The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies h...The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies have documented the residues of ARGs in soils and crops,but little is known about who drives the proliferation of ARGs in farming systems and what their underlying mechanisms are.Herein,we explored the occurrence and proliferating behavior of ARGs in soil-crop environments in terms of root secretions and plant volatiles.This review highlighted that plant root secretions and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)served as key substances mediating the development of antibiotic resistance in the soil-crop system.Still,there is controversy here as to plant root secretions promote the ARGs proliferation or inhibit.Some studies indicated that root secretions can suppress the colonization of ARGs,mainly attributed by the production of bluntedmetabolic enzymes and blocking of cellular exocytosis systems.Whereas the others have evidenced that root secretions can promote ARGs proliferation,primarily by altering the structure of microbial communities to influence species interactions and thus indirectly affect the proliferation of ARGs.Also,VOCs can act as molecular signals to convey antibiotic resistance information to their neighbors,which in turn drive the up-regulation of ARGs expression.Even so,the mechanism by which VOC-driven antibiotic resistance acquisition and proliferation need to be further probed.Overall,this review contributed to the development of products and technologies to impede the ARGs proliferation in agricultural environment.展开更多
The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secre...The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.展开更多
Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were f...Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD 50 of 11 5?mg/kg,18 8?mg/kg,and 264?mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500?mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T verrucosus and B maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T verrucosus and B maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60?kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T verrucosus , B maxima and B andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B andrewsi and B maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A 2 activity was only found in the skin secretions of T verrucosus .None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.展开更多
Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)is an important fiber crop worldwide.Insect attack causes cotton yield and quality losses.However,little is known about the mechanism of cotton response to insect attack.We simulated insect f...Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)is an important fiber crop worldwide.Insect attack causes cotton yield and quality losses.However,little is known about the mechanism of cotton response to insect attack.We simulated insect feeding by applying insect oral secretions(OS)to wounds,and combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate how OS from two major pest species(Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura)affect cotton defense responses.We found that respectively 12,668 and 13,379 genes were differentially expressed in comparison with wounding alone.On addition of OS,the jasmonic acid signaling pathway was rapidly and strongly induced,whereas genes involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis were downregulated.On constructing a coexpression gene network,we identified a hub gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase that may play an important role in early signal recognition and transduction.OS from the two insect species altered the abundance of flavonoid-related compounds in different patterns.Gossypol remained in lower concentration after OS application than after wounding alone,suggesting a suppressive effect of OS on cotton defense response.This study illustrated transcriptional and metabolic changes of cotton in responding to OS from two chewing insect species,identified potential key response genes,and revealed evidence for OS inhibition of wounding-induced cotton defense response.展开更多
The use of adipose-derived cells as a treatment for a variety of diseases is becoming increasingly common. These therapies include the use of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and freshly isolated stromal vascula...The use of adipose-derived cells as a treatment for a variety of diseases is becoming increasingly common. These therapies include the use of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction (SVF) alone, or in conjunction with other cells such as adipocytes. There is a substantial amount of literature published on the therapeutic properties of MSCs and their secretions as the main driver of their therapeutic effect. However, there is little data available on the therapeutic potential of secretions from SVF, either with or without adipocytes. We investigated the ability of secretions from human adipose SVF alone and the SVF co-cultured with adipocytes as a proxy for cell therapy, to ameliorate an inflammatory disorder. This ethics approved study involved the treatment of collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) in mice with secretions from SVF, SVF co-cultured with adipocytes, or a vehicle control via both intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Treatment outcome was assessed by paw volume, ankle size and clinical arthritis score measurements. Serum samples were obtained following euthanasia and analysed for a panel of 32 mouse cytokines and growth factors. The dose and timing regime used for the IM administration of both human secretion mixtures did not significantly ameliorate arthritis in this model. The IV administration of SVF adipocyte co-culture secretions reduced the paw volume, and significantly reduced the ankle size and clinical arthritis score when compared to the IV vehicle control mice. This was a superior therapeutic effect than treatment with SVF secretions. Furthermore, treatment with SVF adipocyte coculture secretions resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of key cytokines, IL-2 and VEGF, involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the SVF cocultured with adipocytes is an attractive therapeutic for inflammatory conditions.展开更多
Objective To investigate the value of BT-H3 in expressed prostatic secretions ( EPS) in differential diagnosis of patients with inflammatory elevation of PSA in t - PSA gray zone ( 4 - 10 ng /ml) . Methods One hundred...Objective To investigate the value of BT-H3 in expressed prostatic secretions ( EPS) in differential diagnosis of patients with inflammatory elevation of PSA in t - PSA gray zone ( 4 - 10 ng /ml) . Methods One hundred and sixteen patients from ages of 19 to 80 years ( mean,40 years) were studied. In the group there展开更多
AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil...AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil division and morphological elonga- tion, has a role in chronic persistent infections. Ge- netic property of H. pylori cdrA was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 128 （77 American and 51 Japanese） clinical isolates obtained from 48 and 51 patients, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure in- terleukin-8 （IL-8） secretion with gastric biopsy speci- mens obtained from American patients colonized with cdrA-positive or -negative strains and AGS cells co- cultured with wild-type HPK5 （cdrA-positive） or its de- rivative HPKT510 （cdrA-disruptant）. Furthermore, the cytotoxin-associated gene A （cagA） status （transloca- tion and phosphorylation） and kinetics of transcription factors [nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-~：B） and inhibition kappa B] were investigated in AGS cells co-cultured with HPK5, HPKT510 and its derivative HPKSCA （cagA- disruptant） by western blotting analysis with immuno- precipitation. RESULTS： Genetic diversity of the H. pylori cdrA gene demonstrated that the cdrA status segregated into two categories including four allele types, cdrA-positive （al- lele types, I and 11 ） and cdrA-negative （allele types; 111 and IV） categories, respectively. Almost all Japanese isolates were cdrA-positive （ 1 ： 7.8% and 11 ： 90.2%）, whereas 16.9% of American isolates were cdrA-positive （11） and 83.1% were cdrA-negative （nl： 37.7% and IV： 45.5%）, indicating extended diversity of cdrA in individual American isolates. Comparison of each isolate from different regions （antrum and corpus） in the stomach of 29 Americans revealed that cdrA status was identical in both isolates from different regions in 17 cases. However, 12 cases had a different cdrA al- lele and 6 of them exhibited a different cdrA category between two regions in the stomach. Furthermore, in 5 of the 6 cases possessing a different cdrA category, cdrA-negative isolate existed in the corpus, suggesting that cdrA-negative strain is more adaptable to coloni- zation in the corpus. IL-8 secretions from AGS revealed that IL-8 levels induced by a cdrA-disrupted HPKT510 was significantly lower （P 〈 0.01） compared to wild- type HPK5： corresponding to 50%-60% of those of wild-type HPK5. These data coincided with in vivo data that an average value of IL-8 in biopsy specimens from cdrA-positive and cdrA-negative groups was 215.6 and 135.9 pg/mL, respectively. Western blotting analysis documented that HPKT510 had no effect on CagA translocation and phosphorylation, however, nuclear accumulation of NF-κB was lower by HPKT510 com- pared to HPK5. CONCLUSION： Colonization by a cdrA-negative or cdrA-dysfunctional strain resulted in decreased IL-8 production and repression of NF-κB, and hence, atten- uate the host immunity leading to persistent infection.展开更多
DEAR EDITOR,Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are important for the transport of biologically active materials and for intercellular communication.As an exposed mucosa,amphibian skin participates in many essential physiologi...DEAR EDITOR,Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are important for the transport of biologically active materials and for intercellular communication.As an exposed mucosa,amphibian skin participates in many essential physiological processes.To date,however,little is known about EVs in amphibian skin.Here,we successfully isolated EVs from the skin secretions of Bombina maxima,and characterized the EVs using nanoparticle tracking,western blotting,and electron microscopy.展开更多
Various kinds of biologically active peptides have previously been isolated from the skin secretions of Amolops loloensis frog,such as antimicrobial peptides,bradykinin-like peptides and algesic peptides.A novel insul...Various kinds of biologically active peptides have previously been isolated from the skin secretions of Amolops loloensis frog,such as antimicrobial peptides,bradykinin-like peptides and algesic peptides.A novel insulinotropic peptide named amolopin was identified in A.loloensis frog’s skin secretion.Its primary structure sequence was determined by Edman degradation as:FLPIVGKSLSGLSGKL-NH2.BLAST search indicates that the amino acid sequence of amolopin is quite different from other known insulin secretagogues,including mastoparan,exendins and a-latrotoxin,nor does it like incretins(e.g.glucagons like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic ploypeptide)either.However,amolopin shows certain structural similarity with amphibian antimicrobial temporins and vespid chemotactic peptides isolated from Vespa magnifica.Amolopin can stimulate insulin release in INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.Primary investigation on its action mechanisms reveals that amolopin does not increase the influx of Ca2?.In conclusion,a novel 16-amino acid peptide with insulin-releasing activity is initially discovered from the skin secretion of A.loloensis frog.Further work is necessary to evaluate its potential as novel anti-diabetic candidate.展开更多
Objective: in this paper, the effective methods of clinical examination of gynecological secretions in basic hospitals were analyzed and discussed. Methods: a total of 200 patients who underwent gynecological secretio...Objective: in this paper, the effective methods of clinical examination of gynecological secretions in basic hospitals were analyzed and discussed. Methods: a total of 200 patients who underwent gynecological secretions examination in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected for the study. Their vaginal secretions were collected and their vaginal infection and cleanliness were detected by high-power microscope. Results: the highest proportion of abnormal vaginal microbial infection was 69%, a total of 138 patients with abnormal infection. Among them, the highest proportion of trichomonas infection patients was 9%, a total of 18 infected patients;The highest proportion of bacterial infection was 34%, with a total of 64 infected patients. The highest proportion of mold infection patients was 28%, a total of 56 infected patients;The highest proportion of mycotic patients + bacterial patients was 7%, 14 patients were infected. The highest proportion of mycotic and trichomonas patients was 16%, 32 patients were infected. The highest proportion of trichomonas infection, fungal infection and bacterial infection was 6%, 12 patients were infected. The cleanliness of vagina was normal in 44 cases (22%). Among them, 156 cases were abnormal. The highest proportion of grade 1 was 10%, 20 patients in total;The highest proportion of second-degree patients was 12%, 24 patients in total;The highest proportion of grade 3 patients (49%) was 98 patients. The highest rate of fourth degree was 20%, with 58 patients. Conclusion: in summary, gynecological vaginosis is one of the common diseases in clinical treatment of women, and there are many pathogenic factors, most of which are bacteria or bacterial infection. The existence of vaginitis is harmful to the body of female patients. As an important part of clinical diagnosis, regular vaginal secretion examination should be taken seriously. Through the analysis of test results, more reliable data and information can be obtained from patients. Correct judgment of disease types is conducive to the smooth development of later treatment work, women should pay attention to personal hygiene, maintain appropriate exercise, prevention is the main, clinical treatment is secondary. Because gynecological vaginal secretions to effectively detect security risks, so it needs to be found in time, regular inspection, early treatment, to prevent the outbreak of disease, has high use value.展开更多
The brown planthopper(BPH,Nilaparvata lugens)is a notorious sap-sucking insect pest that damages rice(Oryza sativa)plants throughout Asia.During BPH feeding,saliva enters rice plant tissues,whereas during oviposition ...The brown planthopper(BPH,Nilaparvata lugens)is a notorious sap-sucking insect pest that damages rice(Oryza sativa)plants throughout Asia.During BPH feeding,saliva enters rice plant tissues,whereas during oviposition egg-associated secretions(EAS)are deposited in damaged plant tissue.Dynamic changes in rice to planthopper salivary effectors have been widely reported.However,the effects of EAS from planthopper on rice immunity remains largely unexplored.In this study,we found that both infestation of rice by gravid BPH female adults and treatment with the EAS elicited a strong and rapid accumulation of jasmonic acid(JA),JA-isoleucine,and hydrogen peroxide in rice.EAS enhanced plant defenses not only in rice but also in tobacco,and these impaired the performance of BPH on rice,as well as the performance of aphids and whiteflies on tobacco.High-throughput proteome sequencing of EAS led to 110 proteins being identified and 53 proteins with 2 or more unique peptides being detected.Some proteins from BPH EAS were also found in the salivary proteome from herbivores,suggesting potential evolutionary conservation of effector functions across feeding and oviposition;however,others were only identified in EAS,and these are likely specifically related to oviposition.These findings point to novel proteins affecting interactions between planthoppers and rice during oviposition,providing an additional source of information for effector studies.展开更多
BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicat...BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicated by diabetes is highly pre-valent in clinical settings.AIM To analyze the results of nasal secretion cultures in diabetic patients with CRS and identify the factors influencing postoperative recurrence.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 203 diabetic pa-tients with CRS with nasal polyps who underwent the Messerklinger technique at Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University between January 2021 and January 2023.Preoperative nasal secretions were cultured to determine the types and distribution of pathogenic bacteria and assess antimicrobial suscept-ibility.Based on a one-year follow-up,patients were categorized into recurrence and nonrecurrence groups to analyze differences in their clinical data.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors influencing postoperative recurrence.RESULTS Pathogens were detected in 153 of the 203 nasal secretion specimens collected from diabetic patients with CRS.A total of 134 pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated and identified,including 81 strains(60.4%)of gram-positive bacteria and 53 strains(39.6%)of gram-negative bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria exhibited relatively high resistance to penicillin G and erythromycin,while remaining highly sensitive to vancomycin,gentamicin,and rifampicin.Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated relatively high resistance to cefazolin and gentamicin,but showed high sensitivity to imipenem,meropenem,cefepime,and ceftazidime.Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the recurrence and nonrecurrence groups in fasting blood glucose levels,smoking history,Lund-Mackay scores,visual analog scale(VAS)scores,nasal septum deviation,allergic rhinitis,bronchial asthma,postoperative infection,long-term use of nasal decongestants,and adherence to medical prescriptions.Multivariate regression analysis identified fasting blood glucose levels and VAS-measured nasal symptom severity scores as independent factors influencing postoperative recurrence.CONCLUSION In CRS patients with nasal polyps(CRSwNP),the detection rate of nasal pathogens is relatively high,and most of the isolated bacteria exhibit antimicrobial resistance.Additionally,the blood glucose level of patients with CRS combined with CRSwNP is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence.展开更多
Nanochannel technology based on ionic current rectification has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of biomolecules owing to unique advantages.Nevertheless,existing nanochannel sensors mainly focus on the det...Nanochannel technology based on ionic current rectification has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of biomolecules owing to unique advantages.Nevertheless,existing nanochannel sensors mainly focus on the detection of targets in solution or inside the cells,moreover,they only have a single function,greatly limiting their application.Herein,we fabricated SuperDNA self-assembled conical nanochannel,which was clamped in the middle of self-made device for two functions:Online detecting living cells released TNF-αand studying intercellular communication.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)membrane incubated tumor associated macrophages and tumor cells was rolled up and inserted into the left and right chamber of the device,respectively.Through monitoring the ion current change in the nanochannel,tumor associated macrophages released TNF-αcould be in situ and noninvasive detected with a detection limit of 0.23 pg/mL.Furthermore,the secreted TNF-αinduced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of tumor cells in the right chamber was also studied.The presented strategy displayed outstanding performance and multi-function,providing a promising platform for in situ non-destructive detection of cell secretions and related intercellular communication analysis.展开更多
Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All...Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All 9 known speciesof pygmy lorises are listed as globally endangered species(Nekaris 2014).Pygmy lorises exhibit a range of unique phenotypic characteristics rarely seen among primates.展开更多
Dear Editor,In a recent study,we isolated a protein from human oviductal secretion that could bind to spermatozoa[1].This protein was identified through chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry as human S100A9 and ...Dear Editor,In a recent study,we isolated a protein from human oviductal secretion that could bind to spermatozoa[1].This protein was identified through chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry as human S100A9 and was detected in human tubal epithelium and oviductal secretions.S100A9 belongs to the S100 protein family[2],which has been found in various body fluids and tissues,and plays a role in extracellular functions,such as the enhancement of neutrophil extravasation,induction of proinflammatory cytokine release,antimicrobial properties through divalent ion sequestration,and modulation of cellular proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis,as well as acting as a chemotactic factor[3–4].Because S100A9 is involved in various pathologies and the physiology of inflammation,research on S100A9 effects continues to grow rapidly.Recently,we have shown the presence of binding sites for S100A9 on human spermatozoa,and also found that S100A9 modulated certain sperm capacitation parameters in vitro,such as the induced acrosome reaction(AR)[1].To continue our studies on sperm function parameters,the current study aimed to express and purify human recombinant S100A9 and to assess its effect on sperm capacitation parameters,specifically the AR.展开更多
Autologous tumor cells and cell-derived secretions(CDS)can induce antitumor immune responses.The conditions in which cells are cultured and treated impact CDS,and cellular insults alter their composition and function....Autologous tumor cells and cell-derived secretions(CDS)can induce antitumor immune responses.The conditions in which cells are cultured and treated impact CDS,and cellular insults alter their composition and function.In this study,we generated CDS from tumor cells exposed to normal culture conditions,hypoxia,cisplatin,radiotherapy,photodynamic therapy,or hypochlorous acid(HOCl).In vitro HOCl-CDS showed the strongest stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages compared to CDS generated by hypoxia,cisplatin,radiotherapy or photodynamic therapy.To improve HOCl-CDS activity at the tumor site,we loaded HOCl-CDS into a melittin-encapsulated hydrogel scaffold.When injected intratumorally,the HOCl-CDS hydrogel promoted tumor cell death,cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration,and tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming towards an M1 phenotype.The hydrogel inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma.Furthermore,hydrogel-delivered HOCl-CDS augmented the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint blockade.These results underscore the importance of the CDS generation method and delivery approach for improving cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
Lysobacter enzymogenes is less-studied, but emerging as a powerful biocontrol bacterium producing multiple antimicrobial weapons including lytic enzymes, toxins, secondary metabolites and protein secretion systems.The...Lysobacter enzymogenes is less-studied, but emerging as a powerful biocontrol bacterium producing multiple antimicrobial weapons including lytic enzymes, toxins, secondary metabolites and protein secretion systems.The loss of surface-attached flagellum, production of heat-stable antifungal factor(HSAF, also named as Ningrongmycin) as a novel antifungal antibiotic, and the use of the type Ⅳ secretion system(T4SS) rather than the common type Ⅵ secretion system(T6SS) to kill competitor bacteria make this species unique. These distinct features set L. enzymogenes apart from well-studied plant beneficial biocontrol agents, such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas. This review describes what takes L. enzymogenes to be a unique biocontrol warrior by focusing to illustrate how the lack of flagellum governs morphological and functional co-adaptability, what adapted signaling transduction pathways are adopted to coordinate the biosynthesis of HSAF, and how to ecologically adapt plant rhizosphere by cell-to-cell interacting with microbiome members via the bacterial-killing T4SS.展开更多
Neural EGFL-like 2(NELL2)is a secreted protein known for its regulatory functions in the nervous and reproductive systems,yet its role in bone biology remains unexplored.In this study,we observed that NELL2 was dimini...Neural EGFL-like 2(NELL2)is a secreted protein known for its regulatory functions in the nervous and reproductive systems,yet its role in bone biology remains unexplored.In this study,we observed that NELL2 was diminished in the bone of aged and ovariectomized(OVX)mice,as well as in the serum of osteopenia and osteoporosis patients.In vitro loss-of-function and gain-offunction studies revealed that NELL2 facilitated osteoblast differentiation and impeded adipocyte differentiation from stromal progenitor cells.In vivo studies further demonstrated that the deletion of NELL2 in preosteoblasts resulted in decreased cancellous bone mass in mice.Mechanistically,NELL2 interacted with the FNI-type domain located at the C-terminus of Fibronectin 1(Fn1).Moreover,we found that NELL2 activated the focal adhesion kinase(FAK)/AKT signaling pathway through Fn1/integrinβ1(ITGB1),leading to the promotion of osteogenesis and the inhibition of adipogenesis.Notably,administration of NELL2-AAV was found to ameliorate bone loss in OVX mice.These findings underscore the significant role of NELL2 in osteoblast differentiation and bone homeostasis,suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for managing osteoporosis.展开更多
Social parasitic Hymenopterans have evolved morphological, chemical, and behavioral adaptations to overcome the sophisticated recognition and defense systems of their social host to invade host nests and exploit their...Social parasitic Hymenopterans have evolved morphological, chemical, and behavioral adaptations to overcome the sophisticated recognition and defense systems of their social host to invade host nests and exploit their worker force. In bumblebees, so- cial parasitism appeared in at least 3 subgenera independently： in the subgenus Psithyrus consisting entirely of parasitic species, in the subgenus Alpinobombus with Bombus hy- perboreus, and in the subgenus Thoracobombus with B. inexspectatus. Cuckoo bumblebee males utilize species-specific cephalic labial gland secretions for mating purposes that can impact their inquiline strategy. We performed cephalic labial gland secretions in B. hyperboreus, B. inexspectatus and their hosts. Males of both parasitic species exhibited high species specific levels of cephalic gland secretions, including different main com- pounds. Our results showed no chemical mimicry in the cephalic gland secretions between inquilines and their host and we did not identify the repellent compounds already known in other cuckoo bumblebees.展开更多
Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unco...Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unconventional secretion pathways,focusing on secretory autophagy and its role in secreting protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders.We also explore additional neuronal functions of secretory autophagy beyond the release of protein aggregates.We propose autophagosomes as transport organelles that deliver cargo material directly from the endoplasmatic reticulum(ER)to the plasma membrane rather than solely to lysosomes.展开更多
基金supported by the Youth innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.Y2023QC32)the foundation of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(No.22JCQNJC01460)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs)and the Youth Talent Project of Agro-Environmental Protection Institute,Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs(Xu Yan).
文摘The exponential growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes(ARGs)in soil-crop systems in recent years has posed a great challenge to ecological security and human health.While many studies have documented the residues of ARGs in soils and crops,but little is known about who drives the proliferation of ARGs in farming systems and what their underlying mechanisms are.Herein,we explored the occurrence and proliferating behavior of ARGs in soil-crop environments in terms of root secretions and plant volatiles.This review highlighted that plant root secretions and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)served as key substances mediating the development of antibiotic resistance in the soil-crop system.Still,there is controversy here as to plant root secretions promote the ARGs proliferation or inhibit.Some studies indicated that root secretions can suppress the colonization of ARGs,mainly attributed by the production of bluntedmetabolic enzymes and blocking of cellular exocytosis systems.Whereas the others have evidenced that root secretions can promote ARGs proliferation,primarily by altering the structure of microbial communities to influence species interactions and thus indirectly affect the proliferation of ARGs.Also,VOCs can act as molecular signals to convey antibiotic resistance information to their neighbors,which in turn drive the up-regulation of ARGs expression.Even so,the mechanism by which VOC-driven antibiotic resistance acquisition and proliferation need to be further probed.Overall,this review contributed to the development of products and technologies to impede the ARGs proliferation in agricultural environment.
基金received financial support from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)the special funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District,China(PT202101-02)。
文摘The oral secretions of insect herbivores are complex mixtures of organic and inorganic solutes and enzymes that are deposited onto plant tissues during the feeding process.Some specific components of insect oral secretions have been shown to confer important functions in mediating plant–insect interactions at the molecular level.In this review,we examined the biochemical studies of insect oral secretions to summarize the current knowledge of their compositions.We then moved beyond the functional studies of components of oral secretions,and focused on the literature that pinpointed specific molecular targets of these compounds.Finally,we highlighted the investigations of oral secretion components in the context of insect physiology,which shed light on the potential evolutionary trajectory of these multi-functional molecules.
文摘Water soluble skin secretions of six common Chinese amphibians were studied for their biological and enzymatic activities.The skin secretions of Tylototriton verrucosus,Bombina maxima ,and Bufo andrewsi were found toxic to mice with the intraperitoneal LD 50 of 11 5?mg/kg,18 8?mg/kg,and 264?mg/kg,respectively.No acute lethal toxicities were observed for the skin secretions of Rana nigromaculata,Rana guentheri and Rana limnocharis in a dose up to 500?mg/kg.The lethal toxicities of the skin secretions of T verrucosus and B maxima to mice are in the same grade as those of Viperidae snake venoms.The toxic components in T verrucosus and B maxima skin secretions are the proteins with molecular weights ranging from 3 to 60?kDa.All the skin secretions had both proteolytic activity and trypsin inhibitory activity.The skin secretions from T verrucosus , B maxima and B andrewsi also displayed wide spectrum antimicrobial activity.On the other hand,the skin secretions from B andrewsi and B maxima showed cytotoxicity on human cancer cells.All the six samples had not significant effects on mammalian blood coagulation system.Phospholipase A 2 activity was only found in the skin secretions of T verrucosus .None of these skin secretions showed acetylcholine esterase activity.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100203-9)National R&D Project of Transgenic Crops(2016ZX08010001-006)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371673)。
文摘Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)is an important fiber crop worldwide.Insect attack causes cotton yield and quality losses.However,little is known about the mechanism of cotton response to insect attack.We simulated insect feeding by applying insect oral secretions(OS)to wounds,and combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis to investigate how OS from two major pest species(Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura)affect cotton defense responses.We found that respectively 12,668 and 13,379 genes were differentially expressed in comparison with wounding alone.On addition of OS,the jasmonic acid signaling pathway was rapidly and strongly induced,whereas genes involved in salicylic acid biosynthesis were downregulated.On constructing a coexpression gene network,we identified a hub gene encoding a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase that may play an important role in early signal recognition and transduction.OS from the two insect species altered the abundance of flavonoid-related compounds in different patterns.Gossypol remained in lower concentration after OS application than after wounding alone,suggesting a suppressive effect of OS on cotton defense response.This study illustrated transcriptional and metabolic changes of cotton in responding to OS from two chewing insect species,identified potential key response genes,and revealed evidence for OS inhibition of wounding-induced cotton defense response.
文摘The use of adipose-derived cells as a treatment for a variety of diseases is becoming increasingly common. These therapies include the use of cultured mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction (SVF) alone, or in conjunction with other cells such as adipocytes. There is a substantial amount of literature published on the therapeutic properties of MSCs and their secretions as the main driver of their therapeutic effect. However, there is little data available on the therapeutic potential of secretions from SVF, either with or without adipocytes. We investigated the ability of secretions from human adipose SVF alone and the SVF co-cultured with adipocytes as a proxy for cell therapy, to ameliorate an inflammatory disorder. This ethics approved study involved the treatment of collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) in mice with secretions from SVF, SVF co-cultured with adipocytes, or a vehicle control via both intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. Treatment outcome was assessed by paw volume, ankle size and clinical arthritis score measurements. Serum samples were obtained following euthanasia and analysed for a panel of 32 mouse cytokines and growth factors. The dose and timing regime used for the IM administration of both human secretion mixtures did not significantly ameliorate arthritis in this model. The IV administration of SVF adipocyte co-culture secretions reduced the paw volume, and significantly reduced the ankle size and clinical arthritis score when compared to the IV vehicle control mice. This was a superior therapeutic effect than treatment with SVF secretions. Furthermore, treatment with SVF adipocyte coculture secretions resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of key cytokines, IL-2 and VEGF, involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the SVF cocultured with adipocytes is an attractive therapeutic for inflammatory conditions.
文摘Objective To investigate the value of BT-H3 in expressed prostatic secretions ( EPS) in differential diagnosis of patients with inflammatory elevation of PSA in t - PSA gray zone ( 4 - 10 ng /ml) . Methods One hundred and sixteen patients from ages of 19 to 80 years ( mean,40 years) were studied. In the group there
基金Supported by The Project Research Fund from Kochi University,to Takeuchi Ha Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education,Science and Culture of Japan,No. 21590631 and 21590629,in part
文摘AIM： To investigate genetic diversity of Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl） cell division-related gene A （cdrA） and its effect on the host response.METHODS： Inactivation of H. py/ori cdrA, which is involved in ceil division and morphological elonga- tion, has a role in chronic persistent infections. Ge- netic property of H. pylori cdrA was evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 128 （77 American and 51 Japanese） clinical isolates obtained from 48 and 51 patients, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure in- terleukin-8 （IL-8） secretion with gastric biopsy speci- mens obtained from American patients colonized with cdrA-positive or -negative strains and AGS cells co- cultured with wild-type HPK5 （cdrA-positive） or its de- rivative HPKT510 （cdrA-disruptant）. Furthermore, the cytotoxin-associated gene A （cagA） status （transloca- tion and phosphorylation） and kinetics of transcription factors [nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-~：B） and inhibition kappa B] were investigated in AGS cells co-cultured with HPK5, HPKT510 and its derivative HPKSCA （cagA- disruptant） by western blotting analysis with immuno- precipitation. RESULTS： Genetic diversity of the H. pylori cdrA gene demonstrated that the cdrA status segregated into two categories including four allele types, cdrA-positive （al- lele types, I and 11 ） and cdrA-negative （allele types; 111 and IV） categories, respectively. Almost all Japanese isolates were cdrA-positive （ 1 ： 7.8% and 11 ： 90.2%）, whereas 16.9% of American isolates were cdrA-positive （11） and 83.1% were cdrA-negative （nl： 37.7% and IV： 45.5%）, indicating extended diversity of cdrA in individual American isolates. Comparison of each isolate from different regions （antrum and corpus） in the stomach of 29 Americans revealed that cdrA status was identical in both isolates from different regions in 17 cases. However, 12 cases had a different cdrA al- lele and 6 of them exhibited a different cdrA category between two regions in the stomach. Furthermore, in 5 of the 6 cases possessing a different cdrA category, cdrA-negative isolate existed in the corpus, suggesting that cdrA-negative strain is more adaptable to coloni- zation in the corpus. IL-8 secretions from AGS revealed that IL-8 levels induced by a cdrA-disrupted HPKT510 was significantly lower （P 〈 0.01） compared to wild- type HPK5： corresponding to 50%-60% of those of wild-type HPK5. These data coincided with in vivo data that an average value of IL-8 in biopsy specimens from cdrA-positive and cdrA-negative groups was 215.6 and 135.9 pg/mL, respectively. Western blotting analysis documented that HPKT510 had no effect on CagA translocation and phosphorylation, however, nuclear accumulation of NF-κB was lower by HPKT510 com- pared to HPK5. CONCLUSION： Colonization by a cdrA-negative or cdrA-dysfunctional strain resulted in decreased IL-8 production and repression of NF-κB, and hence, atten- uate the host immunity leading to persistent infection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572268,U1602225,31872226)Yunling Scholar Program to Y.Z.,and the Basic Research of Yunnan Province(202101AT070292)to X.L.G.
文摘DEAR EDITOR,Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are important for the transport of biologically active materials and for intercellular communication.As an exposed mucosa,amphibian skin participates in many essential physiological processes.To date,however,little is known about EVs in amphibian skin.Here,we successfully isolated EVs from the skin secretions of Bombina maxima,and characterized the EVs using nanoparticle tracking,western blotting,and electron microscopy.
文摘Various kinds of biologically active peptides have previously been isolated from the skin secretions of Amolops loloensis frog,such as antimicrobial peptides,bradykinin-like peptides and algesic peptides.A novel insulinotropic peptide named amolopin was identified in A.loloensis frog’s skin secretion.Its primary structure sequence was determined by Edman degradation as:FLPIVGKSLSGLSGKL-NH2.BLAST search indicates that the amino acid sequence of amolopin is quite different from other known insulin secretagogues,including mastoparan,exendins and a-latrotoxin,nor does it like incretins(e.g.glucagons like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic ploypeptide)either.However,amolopin shows certain structural similarity with amphibian antimicrobial temporins and vespid chemotactic peptides isolated from Vespa magnifica.Amolopin can stimulate insulin release in INS-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner.Primary investigation on its action mechanisms reveals that amolopin does not increase the influx of Ca2?.In conclusion,a novel 16-amino acid peptide with insulin-releasing activity is initially discovered from the skin secretion of A.loloensis frog.Further work is necessary to evaluate its potential as novel anti-diabetic candidate.
文摘Objective: in this paper, the effective methods of clinical examination of gynecological secretions in basic hospitals were analyzed and discussed. Methods: a total of 200 patients who underwent gynecological secretions examination in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2020 were selected for the study. Their vaginal secretions were collected and their vaginal infection and cleanliness were detected by high-power microscope. Results: the highest proportion of abnormal vaginal microbial infection was 69%, a total of 138 patients with abnormal infection. Among them, the highest proportion of trichomonas infection patients was 9%, a total of 18 infected patients;The highest proportion of bacterial infection was 34%, with a total of 64 infected patients. The highest proportion of mold infection patients was 28%, a total of 56 infected patients;The highest proportion of mycotic patients + bacterial patients was 7%, 14 patients were infected. The highest proportion of mycotic and trichomonas patients was 16%, 32 patients were infected. The highest proportion of trichomonas infection, fungal infection and bacterial infection was 6%, 12 patients were infected. The cleanliness of vagina was normal in 44 cases (22%). Among them, 156 cases were abnormal. The highest proportion of grade 1 was 10%, 20 patients in total;The highest proportion of second-degree patients was 12%, 24 patients in total;The highest proportion of grade 3 patients (49%) was 98 patients. The highest rate of fourth degree was 20%, with 58 patients. Conclusion: in summary, gynecological vaginosis is one of the common diseases in clinical treatment of women, and there are many pathogenic factors, most of which are bacteria or bacterial infection. The existence of vaginitis is harmful to the body of female patients. As an important part of clinical diagnosis, regular vaginal secretion examination should be taken seriously. Through the analysis of test results, more reliable data and information can be obtained from patients. Correct judgment of disease types is conducive to the smooth development of later treatment work, women should pay attention to personal hygiene, maintain appropriate exercise, prevention is the main, clinical treatment is secondary. Because gynecological vaginal secretions to effectively detect security risks, so it needs to be found in time, regular inspection, early treatment, to prevent the outbreak of disease, has high use value.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund[CX(22)3018]the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302320)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2021YFD1401100).
文摘The brown planthopper(BPH,Nilaparvata lugens)is a notorious sap-sucking insect pest that damages rice(Oryza sativa)plants throughout Asia.During BPH feeding,saliva enters rice plant tissues,whereas during oviposition egg-associated secretions(EAS)are deposited in damaged plant tissue.Dynamic changes in rice to planthopper salivary effectors have been widely reported.However,the effects of EAS from planthopper on rice immunity remains largely unexplored.In this study,we found that both infestation of rice by gravid BPH female adults and treatment with the EAS elicited a strong and rapid accumulation of jasmonic acid(JA),JA-isoleucine,and hydrogen peroxide in rice.EAS enhanced plant defenses not only in rice but also in tobacco,and these impaired the performance of BPH on rice,as well as the performance of aphids and whiteflies on tobacco.High-throughput proteome sequencing of EAS led to 110 proteins being identified and 53 proteins with 2 or more unique peptides being detected.Some proteins from BPH EAS were also found in the salivary proteome from herbivores,suggesting potential evolutionary conservation of effector functions across feeding and oviposition;however,others were only identified in EAS,and these are likely specifically related to oviposition.These findings point to novel proteins affecting interactions between planthoppers and rice during oviposition,providing an additional source of information for effector studies.
文摘BACKGROUND In diabetic patients,persistent hyperglycemia creates an optimal environment for the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria,resulting in severe complications.Con-sequently,chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)complicated by diabetes is highly pre-valent in clinical settings.AIM To analyze the results of nasal secretion cultures in diabetic patients with CRS and identify the factors influencing postoperative recurrence.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 203 diabetic pa-tients with CRS with nasal polyps who underwent the Messerklinger technique at Qingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University between January 2021 and January 2023.Preoperative nasal secretions were cultured to determine the types and distribution of pathogenic bacteria and assess antimicrobial suscept-ibility.Based on a one-year follow-up,patients were categorized into recurrence and nonrecurrence groups to analyze differences in their clinical data.Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors influencing postoperative recurrence.RESULTS Pathogens were detected in 153 of the 203 nasal secretion specimens collected from diabetic patients with CRS.A total of 134 pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated and identified,including 81 strains(60.4%)of gram-positive bacteria and 53 strains(39.6%)of gram-negative bacteria.Gram-positive bacteria exhibited relatively high resistance to penicillin G and erythromycin,while remaining highly sensitive to vancomycin,gentamicin,and rifampicin.Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated relatively high resistance to cefazolin and gentamicin,but showed high sensitivity to imipenem,meropenem,cefepime,and ceftazidime.Univariate analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the recurrence and nonrecurrence groups in fasting blood glucose levels,smoking history,Lund-Mackay scores,visual analog scale(VAS)scores,nasal septum deviation,allergic rhinitis,bronchial asthma,postoperative infection,long-term use of nasal decongestants,and adherence to medical prescriptions.Multivariate regression analysis identified fasting blood glucose levels and VAS-measured nasal symptom severity scores as independent factors influencing postoperative recurrence.CONCLUSION In CRS patients with nasal polyps(CRSwNP),the detection rate of nasal pathogens is relatively high,and most of the isolated bacteria exhibit antimicrobial resistance.Additionally,the blood glucose level of patients with CRS combined with CRSwNP is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22174016,22374019,and 22209025)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220799).
文摘Nanochannel technology based on ionic current rectification has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of biomolecules owing to unique advantages.Nevertheless,existing nanochannel sensors mainly focus on the detection of targets in solution or inside the cells,moreover,they only have a single function,greatly limiting their application.Herein,we fabricated SuperDNA self-assembled conical nanochannel,which was clamped in the middle of self-made device for two functions:Online detecting living cells released TNF-αand studying intercellular communication.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)membrane incubated tumor associated macrophages and tumor cells was rolled up and inserted into the left and right chamber of the device,respectively.Through monitoring the ion current change in the nanochannel,tumor associated macrophages released TNF-αcould be in situ and noninvasive detected with a detection limit of 0.23 pg/mL.Furthermore,the secreted TNF-αinduced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of tumor cells in the right chamber was also studied.The presented strategy displayed outstanding performance and multi-function,providing a promising platform for in situ non-destructive detection of cell secretions and related intercellular communication analysis.
基金supported by the Shaanxi FundamentalScience Research Project for Chemistry&Biology(grant no.22JHQ049)Basic Research Program of Natural Sciencesof Shaanxi Province(2019JM-339).
文摘Pygmy lorises are arboreal primates primarily found in forest environments across Southeast Asia(Nekaris 2014).Theyhave a diverse diet,including plant secretions,nectar,fruits,invertebrates,tree bark,and bird eggs.All 9 known speciesof pygmy lorises are listed as globally endangered species(Nekaris 2014).Pygmy lorises exhibit a range of unique phenotypic characteristics rarely seen among primates.
文摘Dear Editor,In a recent study,we isolated a protein from human oviductal secretion that could bind to spermatozoa[1].This protein was identified through chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry as human S100A9 and was detected in human tubal epithelium and oviductal secretions.S100A9 belongs to the S100 protein family[2],which has been found in various body fluids and tissues,and plays a role in extracellular functions,such as the enhancement of neutrophil extravasation,induction of proinflammatory cytokine release,antimicrobial properties through divalent ion sequestration,and modulation of cellular proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis,as well as acting as a chemotactic factor[3–4].Because S100A9 is involved in various pathologies and the physiology of inflammation,research on S100A9 effects continues to grow rapidly.Recently,we have shown the presence of binding sites for S100A9 on human spermatozoa,and also found that S100A9 modulated certain sperm capacitation parameters in vitro,such as the induced acrosome reaction(AR)[1].To continue our studies on sperm function parameters,the current study aimed to express and purify human recombinant S100A9 and to assess its effect on sperm capacitation parameters,specifically the AR.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81773285,81874233 and 82022040)Health Commission of Hubei Province scientific research project(WJ2021Z004)Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Health and Family Planning Commission,China(WJ2015MB017 to J.C.).
文摘Autologous tumor cells and cell-derived secretions(CDS)can induce antitumor immune responses.The conditions in which cells are cultured and treated impact CDS,and cellular insults alter their composition and function.In this study,we generated CDS from tumor cells exposed to normal culture conditions,hypoxia,cisplatin,radiotherapy,photodynamic therapy,or hypochlorous acid(HOCl).In vitro HOCl-CDS showed the strongest stimulatory effects on dendritic cells and macrophages compared to CDS generated by hypoxia,cisplatin,radiotherapy or photodynamic therapy.To improve HOCl-CDS activity at the tumor site,we loaded HOCl-CDS into a melittin-encapsulated hydrogel scaffold.When injected intratumorally,the HOCl-CDS hydrogel promoted tumor cell death,cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration,and tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming towards an M1 phenotype.The hydrogel inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma.Furthermore,hydrogel-delivered HOCl-CDS augmented the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint blockade.These results underscore the importance of the CDS generation method and delivery approach for improving cancer immunotherapy.
基金funded by the the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (RENCAI2024002 and KJJQ2024014)the Natural Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1400200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20486, 32072470, 32001955 and 32470112)
文摘Lysobacter enzymogenes is less-studied, but emerging as a powerful biocontrol bacterium producing multiple antimicrobial weapons including lytic enzymes, toxins, secondary metabolites and protein secretion systems.The loss of surface-attached flagellum, production of heat-stable antifungal factor(HSAF, also named as Ningrongmycin) as a novel antifungal antibiotic, and the use of the type Ⅳ secretion system(T4SS) rather than the common type Ⅵ secretion system(T6SS) to kill competitor bacteria make this species unique. These distinct features set L. enzymogenes apart from well-studied plant beneficial biocontrol agents, such as Bacillus and Pseudomonas. This review describes what takes L. enzymogenes to be a unique biocontrol warrior by focusing to illustrate how the lack of flagellum governs morphological and functional co-adaptability, what adapted signaling transduction pathways are adopted to coordinate the biosynthesis of HSAF, and how to ecologically adapt plant rhizosphere by cell-to-cell interacting with microbiome members via the bacterial-killing T4SS.
基金supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(82272444,81972031,81972033)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M722382)Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project(TJYXZDXK-032A)。
文摘Neural EGFL-like 2(NELL2)is a secreted protein known for its regulatory functions in the nervous and reproductive systems,yet its role in bone biology remains unexplored.In this study,we observed that NELL2 was diminished in the bone of aged and ovariectomized(OVX)mice,as well as in the serum of osteopenia and osteoporosis patients.In vitro loss-of-function and gain-offunction studies revealed that NELL2 facilitated osteoblast differentiation and impeded adipocyte differentiation from stromal progenitor cells.In vivo studies further demonstrated that the deletion of NELL2 in preosteoblasts resulted in decreased cancellous bone mass in mice.Mechanistically,NELL2 interacted with the FNI-type domain located at the C-terminus of Fibronectin 1(Fn1).Moreover,we found that NELL2 activated the focal adhesion kinase(FAK)/AKT signaling pathway through Fn1/integrinβ1(ITGB1),leading to the promotion of osteogenesis and the inhibition of adipogenesis.Notably,administration of NELL2-AAV was found to ameliorate bone loss in OVX mice.These findings underscore the significant role of NELL2 in osteoblast differentiation and bone homeostasis,suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for managing osteoporosis.
文摘Social parasitic Hymenopterans have evolved morphological, chemical, and behavioral adaptations to overcome the sophisticated recognition and defense systems of their social host to invade host nests and exploit their worker force. In bumblebees, so- cial parasitism appeared in at least 3 subgenera independently： in the subgenus Psithyrus consisting entirely of parasitic species, in the subgenus Alpinobombus with Bombus hy- perboreus, and in the subgenus Thoracobombus with B. inexspectatus. Cuckoo bumblebee males utilize species-specific cephalic labial gland secretions for mating purposes that can impact their inquiline strategy. We performed cephalic labial gland secretions in B. hyperboreus, B. inexspectatus and their hosts. Males of both parasitic species exhibited high species specific levels of cephalic gland secretions, including different main com- pounds. Our results showed no chemical mimicry in the cephalic gland secretions between inquilines and their host and we did not identify the repellent compounds already known in other cuckoo bumblebees.
基金supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)grant LU 2347/3-1(to PL).
文摘Autophagy is well-known for delivering cargo materials to lysosomes for proteolytic digestion.Recently,autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism in unconventional protein secretion(UPS).This perspective introduces unconventional secretion pathways,focusing on secretory autophagy and its role in secreting protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders.We also explore additional neuronal functions of secretory autophagy beyond the release of protein aggregates.We propose autophagosomes as transport organelles that deliver cargo material directly from the endoplasmatic reticulum(ER)to the plasma membrane rather than solely to lysosomes.
