.1%. In conclusion, there’s need for more effective infection control measures, antimicrobial stewardship to reduce emergence of antimicrobial resistance, improved drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices.
文摘The first birth marks a transition of a woman into motherhood.It contributes substantially to overall fertility of each individual woman.The age at which childbearing begins influences the number of children a woman bears throughout her whole reproductive life span.Thus,the mother's age at first birth influences the total number of births that she might have in her life,which impacts the size,composition,and future growth of the population.Child-bearing at very young ages is common among the poor in Bangladesh.The objective of the present study is to examine the factors associated with age at first birth among slum dwellers of five selected slums(locally,colony) in Sylhet city corporation area,Bangladesh.The data of this study was collected from 520 women aged 14-50 years.The study found that almost 93%of women were married by the ages of 18 years and about 56%of the women have had their first child by the age of 18 years.The Ordinary Least Squares(OLS) regression model was used to analyze the factors correlated with women's age at first birth.The regression model is significant with an F-value of 49.48 and can explain 40.4%of the variation in the dependent variable as it is indicated by the R-square.
