水洞沟遗址位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市临河乡,是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址。该遗址自1923年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石叶制品而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。水洞沟遗址第7地点(SDG7)位于该...水洞沟遗址位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市临河乡,是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址。该遗址自1923年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石叶制品而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。水洞沟遗址第7地点(SDG7)位于该遗址群核心区,发掘出土万余件古人类活动留下的石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等文化遗物,光释光年代为30±3~23±2 ka B.P.。本文从原料的开发策略和利用策略两个方面对SDG7出土的石制品组合进行系统的原料分析,进而探讨该地点古人类在原料开发利用过程中表现出来的行为特征以及流动策略。研究表明,水洞沟遗址第7地点出土石制品的原料总体以硅质白云岩、燧石和硅质灰岩为主,原料种类及相关特征的对比显示其主要取自遗址附近阶地底部的砾石层,体现出古人类就地取材、着重开发本地资源的原料开发策略。遗址内主要石制品类型的原料总体利用状况与阶地内原料的分布状况呈现一致性,但不同类型的石制品所用原料往往呈现一定的倾向性。该地点出土石核、石片以及工具的利用程度分析显示,古人类对石质原料的总体利用率并不高,这可能与长时间的遗址占据导致古人类流动性降低有关,但复杂剥片技术、精致石器的存在以及部分优质原料的高效利用依然体现出该地点古人类在原料利用方面的选择性和灵活性。综合原料、技术和流动性特征,SDG7呈现出"装备地点"与"装备人员"相结合的技术装备策略。该地点原料利用研究为探求古人类于旧石器时代晚期在水洞沟遗址区的适应行为具有重要意义。展开更多
Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S) not only presents significant environmental concerns but also induces severe corrosion in industrial equipment,even at low concentrations.Among various technologies,the selective oxidation of ...Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S) not only presents significant environmental concerns but also induces severe corrosion in industrial equipment,even at low concentrations.Among various technologies,the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide(SOH_(2)S) to elemental sulfur(S) has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.Due to its unique properties,iron oxide has been extensively investigated as a catalyst for SOH_(2)S;however,rapid deactivation has remained a significant drawback.The causes of iron oxide-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in SOH_(2)S,including sulfur or sulfate deposition,the transformation of iron species,sintering and excessive oxygen vacancy formation,and active site loss,are thoroughly examined in this review.By focusing on the deactivation mechanisms,this review aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the stability and efficiency of iron-based catalysts for SOH_(2)S.展开更多
193 members of the United Nations approved the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in September 2015.According to the 2030 Agenda,the SDGs contemplated the ending of poverty,the protection of the Earth and the promotion ...193 members of the United Nations approved the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in September 2015.According to the 2030 Agenda,the SDGs contemplated the ending of poverty,the protection of the Earth and the promotion of prosperity for all.Sustainable Development Goal 17(SDG 17)deals specifically with the creation of global alliances for development.The underlying assumption respecting this point is that these stakeholder partnerships encourage the interchange of knowledge,experience,technology,and other resources to administer efficiently the other sixteen SDGs.Although SDG 17 is very well established in theory,in practice there are still appreciable downfalls as to how to successfully make this theory become a reality.This short review will analyse the potential viability of SDG 17“partnerships for the goals”with respect to SDG 7(affordable and clean energy),and thereupon SDG 13(associated with climate action)utilising two south-western France two wind farm initiatives.展开更多
Hominin-animal interactions at Pleistocene archaeological sites have been the main subject of research during human evolution. However, in contrast to that of ungulates, little is known about the evidence of human pro...Hominin-animal interactions at Pleistocene archaeological sites have been the main subject of research during human evolution. However, in contrast to that of ungulates, little is known about the evidence of human processing of carnivore species in this time interval of China. In this paper, we present the first case report of an interactive relationship between carnivore species and hunter-gathers in Pleistocene China, based mainly on a detailed taphonomic study of the faunal remains from Shuidonggou Locality 7. It seems highly probable that hominins butchered some individuals of carnivores and roasted bone elements with adhering meat at the site;whereas it’s equally feasible that these animals were exploited by hominins mainly for their pelt or fur. In either way, evidence from the site indicates novel strategies in adaptive behaviors adopted by Late Pleistocene foragers in harsh environments of Northwest China.展开更多
China has become a major investor and constructor of electrical power plants in developing countries.However,the impacts of China's overseas power stations(COPSs)on the developing countries hosting them are poorly...China has become a major investor and constructor of electrical power plants in developing countries.However,the impacts of China's overseas power stations(COPSs)on the developing countries hosting them are poorly understood.Here,a novel method is proposed to evaluate the influence of COPSs in 80 host countries.First,their electricity consumption from 1971 to 2017 was estimated using data provided by the World Bank,International Energy Agency,and World Resources Institute.Regression analysis was then used to predict consumption from 2018 to 2025.Finally,three parameters were used to evaluate the influences of COPSs.The results show that:1)COPSs significantly increased the total installed capacity of 35 of the host countries by>20%.2)The power generated by COPSs is greater than the growing demands of 32 of the host countries.3)COPSs will increase the per capita electricity consumption of all 80 host countries.4)Among the 437 COPSs existing in 2000–2019,renewable power plants(including hydropower)were most numerous,accounting for 51.3%.This proportion increased significantly after 2013 and renewable plants will continue to dominate as China will no longer invest in new coal-fired power stations after 2021.展开更多
Yttrium barium copper oxide(YBCO)is used for special applications in linear generators because of its excitation loss,lower weight,and higher efficiency.These qualities enable the compound to operate better than the c...Yttrium barium copper oxide(YBCO)is used for special applications in linear generators because of its excitation loss,lower weight,and higher efficiency.These qualities enable the compound to operate better than the conventional copper wire coil in the stator unit of the linear generator.However,the continuous use of YBCO in linear generators has a fundamental challenge that affects industrial production and material stability after prolonged use.This paper seeks to sustain the adoption of YBCO by improving its quality for linear generator applications.The yttrium cuprates modification(YBYbCO)was synthesized using the solid-state reaction technique by doping YBCO with ytterbium.The crystalline structure,microstructural pattern,and stability of the new sample were adequately measured and found to be structurally stable to ensure durability.It was reported that applyingYBYbCO in the linear generator would lead to a 200%increase in energy generation.The higher number of particles and lower individual particulate resistance enable it to withstand chemical pressure,thereby prolonging the lifespan of the linear generator.展开更多
United Nations’7th Sustainable Development Goal envisions the availability of modern energy for everyone by 2030.While the progress has been satisfactory in the last few years,further rural electrification is increas...United Nations’7th Sustainable Development Goal envisions the availability of modern energy for everyone by 2030.While the progress has been satisfactory in the last few years,further rural electrification is increasingly challenging.The current mainstream approach of electrifying villages individually is becoming cost-ineffective due to uncertainties in both resource availability and energy demand for small,difficult-to-reach,residences.A networked rural electrification model,i.e.a cost-optimized network connecting villages and generation facilities,could improve resources utilization,reliability and flexibility.However,determining optimal paths with common search algorithms is extremely inefficient due to complex topographic features of rural areas.This work develops and applies an artificial intelligence search method to efficiently route inter-village power connections in the common rural electrification situation where substantial topological variations exist.The method is evolved from the canonical A*algorithm.Results compare favorably with optimal A*results,at significantly reduced computational effort.Furthermore,users can adaptively trade-off between computation speed and optimality and hence quickly evaluate sites and configurations at reasonable accuracy,which is impossible with classical methods.展开更多
Networked rural electrification is an alternative approach to accelerate rural electrification.Using satellite photos and GIS tools,an electrical distribution network is used to connect villages and properly located g...Networked rural electrification is an alternative approach to accelerate rural electrification.Using satellite photos and GIS tools,an electrical distribution network is used to connect villages and properly located generation facilities together to reduce electrification cost.To design the network,optimal paths connecting all node-pairs are identified,followed by finding a network topology that minimizes cost.Earlier work has illustrated that A*(A-star,an optimal path-finding algorithm)is inefficient for this application due to the complex topography in rural areas.The multiplier-accelerated A*(MAA*)algorithm overcomes key performance issues,but,like A*,produces only one path connecting each node-pair.Relying on one path increases project risk because adverse conditions,such as inaccurate GIS estimation,unexpected soil conditions,land-rights disputes,political issues,etc.can occur during implementation.In this paper,a hybrid path-finding method combining genetic algorithm and A*/MAA*algorithm is proposed.The proposed method provides a family of near-optimal paths instead of a single optimal path for routing.A family of paths allows a project implementer to quickly adapt to unexpected situations as new information becomes available,and flexibly change network topology before or during implementation with minimal impact on project cost.展开更多
Overreliance on traditional cooking fuels by agricultural households poses a significant obstacle to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 by 2030 in Nigeria.Despite the emerging recognition of r...Overreliance on traditional cooking fuels by agricultural households poses a significant obstacle to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 by 2030 in Nigeria.Despite the emerging recognition of remittances as a crucial factor influencing cooking-fuel choices in the energy-transition literature,there is a paucity of studies examining this influence in Nigeria.Using data from 4400 agricultural households sourced from the fourth wave of the Nigerian Living Standard Measurement Survey data sets,this study examined the influence of remittances on cooking-fuel choices,among other factors in Nigeria.Employing descriptive statistics and the multinomial logit regression model,the analysis reveals that traditional cooking fuels,including wood,crop residue and animal dung,continue to dominate the cooking-fuel landscape.The empirical result of the multinomial logit model showed that households that receive remittances are more likely to use modern cooking fuels.Furthermore,wealthier,more educated households with access to electricity are more likely to use modern and transitional cooking fuels than traditional cooking fuels.Based on the findings,the study suggests the incentivization of remittances into the country through the reduction in associated transaction costs and accelerated public infrastructural investment in affordable electricity and good road networks to connect rural areas to gas-supply networks to drive the transition to modern cooking energy.Additionally,educational and awareness campaigns about the health risks associated with traditional cooking energy,particularly indoor air pollution,should be encouraged,especially in rural areas.展开更多
文摘水洞沟遗址位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市临河乡,是中国较早发现并且最早发掘的旧石器遗址。该遗址自1923年发现以来便因其出土较多具有欧洲旧石器时代中晚过渡期特征的石叶制品而受到国内外学者的广泛关注。水洞沟遗址第7地点(SDG7)位于该遗址群核心区,发掘出土万余件古人类活动留下的石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等文化遗物,光释光年代为30±3~23±2 ka B.P.。本文从原料的开发策略和利用策略两个方面对SDG7出土的石制品组合进行系统的原料分析,进而探讨该地点古人类在原料开发利用过程中表现出来的行为特征以及流动策略。研究表明,水洞沟遗址第7地点出土石制品的原料总体以硅质白云岩、燧石和硅质灰岩为主,原料种类及相关特征的对比显示其主要取自遗址附近阶地底部的砾石层,体现出古人类就地取材、着重开发本地资源的原料开发策略。遗址内主要石制品类型的原料总体利用状况与阶地内原料的分布状况呈现一致性,但不同类型的石制品所用原料往往呈现一定的倾向性。该地点出土石核、石片以及工具的利用程度分析显示,古人类对石质原料的总体利用率并不高,这可能与长时间的遗址占据导致古人类流动性降低有关,但复杂剥片技术、精致石器的存在以及部分优质原料的高效利用依然体现出该地点古人类在原料利用方面的选择性和灵活性。综合原料、技术和流动性特征,SDG7呈现出"装备地点"与"装备人员"相结合的技术装备策略。该地点原料利用研究为探求古人类于旧石器时代晚期在水洞沟遗址区的适应行为具有重要意义。
基金supported by Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University,Thailand(IND66210014)。
文摘Hydrogen sulfide(H_(2)S) not only presents significant environmental concerns but also induces severe corrosion in industrial equipment,even at low concentrations.Among various technologies,the selective oxidation of hydrogen sulfide(SOH_(2)S) to elemental sulfur(S) has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution.Due to its unique properties,iron oxide has been extensively investigated as a catalyst for SOH_(2)S;however,rapid deactivation has remained a significant drawback.The causes of iron oxide-based catalysts deactivation mechanisms in SOH_(2)S,including sulfur or sulfate deposition,the transformation of iron species,sintering and excessive oxygen vacancy formation,and active site loss,are thoroughly examined in this review.By focusing on the deactivation mechanisms,this review aims to provide valuable insights into enhancing the stability and efficiency of iron-based catalysts for SOH_(2)S.
文摘193 members of the United Nations approved the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in September 2015.According to the 2030 Agenda,the SDGs contemplated the ending of poverty,the protection of the Earth and the promotion of prosperity for all.Sustainable Development Goal 17(SDG 17)deals specifically with the creation of global alliances for development.The underlying assumption respecting this point is that these stakeholder partnerships encourage the interchange of knowledge,experience,technology,and other resources to administer efficiently the other sixteen SDGs.Although SDG 17 is very well established in theory,in practice there are still appreciable downfalls as to how to successfully make this theory become a reality.This short review will analyse the potential viability of SDG 17“partnerships for the goals”with respect to SDG 7(affordable and clean energy),and thereupon SDG 13(associated with climate action)utilising two south-western France two wind farm initiatives.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41672023 & 41772025)
文摘Hominin-animal interactions at Pleistocene archaeological sites have been the main subject of research during human evolution. However, in contrast to that of ungulates, little is known about the evidence of human processing of carnivore species in this time interval of China. In this paper, we present the first case report of an interactive relationship between carnivore species and hunter-gathers in Pleistocene China, based mainly on a detailed taphonomic study of the faunal remains from Shuidonggou Locality 7. It seems highly probable that hominins butchered some individuals of carnivores and roasted bone elements with adhering meat at the site;whereas it’s equally feasible that these animals were exploited by hominins mainly for their pelt or fur. In either way, evidence from the site indicates novel strategies in adaptive behaviors adopted by Late Pleistocene foragers in harsh environments of Northwest China.
基金supported by the[Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences]under Grant[number XDA19030304].
文摘China has become a major investor and constructor of electrical power plants in developing countries.However,the impacts of China's overseas power stations(COPSs)on the developing countries hosting them are poorly understood.Here,a novel method is proposed to evaluate the influence of COPSs in 80 host countries.First,their electricity consumption from 1971 to 2017 was estimated using data provided by the World Bank,International Energy Agency,and World Resources Institute.Regression analysis was then used to predict consumption from 2018 to 2025.Finally,three parameters were used to evaluate the influences of COPSs.The results show that:1)COPSs significantly increased the total installed capacity of 35 of the host countries by>20%.2)The power generated by COPSs is greater than the growing demands of 32 of the host countries.3)COPSs will increase the per capita electricity consumption of all 80 host countries.4)Among the 437 COPSs existing in 2000–2019,renewable power plants(including hydropower)were most numerous,accounting for 51.3%.This proportion increased significantly after 2013 and renewable plants will continue to dominate as China will no longer invest in new coal-fired power stations after 2021.
文摘Yttrium barium copper oxide(YBCO)is used for special applications in linear generators because of its excitation loss,lower weight,and higher efficiency.These qualities enable the compound to operate better than the conventional copper wire coil in the stator unit of the linear generator.However,the continuous use of YBCO in linear generators has a fundamental challenge that affects industrial production and material stability after prolonged use.This paper seeks to sustain the adoption of YBCO by improving its quality for linear generator applications.The yttrium cuprates modification(YBYbCO)was synthesized using the solid-state reaction technique by doping YBCO with ytterbium.The crystalline structure,microstructural pattern,and stability of the new sample were adequately measured and found to be structurally stable to ensure durability.It was reported that applyingYBYbCO in the linear generator would lead to a 200%increase in energy generation.The higher number of particles and lower individual particulate resistance enable it to withstand chemical pressure,thereby prolonging the lifespan of the linear generator.
文摘United Nations’7th Sustainable Development Goal envisions the availability of modern energy for everyone by 2030.While the progress has been satisfactory in the last few years,further rural electrification is increasingly challenging.The current mainstream approach of electrifying villages individually is becoming cost-ineffective due to uncertainties in both resource availability and energy demand for small,difficult-to-reach,residences.A networked rural electrification model,i.e.a cost-optimized network connecting villages and generation facilities,could improve resources utilization,reliability and flexibility.However,determining optimal paths with common search algorithms is extremely inefficient due to complex topographic features of rural areas.This work develops and applies an artificial intelligence search method to efficiently route inter-village power connections in the common rural electrification situation where substantial topological variations exist.The method is evolved from the canonical A*algorithm.Results compare favorably with optimal A*results,at significantly reduced computational effort.Furthermore,users can adaptively trade-off between computation speed and optimality and hence quickly evaluate sites and configurations at reasonable accuracy,which is impossible with classical methods.
文摘Networked rural electrification is an alternative approach to accelerate rural electrification.Using satellite photos and GIS tools,an electrical distribution network is used to connect villages and properly located generation facilities together to reduce electrification cost.To design the network,optimal paths connecting all node-pairs are identified,followed by finding a network topology that minimizes cost.Earlier work has illustrated that A*(A-star,an optimal path-finding algorithm)is inefficient for this application due to the complex topography in rural areas.The multiplier-accelerated A*(MAA*)algorithm overcomes key performance issues,but,like A*,produces only one path connecting each node-pair.Relying on one path increases project risk because adverse conditions,such as inaccurate GIS estimation,unexpected soil conditions,land-rights disputes,political issues,etc.can occur during implementation.In this paper,a hybrid path-finding method combining genetic algorithm and A*/MAA*algorithm is proposed.The proposed method provides a family of near-optimal paths instead of a single optimal path for routing.A family of paths allows a project implementer to quickly adapt to unexpected situations as new information becomes available,and flexibly change network topology before or during implementation with minimal impact on project cost.
文摘Overreliance on traditional cooking fuels by agricultural households poses a significant obstacle to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 by 2030 in Nigeria.Despite the emerging recognition of remittances as a crucial factor influencing cooking-fuel choices in the energy-transition literature,there is a paucity of studies examining this influence in Nigeria.Using data from 4400 agricultural households sourced from the fourth wave of the Nigerian Living Standard Measurement Survey data sets,this study examined the influence of remittances on cooking-fuel choices,among other factors in Nigeria.Employing descriptive statistics and the multinomial logit regression model,the analysis reveals that traditional cooking fuels,including wood,crop residue and animal dung,continue to dominate the cooking-fuel landscape.The empirical result of the multinomial logit model showed that households that receive remittances are more likely to use modern cooking fuels.Furthermore,wealthier,more educated households with access to electricity are more likely to use modern and transitional cooking fuels than traditional cooking fuels.Based on the findings,the study suggests the incentivization of remittances into the country through the reduction in associated transaction costs and accelerated public infrastructural investment in affordable electricity and good road networks to connect rural areas to gas-supply networks to drive the transition to modern cooking energy.Additionally,educational and awareness campaigns about the health risks associated with traditional cooking energy,particularly indoor air pollution,should be encouraged,especially in rural areas.
