Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided import...Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided important insights into biodiversity conservation,research has predominantly focused on only one dimension of diversity(i.e.,taxonomic),failing to consider how phylogenetic and functional diversity might inform conservation strategies.In this study,we determined whether grasslands in the agro-pastoral ecotone of the Tabu River Basin,Inner Mongolia should be conserved by protecting a single large patch or several small patches.For this purpose,we quantified the relationships between three dimensions of biodiversity(taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity)and grassland patch area.We found species richness and the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity increased with patch area,whereas the standardized effect size of functional diversity decreased.Taxonomic measures of diversity indicated that the best strategy for conserving Tabu River Basin grasslands is to protect several small habitat patches;in contrast,phylogenetic and functional measures of diversity indicated that conserving a single large habitat patch was best.Our study emphasizes the necessity of considering multiple dimensions of diversity when designing conservation strategies for fragmented landscapes to achieve comprehensive biodiversity conservation.展开更多
生物多样性保护领域中的SLOSS(single large or several small)争论概述了在总面积相等或资源有限的情况下,应该优先保护一个大的保护区(SL)还是几个小的保护区(SS)来最大化保护物种多样性的问题。自20世纪70年代以来,该问题一直备受生...生物多样性保护领域中的SLOSS(single large or several small)争论概述了在总面积相等或资源有限的情况下,应该优先保护一个大的保护区(SL)还是几个小的保护区(SS)来最大化保护物种多样性的问题。自20世纪70年代以来,该问题一直备受生态学家和保护生物学家的关注,其研究对于保护区设计以及生物多样性保护具有重要意义。随着研究方法的发展和交叉学科的兴起,SLOSS争论在分析方法和理论机制方面都取得了重要的阶段性进展。本文通过文献检索和归纳总结对SLOSS争论的研究现状进行了综述。首先,我们回顾了SLOSS争论的起源及其对生物多样性保护的重要性。其次,本文概括评估了SLOSS争论在实证研究和理论方面的分析方法,包括零模型法、经典的物种累积曲线法以及由该方法所计算出来的饱和指数。随后,本文还回顾了以往研究者提出的改进的饱和指数,并介绍了我们所开发的优化后的饱和指数。此外,本文探讨了几种影响SLOSS争论的理论机制,如由灭绝率和定殖率的变化所主导的灭绝-定殖动态理论机制及其相应的检验方法。最后,本文对该领域进行了总结和展望并为未来的发展方向提出了一些针对性建议,包括采用多种保护策略的重要性以及在保护区规划中经济和生态因素的结合的必要性。本文整合了SLOSS争论中常用的分析方法的适用场景与局限性,比较了不同方法在划分保护优先级时的优势和争议点,可为研究者在方法选择及保护规划权衡方面提供参考。展开更多
在大的空间尺度上,研究了我国苔藓植物多样性的地理分布格局,系统地收集了1534种藓类植物在我国中东部地区80个自然保护区和国家森林公园分布的数据,分析了中国藓类植物主要类群在80个地理单元物种分布的嵌套水平和多样性保护的SLOSS(si...在大的空间尺度上,研究了我国苔藓植物多样性的地理分布格局,系统地收集了1534种藓类植物在我国中东部地区80个自然保护区和国家森林公园分布的数据,分析了中国藓类植物主要类群在80个地理单元物种分布的嵌套水平和多样性保护的SLOSS(single large or several small)策略.研究发现,藓类、侧蒴藓类、顶蒴藓类、金发藓类-烟杆藓类、泥炭藓科(Spagnaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、木灵藓科(Orthotrichaceae)、曲尾藓科(Dicranaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae)存在明显的嵌套分布现象.不同地区之间的藓类植物,以贵州境内保护区的藓类植物嵌套分布程度最高,浙江和两广地区的为最低.无论从科还是从属和种的水平上,在面积相近的情况下,均倾向于建立一个大的自然保护区(SL)策略,特别是对于木灵藓科、金灰藓科(Pylaisiaceae)、曲尾藓科、泥炭藓科、提灯藓科.对生境专一性强的种类越多的藓类群,越倾向于SL策略.就不同的地理区域来讲,在浙江境内建立自然保护区,更倾向于建立多个小的保护区(SS)策略,在贵州境内更倾向于SL策略.展开更多
Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction( CO_(2)RR) represents a sustainable approach to alleviate theglobal concern associated with excessive CO_(2) emission. Recently,metal-based sulfides are emerged as a special c...Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction( CO_(2)RR) represents a sustainable approach to alleviate theglobal concern associated with excessive CO_(2) emission. Recently,metal-based sulfides are emerged as a special class ofelectrocatalysts for efficient formate production, which howeversuffer from massive S loss during CO_(2)RR due to thecompositional reduction. Herein, we synthesize a series of tinsulfides with high crystallinity (i.e., SnS, Sn_(2)S_(3), and SnS_(2)) asmodel catalysts, and reveal that the strength distribution ofSn–S bonds in atomic configurations is essential for efficientformate production. Typically, the strong and uniformly distributedSn–S bonds in SnS_(2) are beneficial for inhibiting Sleaching and forming favorable Sn/SnS_(2) heterointerfaces for CO_(2)RR, while the weaker Sn–S bonds in SnS promote the reductioninto metallic Sn. Specially, the Sn_(2)S_(3) with mixedbonding strengths undergoes consecutive dissociation, startingfrom cleaving the weakest Sn–S bonds and then inducingaccelerative reduction. Resultantly, the SnS_(2) achieves thehighest Faraday efficiency of 93.8%±0.59% at −1.0 VRHE and ahigh partial current density of 195.3 mA cm^(−2) at −1.2 VRHE.This study could provide insight into the role of metal-sulfurbonds in catalysts for efficient CO_(2)-to-formate conversion.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Key Project(2023ZD24)the Erdos City Major Science and Technology Special Project(ZD20232305)+3 种基金the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project(2025KYPT0012)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Plan Project(2022ZD007)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Education Department Project(NMGIRT2409)the Inner Mongolia First-Class Disciplines Scientific Research Special Project(YLXKZX-ND-047).
文摘Conservationists have long debated whether fragmented habitats are best conserved by protecting a single large patch(SL)or several small patches(SS),i.e.,the SLOSS debate.Although this SLOSS debate has provided important insights into biodiversity conservation,research has predominantly focused on only one dimension of diversity(i.e.,taxonomic),failing to consider how phylogenetic and functional diversity might inform conservation strategies.In this study,we determined whether grasslands in the agro-pastoral ecotone of the Tabu River Basin,Inner Mongolia should be conserved by protecting a single large patch or several small patches.For this purpose,we quantified the relationships between three dimensions of biodiversity(taxonomic,phylogenetic,and functional diversity)and grassland patch area.We found species richness and the standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity increased with patch area,whereas the standardized effect size of functional diversity decreased.Taxonomic measures of diversity indicated that the best strategy for conserving Tabu River Basin grasslands is to protect several small habitat patches;in contrast,phylogenetic and functional measures of diversity indicated that conserving a single large habitat patch was best.Our study emphasizes the necessity of considering multiple dimensions of diversity when designing conservation strategies for fragmented landscapes to achieve comprehensive biodiversity conservation.
文摘生物多样性保护领域中的SLOSS(single large or several small)争论概述了在总面积相等或资源有限的情况下,应该优先保护一个大的保护区(SL)还是几个小的保护区(SS)来最大化保护物种多样性的问题。自20世纪70年代以来,该问题一直备受生态学家和保护生物学家的关注,其研究对于保护区设计以及生物多样性保护具有重要意义。随着研究方法的发展和交叉学科的兴起,SLOSS争论在分析方法和理论机制方面都取得了重要的阶段性进展。本文通过文献检索和归纳总结对SLOSS争论的研究现状进行了综述。首先,我们回顾了SLOSS争论的起源及其对生物多样性保护的重要性。其次,本文概括评估了SLOSS争论在实证研究和理论方面的分析方法,包括零模型法、经典的物种累积曲线法以及由该方法所计算出来的饱和指数。随后,本文还回顾了以往研究者提出的改进的饱和指数,并介绍了我们所开发的优化后的饱和指数。此外,本文探讨了几种影响SLOSS争论的理论机制,如由灭绝率和定殖率的变化所主导的灭绝-定殖动态理论机制及其相应的检验方法。最后,本文对该领域进行了总结和展望并为未来的发展方向提出了一些针对性建议,包括采用多种保护策略的重要性以及在保护区规划中经济和生态因素的结合的必要性。本文整合了SLOSS争论中常用的分析方法的适用场景与局限性,比较了不同方法在划分保护优先级时的优势和争议点,可为研究者在方法选择及保护规划权衡方面提供参考。
文摘在大的空间尺度上,研究了我国苔藓植物多样性的地理分布格局,系统地收集了1534种藓类植物在我国中东部地区80个自然保护区和国家森林公园分布的数据,分析了中国藓类植物主要类群在80个地理单元物种分布的嵌套水平和多样性保护的SLOSS(single large or several small)策略.研究发现,藓类、侧蒴藓类、顶蒴藓类、金发藓类-烟杆藓类、泥炭藓科(Spagnaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、木灵藓科(Orthotrichaceae)、曲尾藓科(Dicranaceae)和真藓科(Bryaceae)存在明显的嵌套分布现象.不同地区之间的藓类植物,以贵州境内保护区的藓类植物嵌套分布程度最高,浙江和两广地区的为最低.无论从科还是从属和种的水平上,在面积相近的情况下,均倾向于建立一个大的自然保护区(SL)策略,特别是对于木灵藓科、金灰藓科(Pylaisiaceae)、曲尾藓科、泥炭藓科、提灯藓科.对生境专一性强的种类越多的藓类群,越倾向于SL策略.就不同的地理区域来讲,在浙江境内建立自然保护区,更倾向于建立多个小的保护区(SS)策略,在贵州境内更倾向于SL策略.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22479048, 22109044)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China (22ZR1418500)+1 种基金the Start-up Funds from the East China University of Science and Technologythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction( CO_(2)RR) represents a sustainable approach to alleviate theglobal concern associated with excessive CO_(2) emission. Recently,metal-based sulfides are emerged as a special class ofelectrocatalysts for efficient formate production, which howeversuffer from massive S loss during CO_(2)RR due to thecompositional reduction. Herein, we synthesize a series of tinsulfides with high crystallinity (i.e., SnS, Sn_(2)S_(3), and SnS_(2)) asmodel catalysts, and reveal that the strength distribution ofSn–S bonds in atomic configurations is essential for efficientformate production. Typically, the strong and uniformly distributedSn–S bonds in SnS_(2) are beneficial for inhibiting Sleaching and forming favorable Sn/SnS_(2) heterointerfaces for CO_(2)RR, while the weaker Sn–S bonds in SnS promote the reductioninto metallic Sn. Specially, the Sn_(2)S_(3) with mixedbonding strengths undergoes consecutive dissociation, startingfrom cleaving the weakest Sn–S bonds and then inducingaccelerative reduction. Resultantly, the SnS_(2) achieves thehighest Faraday efficiency of 93.8%±0.59% at −1.0 VRHE and ahigh partial current density of 195.3 mA cm^(−2) at −1.2 VRHE.This study could provide insight into the role of metal-sulfurbonds in catalysts for efficient CO_(2)-to-formate conversion.
