The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is i...The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is impossible to determine by using traditional plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT),because it requires large numbers of live mutant strains.Pseudovirus-based neutralization assays(PBNA)were developed by employing vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)backbone incorporated with HTNV or SEOV glycoproteins(VSVDG*-HTNVG or VSVDG*-SEOVG).56 and 51 single amino acid substitutions of glycoprotein(GP)in HTNV and SEOV were selected and introduced into the reference plasmid.Then the mutant pseudoviruses were generated and tested by PBNA.The PBNA results were highly correlated with PRNT ones with R2 being 0.91 for VSVDG*-HTNVG and 0.82 for VSVDG*-SEOVG.53 HTNV mutant pseudoviruses and 46 SEOV mutants were successfully generated.Importantly,by using PBNA,we found that HTNV or SEOV immunized antisera could neutralize all the corresponding 53 HTNV mutants or the 46 SEOV mutants respectively.The novel PBNA enables us to closely monitor the effectiveness of vaccines against large numbers of evolving HTNV and SEOV.And the current vaccine remains to be effective for the naturally occurring mutants.展开更多
The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 201...The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 2011）, and the late-growing season （22-24 September 2011） were analyzed. The CO2 concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season （early spring） and a minimum value during the growing season （summer）. The CO2 flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO2 flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600-1000 LST and 1800-2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.展开更多
The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 ...The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.展开更多
Seoul virus(SEOV), which is predominantly carried by Rattus norvegicus, is one of the major causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in China. Hubei province, located in the central south of China, has ex...Seoul virus(SEOV), which is predominantly carried by Rattus norvegicus, is one of the major causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in China. Hubei province, located in the central south of China, has experienced some of the most severe epidemics of HFRS. To investigate the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)-based phylogenetics of wild rats in Hubei, and the relationship with SEOV infection, 664 wild rats were captured from five trapping sites in Hubei from2000–2009 and 2014–2015. Using reverse-transcription(RT)-PCR, 41(6.17%) rats were found to be positive for SEOV infection. The SEOV-positive percentage in Yichang was significantly lower than that in other areas. The mt DNA D-loop and cytochrome b(cyt-b) genes of 103 rats were sequenced.Among these animals, 37 were SEOV-positive. The reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationship(based on the complete D-loop and cyt-b sequences) allowed the rats to be categorized into two lineages, R. norvegicus and Rattus nitidus, with the former including the majority of the rats. For both the D-loop and cyt-b genes, 18 haplotypes were identified. The geographic distributions of the different haplotypes were significantly different. There were no significant differences in the SEOVpositive percentages between different haplotypes. There were three sub-lineages for the D-loop,and two for cyt-b. The SEOV-positive percentages for each of the sub-lineages did not significantly differ. This indicates that the SEOV-positive percentage is not related to the mt DNA D-loop or cyt-b haplotype or the sub-lineage of rats from Hubei.展开更多
High road-surface temperature due to heat waves can lead to dangerous driving conditions such as tire blowouts and deformation induced by thermal stress on the roads. In this study, a Mobile Observation Vehicle datase...High road-surface temperature due to heat waves can lead to dangerous driving conditions such as tire blowouts and deformation induced by thermal stress on the roads. In this study, a Mobile Observation Vehicle dataset, with high spatial and temporal resolutions for the heat-wave episode that occurred on 16–17 August 2018, is used to understand environmental characteristics on urban road-surface and air temperatures in Seoul. This study demonstrates that the magnitude of urban road-surface temperature is dependent on the differences in incoming solar radiation due to screening of high-rise buildings in the Gangnam area, and is associated with the topographical features in the Gangbuk area. The road-surface temperature in the section of darker-colored asphalts was higher than that of lighter-colored asphalts, with a mean difference of 6.8°C, and both surface and air temperatures on the iron plate were highest, with means of 51.7°C and 35.1°C,respectively. In addition, during the water-sprinkling period, road-surface temperature was cooled by about 8.7°C(19%) compared with that in the period without water-sprinkling, but there was no significant change in air temperature. The current results could be practically used to improve roadsurface temperature prediction models for civil engineers or road managers.展开更多
As ancien capitals, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo share many commoncharacteristics, but Beijing and Seoul lagged much behind Tokyo from wid19th century to mid-20th century in terms of development level. During thepast fou...As ancien capitals, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo share many commoncharacteristics, but Beijing and Seoul lagged much behind Tokyo from wid19th century to mid-20th century in terms of development level. During thepast four decades Seoul and Beijing have devoted every theft to aeceleratetheir modernization process. This paper intends to make a brief review and tosummerize some similarities of the basic feaures in respects ofindustrialization and urbanization.展开更多
On June 22,1518,a large earthquake,measuring M7^(1/2),occurred offshore west of Seoul,Korea in the southern Yellow Sea. This earthquake affected the whole Korean Peninsula,and caused damage to the coastal areas such a...On June 22,1518,a large earthquake,measuring M7^(1/2),occurred offshore west of Seoul,Korea in the southern Yellow Sea. This earthquake affected the whole Korean Peninsula,and caused damage to the coastal areas such as Seoul,where the seismic intensity was degree Ⅷ. Aftershock activity lasted for more than one month. The earthquake also affected the Eastern China region. This earthquake was possibly related to the activity of the western margin fault zone of the Korean Peninsula( the eastern margin fault zone of the southern Yellow Sea). The epicenter of the earthquake was located 36. 5°N and 125. 2°E.展开更多
The Department of Astronomy at Seoul National University is carrying out a project to build a radio observatory, the Seoul Radio Astronomical Observatory (SRAO). The observatory will be constructed on our campus, whic...The Department of Astronomy at Seoul National University is carrying out a project to build a radio observatory, the Seoul Radio Astronomical Observatory (SRAO). The observatory will be constructed on our campus, which is located at sea level in Seoul, Korea, at (126°57.′3E, 37°27.′1N). The observatory will operate a 6 m millimeter radio telescope.展开更多
Since Korea-Japan annexation in 1910, Japan has promoted the migration and/or tourism into colonial Chosun （old Korea） as an efficient cultural strategy for extending imperialism into Korean peninsula. In many tour ...Since Korea-Japan annexation in 1910, Japan has promoted the migration and/or tourism into colonial Chosun （old Korea） as an efficient cultural strategy for extending imperialism into Korean peninsula. In many tour guide books, the gisaeng （Korean female entertainers） was not only a symbol of Chosun tradition, but a main icon of Chosun tourism. The high class Korean-styled restaurants （yorijoem） were established as tourist attraction for Japanese inlanders, with singing and dancing gisaengs, ondol （Korean heating floor） house and Korean authentic cuisine, etc. The aim of this paper is firstly to explore the existential change of gisaengs in the yorijoem through its spatial significance in the 1930s, and secondly to explore the identity of Seoul local food culture and its metamorphosis under the colonial modernity.展开更多
The 11th Northeast Asia Youth Forum was held in Seoul and Cheonan,Republic of Korea from August 25 to 30.Sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea and cosponsored by the Chinese Association fo...The 11th Northeast Asia Youth Forum was held in Seoul and Cheonan,Republic of Korea from August 25 to 30.Sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea and cosponsored by the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),China Youth Center for International Exchange and MRA/ICJapan under the theme of "Current State and Improvement Advices for the Youth Language and Culture",this Forum was attended by 80展开更多
Taking two nation-wide famous fashion wholesale markets for case study, i.e. Zoo Market in Beijing and Doota Market in Seoul,a comparative study is carried out on the fashion wholesale markets of Beijing and Seoul. Th...Taking two nation-wide famous fashion wholesale markets for case study, i.e. Zoo Market in Beijing and Doota Market in Seoul,a comparative study is carried out on the fashion wholesale markets of Beijing and Seoul. The history, general situation,surrounding environments and characteristics of the markets in the two cities are introduced and analyzed. The sameness anddifferences are compared. Suggestions are put forward to Beijing fashion wholesale market according to the disadvantagescompared with Seoul.展开更多
A series of art exchanges between Shandong Province,China and Seoul were launched in Seoul on November 6,2020.The events were a contemporary art exhibition,a symposium and a concert.The exhibition featured 38 artists ...A series of art exchanges between Shandong Province,China and Seoul were launched in Seoul on November 6,2020.The events were a contemporary art exhibition,a symposium and a concert.The exhibition featured 38 artists from China's Shandong Province and 40 painters from the Republic of Korea.展开更多
In January 2021,China Cultural Center in Seoul launched an Online Photo Exhibition on the 70^(th)Anniversary of China's Foreign Assistance on its new media platform.
As a Korean saying gos,"The soil becomes more solid after the rain".China Cultural Center in Seoul is embracing the post-pandemic era with stronger confidence following the COVID-19 outbreak.
The exhibits carried the friendship of the Chinese people to the people of the Republic ot Korea.China Cultural Center in Seoul launched a permanent display of green-glazed Longquan Celadon on December 8,2020.This the...The exhibits carried the friendship of the Chinese people to the people of the Republic ot Korea.China Cultural Center in Seoul launched a permanent display of green-glazed Longquan Celadon on December 8,2020.This the first Longquan Celadon Exhibition Corner overseas.Exquisite works from 45 Chinese porcelain artists from Longquan City,Zhejiang Province,China,were showcased at the Center.展开更多
China and the Republic of Korea(ROK)are friendly neighbors facing each other across the sea.Cultural exchanges between the two nations date back to ancient times.Since its founding in 2004,China Cultural Center(CCC)in...China and the Republic of Korea(ROK)are friendly neighbors facing each other across the sea.Cultural exchanges between the two nations date back to ancient times.Since its founding in 2004,China Cultural Center(CCC)in Seoul has been working to promote bilateral cultural relations.展开更多
The third Asia-Pacific Con-ference on Multilateral Coopera-tion in Space Technology and Applications(AP-MCSTA)tookplace in Seoul from May 27 to31,1996.It was hosted by theMinistry of Science and Technolo-gy(MOST)and K...The third Asia-Pacific Con-ference on Multilateral Coopera-tion in Space Technology and Applications(AP-MCSTA)tookplace in Seoul from May 27 to31,1996.It was hosted by theMinistry of Science and Technolo-gy(MOST)and KoreaAerospace Research Institute(KARI)of the Republic of Koreain cooperation with China Nation-al Space Administration(CNSA),Pakistan Space andUpper Atmosphere ResearchCommission(SUPARCO),andSpace Development Committee(SDC)of the Ministry of Trans-port and Communications(MOTC)of Thailand.The Con-ference was attended by 311 par-展开更多
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Projects of Drug Discovery[Grant Number 2018ZX09101-001]
文摘The Hantaan virus(HTNV)and Seoul virus(SEOV)mutants have accumulated over time.It is important to determine whether their neutralizing epitopes have evolved,thereby making the current vaccine powerless.However,it is impossible to determine by using traditional plaque reduction neutralization test(PRNT),because it requires large numbers of live mutant strains.Pseudovirus-based neutralization assays(PBNA)were developed by employing vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV)backbone incorporated with HTNV or SEOV glycoproteins(VSVDG*-HTNVG or VSVDG*-SEOVG).56 and 51 single amino acid substitutions of glycoprotein(GP)in HTNV and SEOV were selected and introduced into the reference plasmid.Then the mutant pseudoviruses were generated and tested by PBNA.The PBNA results were highly correlated with PRNT ones with R2 being 0.91 for VSVDG*-HTNVG and 0.82 for VSVDG*-SEOVG.53 HTNV mutant pseudoviruses and 46 SEOV mutants were successfully generated.Importantly,by using PBNA,we found that HTNV or SEOV immunized antisera could neutralize all the corresponding 53 HTNV mutants or the 46 SEOV mutants respectively.The novel PBNA enables us to closely monitor the effectiveness of vaccines against large numbers of evolving HTNV and SEOV.And the current vaccine remains to be effective for the naturally occurring mutants.
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program (Grant No. CATER 2012-7010)the Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNL-TER) project for their data distributions
文摘The CO2 concentrations and fluxes over an urban forest site （Namsan） and an urban residential region （Boramae） in Seoul, Korea, during the non-growing season （2 4 March 2011）, the growing season （10-12 June 2011）, and the late-growing season （22-24 September 2011） were analyzed. The CO2 concentrations of two sites showed nearly the same diurnal variation, with a maximum value occurring during the night and a minimum value occurring during daytime, as well as the same seasonal variation, with a maximum value during the non-growing season （early spring） and a minimum value during the growing season （summer）. The CO2 flux over the urban forest did not show any typical diurnal variation during the non-growing season, but did show diurnal variation with a small positive value during the night and a large negative value during daytime in the growing and late-growing seasons due to photosynthesis in the urban forest. The CO2 flux over the urban residential region showed a positive daily mean value for all periods, with large values during the non-growing season and small values during the growing season, and it also showed diurnal variation with two maxima at 0600-1000 LST and 1800-2400 LST, and two minima at 0300-0600 LST and 1100-1500 LST, and was strongly correlated with the use of liquefied natural gas for cooking and heating by surrounding houses.
基金funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under the Weather Information Service Engine (WISE) project (Grant No.153-3100-3133-302-350)
文摘The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81402728,81371865)
文摘Seoul virus(SEOV), which is predominantly carried by Rattus norvegicus, is one of the major causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in China. Hubei province, located in the central south of China, has experienced some of the most severe epidemics of HFRS. To investigate the mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)-based phylogenetics of wild rats in Hubei, and the relationship with SEOV infection, 664 wild rats were captured from five trapping sites in Hubei from2000–2009 and 2014–2015. Using reverse-transcription(RT)-PCR, 41(6.17%) rats were found to be positive for SEOV infection. The SEOV-positive percentage in Yichang was significantly lower than that in other areas. The mt DNA D-loop and cytochrome b(cyt-b) genes of 103 rats were sequenced.Among these animals, 37 were SEOV-positive. The reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationship(based on the complete D-loop and cyt-b sequences) allowed the rats to be categorized into two lineages, R. norvegicus and Rattus nitidus, with the former including the majority of the rats. For both the D-loop and cyt-b genes, 18 haplotypes were identified. The geographic distributions of the different haplotypes were significantly different. There were no significant differences in the SEOVpositive percentages between different haplotypes. There were three sub-lineages for the D-loop,and two for cyt-b. The SEOV-positive percentages for each of the sub-lineages did not significantly differ. This indicates that the SEOV-positive percentage is not related to the mt DNA D-loop or cyt-b haplotype or the sub-lineage of rats from Hubei.
基金supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program’s‘Research and Development for KMA Weather,Climate,and Earth system Services-Development and Application of Monitoring,Analysis and Prediction Technology for HighImpact Weather’[KMA2018-00123]
文摘High road-surface temperature due to heat waves can lead to dangerous driving conditions such as tire blowouts and deformation induced by thermal stress on the roads. In this study, a Mobile Observation Vehicle dataset, with high spatial and temporal resolutions for the heat-wave episode that occurred on 16–17 August 2018, is used to understand environmental characteristics on urban road-surface and air temperatures in Seoul. This study demonstrates that the magnitude of urban road-surface temperature is dependent on the differences in incoming solar radiation due to screening of high-rise buildings in the Gangnam area, and is associated with the topographical features in the Gangbuk area. The road-surface temperature in the section of darker-colored asphalts was higher than that of lighter-colored asphalts, with a mean difference of 6.8°C, and both surface and air temperatures on the iron plate were highest, with means of 51.7°C and 35.1°C,respectively. In addition, during the water-sprinkling period, road-surface temperature was cooled by about 8.7°C(19%) compared with that in the period without water-sprinkling, but there was no significant change in air temperature. The current results could be practically used to improve roadsurface temperature prediction models for civil engineers or road managers.
文摘As ancien capitals, Beijing, Seoul and Tokyo share many commoncharacteristics, but Beijing and Seoul lagged much behind Tokyo from wid19th century to mid-20th century in terms of development level. During thepast four decades Seoul and Beijing have devoted every theft to aeceleratetheir modernization process. This paper intends to make a brief review and tosummerize some similarities of the basic feaures in respects ofindustrialization and urbanization.
文摘On June 22,1518,a large earthquake,measuring M7^(1/2),occurred offshore west of Seoul,Korea in the southern Yellow Sea. This earthquake affected the whole Korean Peninsula,and caused damage to the coastal areas such as Seoul,where the seismic intensity was degree Ⅷ. Aftershock activity lasted for more than one month. The earthquake also affected the Eastern China region. This earthquake was possibly related to the activity of the western margin fault zone of the Korean Peninsula( the eastern margin fault zone of the southern Yellow Sea). The epicenter of the earthquake was located 36. 5°N and 125. 2°E.
文摘The Department of Astronomy at Seoul National University is carrying out a project to build a radio observatory, the Seoul Radio Astronomical Observatory (SRAO). The observatory will be constructed on our campus, which is located at sea level in Seoul, Korea, at (126°57.′3E, 37°27.′1N). The observatory will operate a 6 m millimeter radio telescope.
文摘Since Korea-Japan annexation in 1910, Japan has promoted the migration and/or tourism into colonial Chosun （old Korea） as an efficient cultural strategy for extending imperialism into Korean peninsula. In many tour guide books, the gisaeng （Korean female entertainers） was not only a symbol of Chosun tradition, but a main icon of Chosun tourism. The high class Korean-styled restaurants （yorijoem） were established as tourist attraction for Japanese inlanders, with singing and dancing gisaengs, ondol （Korean heating floor） house and Korean authentic cuisine, etc. The aim of this paper is firstly to explore the existential change of gisaengs in the yorijoem through its spatial significance in the 1930s, and secondly to explore the identity of Seoul local food culture and its metamorphosis under the colonial modernity.
文摘The 11th Northeast Asia Youth Forum was held in Seoul and Cheonan,Republic of Korea from August 25 to 30.Sponsored by Moral Re-Armament/Initiatives of Change(MRA/IC)-Korea and cosponsored by the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),China Youth Center for International Exchange and MRA/ICJapan under the theme of "Current State and Improvement Advices for the Youth Language and Culture",this Forum was attended by 80
文摘Taking two nation-wide famous fashion wholesale markets for case study, i.e. Zoo Market in Beijing and Doota Market in Seoul,a comparative study is carried out on the fashion wholesale markets of Beijing and Seoul. The history, general situation,surrounding environments and characteristics of the markets in the two cities are introduced and analyzed. The sameness anddifferences are compared. Suggestions are put forward to Beijing fashion wholesale market according to the disadvantagescompared with Seoul.
文摘A series of art exchanges between Shandong Province,China and Seoul were launched in Seoul on November 6,2020.The events were a contemporary art exhibition,a symposium and a concert.The exhibition featured 38 artists from China's Shandong Province and 40 painters from the Republic of Korea.
文摘In January 2021,China Cultural Center in Seoul launched an Online Photo Exhibition on the 70^(th)Anniversary of China's Foreign Assistance on its new media platform.
文摘As a Korean saying gos,"The soil becomes more solid after the rain".China Cultural Center in Seoul is embracing the post-pandemic era with stronger confidence following the COVID-19 outbreak.
文摘The exhibits carried the friendship of the Chinese people to the people of the Republic ot Korea.China Cultural Center in Seoul launched a permanent display of green-glazed Longquan Celadon on December 8,2020.This the first Longquan Celadon Exhibition Corner overseas.Exquisite works from 45 Chinese porcelain artists from Longquan City,Zhejiang Province,China,were showcased at the Center.
文摘China and the Republic of Korea(ROK)are friendly neighbors facing each other across the sea.Cultural exchanges between the two nations date back to ancient times.Since its founding in 2004,China Cultural Center(CCC)in Seoul has been working to promote bilateral cultural relations.
文摘The third Asia-Pacific Con-ference on Multilateral Coopera-tion in Space Technology and Applications(AP-MCSTA)tookplace in Seoul from May 27 to31,1996.It was hosted by theMinistry of Science and Technolo-gy(MOST)and KoreaAerospace Research Institute(KARI)of the Republic of Koreain cooperation with China Nation-al Space Administration(CNSA),Pakistan Space andUpper Atmosphere ResearchCommission(SUPARCO),andSpace Development Committee(SDC)of the Ministry of Trans-port and Communications(MOTC)of Thailand.The Con-ference was attended by 311 par-
