Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and conti...Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.展开更多
Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern co...Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern complex systems,while existing demarcation criteria like replicability and Popper’s falsificationism have practical limitations.Analyzing incompatibilities in complex systems,this paper proposes a revised framework:modified Hilbert axiomatic standards(clearly defined concepts,logical consistency,unrefuted axioms)and dynamic demarcation criteria.Abandoning unattainable traditional requirements of completeness and independence,it emphasizes conceptual clarity,openness,and progressiveness,offering an operational,self-consistent basis for judging scientificity.展开更多
Centering on the critical bottlenecks in the development of shale oil in the Jiyang Depression of Shengli Oilfield,key scientific and engineering issues are proposed in aspects such as the storage space and occurrence...Centering on the critical bottlenecks in the development of shale oil in the Jiyang Depression of Shengli Oilfield,key scientific and engineering issues are proposed in aspects such as the storage space and occurrence state of shale oil,the formation mechanisms of multi-scale flow spaces,the mobilization mechanisms of crude oil in pores and fractures,and the enhanced oil recovery(EOR)mechanisms during the late stage of elastic development.The research progress and mechanistic insights in recent years are reviewed with respect to experimental techniques,characteristics of pore-fracture structure and fluid occurrence,fracture evolution mechanisms,shale oil flow mechanisms and EOR techniques.Through improving the experimental methods,optimizing the testing conditions,and developing new technologies,we deeply understand the occurrence state,storage space and flow pattern of shale oil,and reveal the distribution pattern of“oil-bearing in all pore sizes and oil-rich in large pores”and the differences in fluid phase states under the confinement effect of nano-scale pores in the shales of the Jiyang Depression;depict the characteristics of“restricted vertical expansion and complex fracture networks”of induced fractures and the dynamic evolution of fracture networks during the fracturing-soaking-production process;establish a“easy flow-slow flow-stagnant flow”three-zone model and the elastic drive+imbibition drive synergistic energy replenishment mechanism;and carry out high-pressure injection to further enhance the mass transfer and diffusion capacity of CO_(2)within the shale pore-fracture system,and compete for the desorption of alkanes to improve the mobilization degree of shale oil.The research achievements provide crucial support for the formation of the theory of continental shale oil development and the construction of the technical system.The future research efforts will focus on mine-scale multi-field coupling physical simulation equipment,microscopic to macroscopic multi-scale experimental methods,pore/fracture fine characterization and post-fracturing core fracture description technologies,multi-media fluid-structure coupling numerical simulation algorithms,and low-cost EOR and low-quality shale oil in-situ upgrading technologies,in order to promote the large-scale and profitable development of shale oil in the Jiyang Depression.展开更多
Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and en...Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and environmental sanitation.However,the theoretical foundation of prevention has shifted significantly toward biomedical sciences,including microbiology,immunology,and molecular biology.Methods:Using a public health history framework,this review synthesizes data from academic archives,monographs,and policy documents.We examined key case studies-Plague,Cholera,Influenza,HIV/AIDS,and COVID-19-to map the technological and institutional evolution of disease management.Results:We locate the primary historical turning point in the 19th century.It was here that control strategies evolved from crude population mandates into precise biomedical interventions.The synthesis of sanitary reform and germ theory catalyzed this era of scientific progress.Following the standardization of vaccines and antibiotics,the focus shifted to chronic management during the HIV/AIDS crisis.Contemporary tools like mRNA platforms and genomic surveillance continue this lineage,yet their practical application remains uneven globally.Conclusion:We conclude that biomedical breakthroughs are necessary but insufficient for security.Effective defense requires coupling scientific tools with resilient infrastructure and global health coordination to resolve systemic inequities.展开更多
As core and foundational materials for high-temperature processes in industries such as iron and steel,nonferrous metals,cement,glass,ceramics,chemicals,machinery,electric power,and national defense,refractories are d...As core and foundational materials for high-temperature processes in industries such as iron and steel,nonferrous metals,cement,glass,ceramics,chemicals,machinery,electric power,and national defense,refractories are directly pivotal to the operational stability and technological innovation of these sectors.However,the industry currently confronts multiple challenges,including constraints on raw material resources,bottlenecks in process technology,and a lag in intelligent transformation.To break through this development impasse from a scientific and technological innovation perspective,it is proposed to focus on diversified market demands,fully leverage the advantageous properties of raw mineral resources,accelerate integration and transformation through the“Artificial Intelligence+Refractories”model,and strengthen the development of original innovation capabilities.Through theoretical research and practical exploration,preliminary laboratory-scale results have been achieved,providing a new pathway and reference for the high-quality development of the refractory industry.展开更多
The Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone(YBFZ)has long been active and experienced repeated large earthquakes.The physicochemical properties of the deep fault zone(>1000 m)are the key to understanding the deformation mechan...The Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone(YBFZ)has long been active and experienced repeated large earthquakes.The physicochemical properties of the deep fault zone(>1000 m)are the key to understanding the deformation mechanism of large earthquakes.This study uses rock magnetic,microstructural,and geochemical analyses of representative samples exposed in FZ1681 within the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling borehole 2(WFSD-2)cores.Fault gouge and fault breccia have higher magnetic susceptibility values than wall rocks,and they contain abundant paramagnetic minerals and small quantities of magnetite and monoclinic pyrrhotite.The magnetite and monoclinic pyrrhotite in the fault gouge were mainly formed by coseismic frictional heating,indicating that large earthquakes with frictional heating temperatures of~500-900℃once occurred in the YBFZ.The seismogenic and coseismic environment was reducing with a relatively high sulfur content.The monoclinic pyrrhotite in the fault breccia was formed mainly by low-temperature hydrothermal fluid.This indicates that the fault zone experienced reducing and low-temperature(<400℃)hydrothermal fluid with a relatively high sulfur content after the earthquake.The YBFZ,which experiences frequent large earthquakes,is weakly oxidizing environment at different depths,but the effect of the low-temperature hydrothermal fluid is weaker at depth.展开更多
THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-...THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-cloud collaborative design.However,the large-scale integration ofdistributed renewable energy resources,coupled with the extensivedeployment of sensing and communication devices,has resulted inthe new-type power system characterized by dynamic complexityand high uncertainty[1]-[4].展开更多
This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from ...This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from the perspective of scientific imperialism.It analyzes the founders’motivations and their affiliation with the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland(RAS),framing NCBRAS as a product of scientific imperialism.Unlike previous sinology-centric research,this study explores the benefits derived from scientific institutions,Orientalist traditions,and Europe’s overseas expansion.Despite the opportunity provided by all the merits,the NCBRAS also faced challenges due to Chinese and foreign hostilities,financial inadequacies,and cultural differences.This dual situation played a pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of the NCBRAS.This inquiry into the context and drawbacks contributes to a deeper understanding of NCBRAS and offers new perspectives on natural history research in 1850s China.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different ...Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.展开更多
1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its...1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its Claude family of LLMs.Claude 4.0 is designed to introduce substantial improvements in reasoning,coding,and mathematical capabilities.展开更多
According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development ac...According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved a core impact factor of 6.246 in 2024.It ranked 2nd among 2,202 core journals of natural sciences and 1st among 41 journals in the petroleum and natural gas engineering category,with a total core citation frequency of 7,502.展开更多
This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear i...This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear industry.Sino-British scientific interactions took place across multiple dimensions,involving various institutions and individuals.Around 1949,UK-trained Chinese nuclear scientists returned to China,bringing advanced technological knowledge and extensive practical experience.The PRC regarded the UK as a crucial gateway to overcoming the technological blockade imposed by the United States(and later the Soviet Union)and sought to establish scientific relations with the UK through semi-official and unofficial channels.Specifically,these connections manifested in the interactions between the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the Royal Society of London,the guiding role of the Chinese Charge d'Affaires Office in London in facilitating scientific and technological exchanges,and the technology investigations led by the Ministry of Foreign Trade in the name of trade.Additionally,the Sino-British scientific network extended to the international arena,allowing China to engage in nuclear-related global organizations and events.This study highlights the significant British influence on the early development of China's nuclear industry,revealing the extent of its British influence.It argues that China's urgent need for nuclear science and industrial advancement was a key driver of its scientific engagement withthe UK.展开更多
Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research ...Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.展开更多
The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Departmen...The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong China.The first Director of the Peking University Eye Center,China.展开更多
Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within C...Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within China’s folk practices and ethnic minority groups–remains unrecorded and unverified scientifically.Such knowledge,primarily preserved through oral instruction,is now at risk of disappearing due to its fragmented and regionalized nature.This paper underscores the importance of documenting and scientifically validating these medicinal animals as valuable resources.We advocate for a comprehensive,systematic approach to recording,screening,and verifying the pharmacological mechanisms of medicinal animals.It can contribute to the modernization and globalization of traditional Chinese medicine.In the future,interdisciplinary and international collaborations are essential to advance the systematic documentation and scientific management of medicinal animal knowledge,to ensure its preservation and application in global healthcare,sustainable health practices,and biodiversity conservation efforts.展开更多
The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Sc...The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Scientific City Forest. The general objective is to contribute to the knowledge of the trapping, mowing and sight hunting;the three types of traps used are: Barber pots, colored plates and aerial traps. This study made it possible to invent 1523 specimens belonging to 106 species, 99 genera, 59 families and 12 orders. The order Diptera is the most abundant and richest in species (47% and 26%). This order is followed by Hymenoptera (23% and 23%). Formicidae (14%) and Calliphoridae (13%) are the most abundant families. The Formicidae family presents the greatest species richness (7%), Calliphora sp and Polyrhachis cyaniventris present the highest specific relative abundance of the entire collection. These preliminary results of the entomofauna of Scientific City constitute a database. However, this study must be continued and extended to other areas of Brazzaville, using other capture techniques and taking into account the seasons.展开更多
This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and d...This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and differences in the selection of mathematical languages.It focuses on the issue of“selection of basic assumptions/axioms”for in-depth research.The paper analyzes the widespread problem of logical self-circulation in core theories across multiple fields of modern science,arguing that this problem is also an important reason for theoretical stagnation and the inability to explain phenomena in depth,and may lead to consequences in practical applications.In response,the paper reflects on the limitations of revolutionary methods and proposes a generalization method as a solution.The core of this method is to inherit the reasonable parts of Newtonian mechanics,reconstruct the physical theory of complex systems based on the latest cognition,adhere to clear concepts,logical self-consistency,and unrefuted axioms,and select axioms based on the criterion of supporting the sustainable development of human society.Finally,it points out that future research can be conducted in three directions:interdisciplinary research,new perspectives in the philosophy of science,and optimization of the logical structure of theories,so as to promote the improvement and development of scientific theories.展开更多
Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have d...Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have different research careers?It is very obvious,the scholars may gain a high impact if they have more research experience or have spent more time(in terms of research career in a year).Then we cannot compare two scholars who have different research careers.Many bibliometrics indicators address the time-span of scholars.In this series,the h-index sequence and EM/EM’-index sequence have been introduced for assessment and comparison of the scientific impact of scholars.The h-index sequence,EM-index sequence,and EM’-index sequence consider the yearly impact of scholars,and comparison is done by the index value along with their component value.The time-series indicators fail to give a comparative analysis between senior and junior scholars if there is a huge difference in both scholars’research careers.Design/methodology/approach:We have proposed the cumulative index calculation method to appraise the scientific impact of scholars till that age and tested it with 89 scholars data.Findings:The proposed mechanism is implemented and tested on 89 scholars’publication data,providing a clear difference between the scientific impact of two scholars.This also helps in predicting future prominent scholars based on their research impact.Research limitations:This study adopts a simplistic approach by assigning equal credit to all authors,regardless of their individual contributions.Further,the potential impact of career breaks on research productivity is not taken into account.These assumptions may limit the generalizability of our findings Practical implications:The proposed method can be used by respected institutions to compare their scholars impact.Funding agencies can also use it for similar purposes.Originality/value:This research adds to the existing literature by introducing a novel methodology for comparing the scientific impact of scholars.The outcomes of this research have notable implications for the development of more precise and unbiased research assessment frameworks,enabling a more equitable evaluation of scholarly contributions.展开更多
With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are charac...With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity,calling for robust and systematic data management skills.This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape,highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards,semantic misalignment,and limited awareness of compliance.These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers.In response,this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive,lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness.Furthermore,it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages—undergraduate,graduate,and professional,offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.展开更多
As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advan...As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advancement of educational reform,the role of scientific research in higher vocational colleges has become increasingly prominent.This paper started from the necessity of conducting scientific research in higher vocational colleges,providing an in-depth analysis of its importance in improving teaching quality,promoting teachers’professional development,driving social services,and enhancing the college’s core competitiveness.At the same time,addressing the existing problems in current scientific research work at higher vocational colleges,this paper proposed innovative pathways focusing on the scientific research management system,scientific research team construction,scientific research funding investment,and scientific research outcome transformation.The aim is to provide valuable references for the scientific research development of higher vocational colleges.展开更多
基金Management Research Project on the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements at Peking University Health Science Center(Grant No.KT202501)Peking University Health Science Center 2025 Party Building Research Project(General Category,No.2)。
文摘Scientific instruments serve as foundational pillars for both scientific progress and industrial innovation,enabling deep exploration and driving technological breakthroughs.Their independent controllability and continuous innovation are indispensable for sustaining a competitive advantage in technological development,thereby securing national scientific capacity and long-term strategic growth.At present,however,China faces substantial risks of technological"stranglehold"in the high-end scientific instrument domain.The underlying causes are multifaceted,arising not only from insufficient accumulation of core technologies but also from entrenched systemic and ecosystem-level barriers that impede the application,scaling,and promotion of domestic instruments.This paper provides a systematic analysis of the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of domestically developed scientific instruments and proposes practical pathways to build a new,integrated"R&D-application-promotion"ecosystem.This ecosystem is anchored in trust,driven by user demand,and shaped through collaborative innovation.Key initiatives include organizing user visits to instrument manufacturers,convening seminars on domestic alternatives to imported equipment,establishing demonstration centers for application and promotion,and involving end-users directly in the R&D and iterative upgrading of domestic instruments.Together,these efforts aim to close the final critical gap,advancing domestic instruments from merely"functional"to genuinely"user-friendly",and ultimately to"widely implemented".By doing so,this framework offers both theoretical grounding and practical guidance for achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and sustained innovation capacity.
基金supported by the start-up funding from Westlake University under Grant Number 041030150118 and the scientific research project of Westlake University“Theoretical Research and Demonstration Application of Complex Systems and Deep-Sea Technology(Phase I)”under Grant Number WU2025A006.
文摘Defining science and demarcating it from pseudoscience are longstanding core issues in the philosophy of science.Hilbert’s traditional axiomatic standards(consistency,completeness,independence)struggle with modern complex systems,while existing demarcation criteria like replicability and Popper’s falsificationism have practical limitations.Analyzing incompatibilities in complex systems,this paper proposes a revised framework:modified Hilbert axiomatic standards(clearly defined concepts,logical consistency,unrefuted axioms)and dynamic demarcation criteria.Abandoning unattainable traditional requirements of completeness and independence,it emphasizes conceptual clarity,openness,and progressiveness,offering an operational,self-consistent basis for judging scientificity.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD1405103)SINOPEC Science and Technology Major Project(P25184)。
文摘Centering on the critical bottlenecks in the development of shale oil in the Jiyang Depression of Shengli Oilfield,key scientific and engineering issues are proposed in aspects such as the storage space and occurrence state of shale oil,the formation mechanisms of multi-scale flow spaces,the mobilization mechanisms of crude oil in pores and fractures,and the enhanced oil recovery(EOR)mechanisms during the late stage of elastic development.The research progress and mechanistic insights in recent years are reviewed with respect to experimental techniques,characteristics of pore-fracture structure and fluid occurrence,fracture evolution mechanisms,shale oil flow mechanisms and EOR techniques.Through improving the experimental methods,optimizing the testing conditions,and developing new technologies,we deeply understand the occurrence state,storage space and flow pattern of shale oil,and reveal the distribution pattern of“oil-bearing in all pore sizes and oil-rich in large pores”and the differences in fluid phase states under the confinement effect of nano-scale pores in the shales of the Jiyang Depression;depict the characteristics of“restricted vertical expansion and complex fracture networks”of induced fractures and the dynamic evolution of fracture networks during the fracturing-soaking-production process;establish a“easy flow-slow flow-stagnant flow”three-zone model and the elastic drive+imbibition drive synergistic energy replenishment mechanism;and carry out high-pressure injection to further enhance the mass transfer and diffusion capacity of CO_(2)within the shale pore-fracture system,and compete for the desorption of alkanes to improve the mobilization degree of shale oil.The research achievements provide crucial support for the formation of the theory of continental shale oil development and the construction of the technical system.The future research efforts will focus on mine-scale multi-field coupling physical simulation equipment,microscopic to macroscopic multi-scale experimental methods,pore/fracture fine characterization and post-fracturing core fracture description technologies,multi-media fluid-structure coupling numerical simulation algorithms,and low-cost EOR and low-quality shale oil in-situ upgrading technologies,in order to promote the large-scale and profitable development of shale oil in the Jiyang Depression.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2024YFA0917200)the Projects of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(Grant No.BB2110240090)World Medical History under the Education Innovation Plan of the University of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2024YCHX07).
文摘Background:Infectious disease control has historically functioned as a critical intersection of biological survival and social organization.For centuries,humanity relied on empirical defenses such as quarantine and environmental sanitation.However,the theoretical foundation of prevention has shifted significantly toward biomedical sciences,including microbiology,immunology,and molecular biology.Methods:Using a public health history framework,this review synthesizes data from academic archives,monographs,and policy documents.We examined key case studies-Plague,Cholera,Influenza,HIV/AIDS,and COVID-19-to map the technological and institutional evolution of disease management.Results:We locate the primary historical turning point in the 19th century.It was here that control strategies evolved from crude population mandates into precise biomedical interventions.The synthesis of sanitary reform and germ theory catalyzed this era of scientific progress.Following the standardization of vaccines and antibiotics,the focus shifted to chronic management during the HIV/AIDS crisis.Contemporary tools like mRNA platforms and genomic surveillance continue this lineage,yet their practical application remains uneven globally.Conclusion:We conclude that biomedical breakthroughs are necessary but insufficient for security.Effective defense requires coupling scientific tools with resilient infrastructure and global health coordination to resolve systemic inequities.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51474165 and 51772222)the relevant enterprises for their financial support.
文摘As core and foundational materials for high-temperature processes in industries such as iron and steel,nonferrous metals,cement,glass,ceramics,chemicals,machinery,electric power,and national defense,refractories are directly pivotal to the operational stability and technological innovation of these sectors.However,the industry currently confronts multiple challenges,including constraints on raw material resources,bottlenecks in process technology,and a lag in intelligent transformation.To break through this development impasse from a scientific and technological innovation perspective,it is proposed to focus on diversified market demands,fully leverage the advantageous properties of raw mineral resources,accelerate integration and transformation through the“Artificial Intelligence+Refractories”model,and strengthen the development of original innovation capabilities.Through theoretical research and practical exploration,preliminary laboratory-scale results have been achieved,providing a new pathway and reference for the high-quality development of the refractory industry.
基金supported by the Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD1000500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172262 and 42372266)+1 种基金the China Geological Survey(DD20240041)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Institute of Geomechanics(DZLXJK202516).
文摘The Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone(YBFZ)has long been active and experienced repeated large earthquakes.The physicochemical properties of the deep fault zone(>1000 m)are the key to understanding the deformation mechanism of large earthquakes.This study uses rock magnetic,microstructural,and geochemical analyses of representative samples exposed in FZ1681 within the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling borehole 2(WFSD-2)cores.Fault gouge and fault breccia have higher magnetic susceptibility values than wall rocks,and they contain abundant paramagnetic minerals and small quantities of magnetite and monoclinic pyrrhotite.The magnetite and monoclinic pyrrhotite in the fault gouge were mainly formed by coseismic frictional heating,indicating that large earthquakes with frictional heating temperatures of~500-900℃once occurred in the YBFZ.The seismogenic and coseismic environment was reducing with a relatively high sulfur content.The monoclinic pyrrhotite in the fault breccia was formed mainly by low-temperature hydrothermal fluid.This indicates that the fault zone experienced reducing and low-temperature(<400℃)hydrothermal fluid with a relatively high sulfur content after the earthquake.The YBFZ,which experiences frequent large earthquakes,is weakly oxidizing environment at different depths,but the effect of the low-temperature hydrothermal fluid is weaker at depth.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62293500,62293505,62233010,62503240)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20250679)。
文摘THE power industrial control system(power ICS)is thecore infrastructure that ensures the safe,stable,and efficient operation of power systems.Its architecture typi-cally adopts a hierarchical and partitioned end-edge-cloud collaborative design.However,the large-scale integration ofdistributed renewable energy resources,coupled with the extensivedeployment of sensing and communication devices,has resulted inthe new-type power system characterized by dynamic complexityand high uncertainty[1]-[4].
文摘This paper examines the establishment of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society(NCBRAS),which was initially known as the Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society,focusing on its merits and drawbacks from the perspective of scientific imperialism.It analyzes the founders’motivations and their affiliation with the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland(RAS),framing NCBRAS as a product of scientific imperialism.Unlike previous sinology-centric research,this study explores the benefits derived from scientific institutions,Orientalist traditions,and Europe’s overseas expansion.Despite the opportunity provided by all the merits,the NCBRAS also faced challenges due to Chinese and foreign hostilities,financial inadequacies,and cultural differences.This dual situation played a pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of the NCBRAS.This inquiry into the context and drawbacks contributes to a deeper understanding of NCBRAS and offers new perspectives on natural history research in 1850s China.
基金supported by the ONR Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship(Grant No.N00014-22-1-2795).
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have emerged as powerful tools for addressing a wide range of problems,including those in scientific computing,particularly in solving partial differential equations(PDEs).However,different models exhibit distinct strengths and preferences,resulting in varying levels of performance.In this paper,we compare the capabilities of the most advanced LLMs—DeepSeek,ChatGPT,and Claude—along with their reasoning-optimized versions in addressing computational challenges.Specifically,we evaluate their proficiency in solving traditional numerical problems in scientific computing as well as leveraging scientific machine learning techniques for PDE-based problems.We designed all our experiments so that a nontrivial decision is required,e.g,defining the proper space of input functions for neural operator learning.Our findings show that reasoning and hybrid-reasoning models consistently and significantly outperform non-reasoning ones in solving challenging problems,with ChatGPT o3-mini-high generally offering the fastest reasoning speed.
文摘1.Introduction Since the publication of our original study comparing large language models(LLMs)in scientific computing and scientific machine learning tasks,Anthropic has released Claude 4.0[1],a major upgrade in its Claude family of LLMs.Claude 4.0 is designed to introduce substantial improvements in reasoning,coding,and mathematical capabilities.
文摘According to the 2025 edition of Chinese Science and Technology Journal Citation Reports(Core Edition)released by the Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China,Petroleum Exploration and Development achieved a core impact factor of 6.246 in 2024.It ranked 2nd among 2,202 core journals of natural sciences and 1st among 41 journals in the petroleum and natural gas engineering category,with a total core citation frequency of 7,502.
文摘This study investigates the establishment of scientific links between the People's Republic of China(PRC)and the United Kingdom(UK)in the mid-2Oth century,focusing on the early development of China's nuclear industry.Sino-British scientific interactions took place across multiple dimensions,involving various institutions and individuals.Around 1949,UK-trained Chinese nuclear scientists returned to China,bringing advanced technological knowledge and extensive practical experience.The PRC regarded the UK as a crucial gateway to overcoming the technological blockade imposed by the United States(and later the Soviet Union)and sought to establish scientific relations with the UK through semi-official and unofficial channels.Specifically,these connections manifested in the interactions between the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and the Royal Society of London,the guiding role of the Chinese Charge d'Affaires Office in London in facilitating scientific and technological exchanges,and the technology investigations led by the Ministry of Foreign Trade in the name of trade.Additionally,the Sino-British scientific network extended to the international arena,allowing China to engage in nuclear-related global organizations and events.This study highlights the significant British influence on the early development of China's nuclear industry,revealing the extent of its British influence.It argues that China's urgent need for nuclear science and industrial advancement was a key driver of its scientific engagement withthe UK.
基金funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities for project PID2023-149340OB-I00, “Ciencia abierta y ciencia ciudadana para una sociedad más sostenible e inclusiva: aportaciones del Sistema Universitario Espanol”
文摘Purpose:This paper focuses on scientific journals’policies on open access and open science.The subject has gained increasing relevance,driven by the need for more-democratic access to knowledge and improved research visibility,which require eliminating the financial,legal,and technical barriers that restrict access to scientific output.Design/methodology/approach:This paper uses the findings of FECYT’s 2023 Assessment of the Editorial and Scientific Quality of Spanish Scientific Journals,with 254 participating journals,as its case study.Open science indicators assess the transparency of policies on content access,reuse,openness,and reproducibility.Nonparametric tests analyse the relationship between the indicators and the dimensions of publisher type and subject area.Findings:High compliance rates are found for indicators related to publication licences and intellectual property rights.Only 37%of the journals examined post their editorial policy on Sherpa Romeo.Ninety-four percent publish open access.However,open peer review is rarely applied(0.38%of the journals).Journals in Communication,Information and Scientific Documentation,Fine Arts,Education Science,and Biomedical Sciences have high compliance percentages.Most journals(83%)are institutional,with universities and associations generally exhibiting better results.Research limitations:This study is based on specific indicators that do not cover all the factors that influence the transition toward open science;for example,editorial culture and technological infrastructure are not envisaged.Furthermore,differences in open science implementation are identified between disciplinary areas and between publisher types,but the underlying causes of these differences are not thoroughly investigated.Future research could address these points for a fuller understanding.Practical implications:This study highlights the need for journals to improve transparency by adopting open peer review and clear policies.These changes enhance accessibility and credibility,fostering inclusive knowledge dissemination.Institutions and policymakers should support these efforts to boost research impact.Originality/value:This study offers insights into open science practices in Spanish journals,a growing academic topic.Its originality lies in examining open science indicators across disciplines and publishers.By identifying strengths and gaps,the study helps journals enhance transparency.
文摘The former Vice-President of the International Council of Ophthalmology(ICO).Professor of Ophthalmology Emeritus Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Wilmer Eye Institute,USA.The first Director of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,The Chinese University of Hong Kong China.The first Director of the Peking University Eye Center,China.
基金supported by the Project of Innovation team of General Institutes of Higher Education in Guangdong Province(2024KCXTD078)the Project of Integration of resource monitoring,epidemic diseases monitoring and rescue capability of wildlife in 2023(ZT202304111)the Special Project of the Lushan Botanical Garden(No.2024ZWZX06).
文摘Traditional medicinal animals and their derivatives hold a significant place within the traditional Chinese medicine framework.However,substantial knowledge about medicinal animals is being lost–particularly within China’s folk practices and ethnic minority groups–remains unrecorded and unverified scientifically.Such knowledge,primarily preserved through oral instruction,is now at risk of disappearing due to its fragmented and regionalized nature.This paper underscores the importance of documenting and scientifically validating these medicinal animals as valuable resources.We advocate for a comprehensive,systematic approach to recording,screening,and verifying the pharmacological mechanisms of medicinal animals.It can contribute to the modernization and globalization of traditional Chinese medicine.In the future,interdisciplinary and international collaborations are essential to advance the systematic documentation and scientific management of medicinal animal knowledge,to ensure its preservation and application in global healthcare,sustainable health practices,and biodiversity conservation efforts.
文摘The entomofauna in the Republic of Congo is very little known. Studies carried out in natural forests are few. It is in this context that this inventory of entomofauna was carried out from April to July 2022 in the Scientific City Forest. The general objective is to contribute to the knowledge of the trapping, mowing and sight hunting;the three types of traps used are: Barber pots, colored plates and aerial traps. This study made it possible to invent 1523 specimens belonging to 106 species, 99 genera, 59 families and 12 orders. The order Diptera is the most abundant and richest in species (47% and 26%). This order is followed by Hymenoptera (23% and 23%). Formicidae (14%) and Calliphoridae (13%) are the most abundant families. The Formicidae family presents the greatest species richness (7%), Calliphora sp and Polyrhachis cyaniventris present the highest specific relative abundance of the entire collection. These preliminary results of the entomofauna of Scientific City constitute a database. However, this study must be continued and extended to other areas of Brazzaville, using other capture techniques and taking into account the seasons.
基金supported by the start-up funding from Westlake University under Grant Number 041030150118.
文摘This paper adopts a meta-scientific method to point out that the three major obstacles hindering the formation of a unified system theory in modern science are inconsistent concepts,conflicting basic assumptions,and differences in the selection of mathematical languages.It focuses on the issue of“selection of basic assumptions/axioms”for in-depth research.The paper analyzes the widespread problem of logical self-circulation in core theories across multiple fields of modern science,arguing that this problem is also an important reason for theoretical stagnation and the inability to explain phenomena in depth,and may lead to consequences in practical applications.In response,the paper reflects on the limitations of revolutionary methods and proposes a generalization method as a solution.The core of this method is to inherit the reasonable parts of Newtonian mechanics,reconstruct the physical theory of complex systems based on the latest cognition,adhere to clear concepts,logical self-consistency,and unrefuted axioms,and select axioms based on the criterion of supporting the sustainable development of human society.Finally,it points out that future research can be conducted in three directions:interdisciplinary research,new perspectives in the philosophy of science,and optimization of the logical structure of theories,so as to promote the improvement and development of scientific theories.
文摘Purpose:Generally,the scientific comparison has been done with the help of the overall impact of scholars.Although it is very easy to compare scholars,but how can we assess the scientific impact of scholars who have different research careers?It is very obvious,the scholars may gain a high impact if they have more research experience or have spent more time(in terms of research career in a year).Then we cannot compare two scholars who have different research careers.Many bibliometrics indicators address the time-span of scholars.In this series,the h-index sequence and EM/EM’-index sequence have been introduced for assessment and comparison of the scientific impact of scholars.The h-index sequence,EM-index sequence,and EM’-index sequence consider the yearly impact of scholars,and comparison is done by the index value along with their component value.The time-series indicators fail to give a comparative analysis between senior and junior scholars if there is a huge difference in both scholars’research careers.Design/methodology/approach:We have proposed the cumulative index calculation method to appraise the scientific impact of scholars till that age and tested it with 89 scholars data.Findings:The proposed mechanism is implemented and tested on 89 scholars’publication data,providing a clear difference between the scientific impact of two scholars.This also helps in predicting future prominent scholars based on their research impact.Research limitations:This study adopts a simplistic approach by assigning equal credit to all authors,regardless of their individual contributions.Further,the potential impact of career breaks on research productivity is not taken into account.These assumptions may limit the generalizability of our findings Practical implications:The proposed method can be used by respected institutions to compare their scholars impact.Funding agencies can also use it for similar purposes.Originality/value:This research adds to the existing literature by introducing a novel methodology for comparing the scientific impact of scholars.The outcomes of this research have notable implications for the development of more precise and unbiased research assessment frameworks,enabling a more equitable evaluation of scholarly contributions.
文摘With the rise of data-intensive research,data literacy has become a critical capability for improving scientific data quality and achieving artificial intelligence(AI)readiness.In the biomedical domain,data are characterized by high complexity and privacy sensitivity,calling for robust and systematic data management skills.This paper reviews current trends in scientific data governance and the evolving policy landscape,highlighting persistent challenges such as inconsistent standards,semantic misalignment,and limited awareness of compliance.These issues are largely rooted in the lack of structured training and practical support for researchers.In response,this study builds on existing data literacy frameworks and integrates the specific demands of biomedical research to propose a comprehensive,lifecycle-oriented data literacy competency model with an emphasis on ethics and regulatory awareness.Furthermore,it outlines a tiered training strategy tailored to different research stages—undergraduate,graduate,and professional,offering theoretical foundations and practical pathways for universities and research institutions to advance data literacy education.
文摘As an integral part of China’s higher education system,higher vocational colleges play a significant role in talent cultivation,social services,and cultural inheritance.With the development of the times and the advancement of educational reform,the role of scientific research in higher vocational colleges has become increasingly prominent.This paper started from the necessity of conducting scientific research in higher vocational colleges,providing an in-depth analysis of its importance in improving teaching quality,promoting teachers’professional development,driving social services,and enhancing the college’s core competitiveness.At the same time,addressing the existing problems in current scientific research work at higher vocational colleges,this paper proposed innovative pathways focusing on the scientific research management system,scientific research team construction,scientific research funding investment,and scientific research outcome transformation.The aim is to provide valuable references for the scientific research development of higher vocational colleges.
