Protecting Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-Industrial Internet of Things(SCADA-IIoT)systems against intruders has become essential since industrial control systems now oversee critical infrastructure,and cybe...Protecting Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-Industrial Internet of Things(SCADA-IIoT)systems against intruders has become essential since industrial control systems now oversee critical infrastructure,and cyber attackers more frequently target these systems.Due to their connection of physical assets with digital networks,SCADA-IIoT systems face substantial risks from multiple attack types,including Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS),spoofing,and more advanced intrusion methods.Previous research in this field faces challenges due to insufficient solutions,as current intrusion detection systems lack the necessary accuracy,scalability,and adaptability needed for IIoT environments.This paper introduces CyberFortis,a novel cybersecurity framework aimed at detecting and preventing cyber threats in SCADA-IIoT systems.CyberFortis presents two key innovations:Firstly,Siamese Double Deep Q-Network with Autoencoders(Siamdqn-AE)FusionNet,which enhances intrusion detection by combining deep Q-Networks with autoencoders for improved attack detection and feature extraction;and secondly,the PopHydra Optimiser,an innovative solution to compute reinforcement learning discount factors for better model performance and convergence.This method combines Siamese deep Q-Networks with autoencoders to create a system that can detect different types of attacks more effectively and adapt to new challenges.CyberFortis is better than current top attack detection systems,showing higher scores in important areas like accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score,based on data from CICIoT 2023,UNSW-NB 15,and WUSTL-IIoT datasets.Results from the proposed framework show a 97.5%accuracy rate,indicating its potential as an effective solution for SCADA-IIoT cybersecurity against emerging threats.The research confirms that the proposed security and resilience methods are successful in protecting vital industrial control systems within their operational environments.展开更多
As quantum computing continues to advance,traditional cryptographic methods are increasingly challenged,particularly when it comes to securing critical systems like Supervisory Control andData Acquisition(SCADA)system...As quantum computing continues to advance,traditional cryptographic methods are increasingly challenged,particularly when it comes to securing critical systems like Supervisory Control andData Acquisition(SCADA)systems.These systems are essential for monitoring and controlling industrial operations,making their security paramount.A key threat arises from Shor’s algorithm,a powerful quantum computing tool that can compromise current hash functions,leading to significant concerns about data integrity and confidentiality.To tackle these issues,this article introduces a novel Quantum-Resistant Hash Algorithm(QRHA)known as the Modular Hash Learning Algorithm(MHLA).This algorithm is meticulously crafted to withstand potential quantum attacks by incorporating advanced mathematical and algorithmic techniques,enhancing its overall security framework.Our research delves into the effectiveness ofMHLA in defending against both traditional and quantum-based threats,with a particular emphasis on its resilience to Shor’s algorithm.The findings from our study demonstrate that MHLA significantly enhances the security of SCADA systems in the context of quantum technology.By ensuring that sensitive data remains protected and confidential,MHLA not only fortifies individual systems but also contributes to the broader efforts of safeguarding industrial and infrastructure control systems against future quantumthreats.Our evaluation demonstrates that MHLA improves security by 38%against quantumattack simulations compared to traditional hash functionswhilemaintaining a computational efficiency ofO(m⋅n⋅k+v+n).The algorithm achieved a 98%success rate in detecting data tampering during integrity testing.These findings underline MHLA’s effectiveness in enhancing SCADA system security amidst evolving quantum technologies.This research represents a crucial step toward developing more secure cryptographic systems that can adapt to the rapidly changing technological landscape,ultimately ensuring the reliability and integrity of critical infrastructure in an era where quantum computing poses a growing risk.展开更多
The grinding process in concentration plants of the metallurgical industry is of great importantce.. A mineral feed- ing SCADA system in the grinding process was designed with the idea of integrating management and co...The grinding process in concentration plants of the metallurgical industry is of great importantce.. A mineral feed- ing SCADA system in the grinding process was designed with the idea of integrating management and control functions. A detailed design and realization method of control and supervisory control levels in the system was introduced. At the control level, with an algorithm of a separate integrated PID, four mineral feeding machines are run in turn. The supervisory control level can generate process flow graphs, statistical report forms, historical trends and at the same time, it has the functions of alarm, system administration, user login, etc. After the mineral SCADA system has been started, the mineral feeding is very stable, the workstation completely supervises and controls the entire process of mineral feeding, and at the same time histori- cal data is shown and questions can be answered conveniently. The system runs well in the MeiShan Concentration Plant of the Shanghai Bao Shan Steel Group.展开更多
Queuing models are used to assess the functionality and aesthetics of SCADA systems for supervisory control and data collection.Here,the main emphasis is on how the queuing theory can be used in the system’s design a...Queuing models are used to assess the functionality and aesthetics of SCADA systems for supervisory control and data collection.Here,the main emphasis is on how the queuing theory can be used in the system’s design and analysis.The analysis’s findings indicate that by using queuing models,cost-performance ratios close to the ideal might be attained.This article discusses a novel methodology for evaluating the service-oriented survivability of SCADA systems.In order to evaluate the state of service performance and the system’s overall resilience,the framework applies queuing theory to an analytical model.As a result,the SCADA process is translated using the M^(X)/G/1 queuing model,and the queueing theory is used to evaluate this design’s strategy.The supplemental variable technique solves the queuing problem that comes with the subsequent results.The queue size,server idle time,utilization,and probabilistic generating factors of the distinct operating strategies are estimated.Notable examples were examined via numerical analysis using mathematical software.Because it is used frequently and uses a statistical demarcation method,this tactic is completely acceptable.The graphical representation of this perspective offers a thorough analysis of the alleged limits.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The microgrid has become significant and commonly used;it has localized electricity sources and loads connected to a centralized electrical power network</span>...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The microgrid has become significant and commonly used;it has localized electricity sources and loads connected to a centralized electrical power network</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> system when the need arises</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and disconnects to island mode.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A microgrid can effectively be integrated with various distribution generators, which can improve the voltage level on the transmission line by reducing the real power</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> losses. In this work, new technologies will permit power grids to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">be better prepared for future requirements. The numbers and diversity of such decentralized power plants require a new type of management in the operation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of power grids and intelligent networks or “smart grid.” A </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SCADA system will improve coordination between power demand and generation and use of modern information technology such as the internet, sensors, controllers, and wireless transmission equipment and use smart metering. The Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization technique will be used to select the optimum location of a wind turbine to install in the power grid considering minimum power losses with optimal operation consideration of the number of iterations, the execution time of the program, and the memory capacity. The analysis and the study are carried out in MATLAB and the SCADA system.</span></span>展开更多
This paper presents the design of hierarchical communication network for traction power supply supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Some key points, such as data transmission synchronization, datab...This paper presents the design of hierarchical communication network for traction power supply supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Some key points, such as data transmission synchronization, database distribution, data transformation, and the network communication optimization at the supervisory level of the communication network are discussed. At the control level, based on the specificity of communication lines for electrified railway, a structure of two layer ring telecommunication network and the efficient bi directional polling scheme in software design are utilized. Then, an analysis for the scheme under normal and disturbance conditions is given. By means of the scheme, software switching over at a fault point of a channel is realized automatically.展开更多
With the development of smart grid, the electric power supervisory control and data acquisition （SCADA） system is limited by the traditional IT infrastructure, leading to low resource utilization and poor scalabilit...With the development of smart grid, the electric power supervisory control and data acquisition （SCADA） system is limited by the traditional IT infrastructure, leading to low resource utilization and poor scalability. Information islands are formed due to poor system interoperability. The development of innovative applications is limited, and the launching period of new businesses is long. Management costs and risks increase, and equipment utilization declines. To address these issues, a professional private cloud solution is introduced to integrate the electric power SCADA system, and conduct experimental study of its applicability, reliability, security, and real time. The experimental results show that the professional private cloud solution is technical and commercial feasible, meeting the requirements of the electric power SCADA system.展开更多
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is concerned with gathering process information from industrial control processes found in utilities such as power grids, water networks, transportation, manufacturing,...SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is concerned with gathering process information from industrial control processes found in utilities such as power grids, water networks, transportation, manufacturing, etc., to provide the human operators with the required real-time access to industrial processes to be monitored and controlled either locally (on-site)or remotely (i.e., through Internet). Conventional solutions such as custom SCADA packages, custom communication protocols, and centralized architectures are no longer appropriate for engineering this type of systems because of their highly distribution and their uncertain continuously changing working environments. Multi-agent systems (MAS) appeared as a new architectural style for engineering complex and highly dynamic applications such as SCADA systems. In this paper, we propose an approach for simply developing flexible and interoperable SCADA systems based on the integration of MAS and OPC process protocol. The proposed SCADA system has the following advantages: 1) simple (easier to be implemented);2) flexible (able to adapt to its environment dynamic changes);and 3) interoperable (relative to the underlying control systems, which belongs to diverse of vendors). The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a real case study example carried out in a paper mill.展开更多
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are attractive targets for attackers, as they offer an avenue to attack critical infrastructure (CI) systems controlled by SCADA systems. Ultimately, an attack ...Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are attractive targets for attackers, as they offer an avenue to attack critical infrastructure (CI) systems controlled by SCADA systems. Ultimately, an attack on any system exploits some undesired (malicious or accidental) functionality in the components of the system. Unfortunately, it is far from practical to eliminate undesired functionality in every component of a system. The contribution of this paper is a novel architecture for securing SCADA systems that guarantee that “any malicious modification of the deployment configuration or the design configuration of the SCADA system will be detected”—even if undesired functionality may exist in SCADA system components.展开更多
电缆沟作为变电所建设的重要组成部分,其工况直接关系整个变电所的正常运行。文章以某有轨电车半地下变电所电缆沟的应用实践为例,对电缆沟积水产生的原因进行了详细分析,并基于电力数据采集与监视控制系统(supervisory control and dat...电缆沟作为变电所建设的重要组成部分,其工况直接关系整个变电所的正常运行。文章以某有轨电车半地下变电所电缆沟的应用实践为例,对电缆沟积水产生的原因进行了详细分析,并基于电力数据采集与监视控制系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)对排水系统中的液位继电器和排水泵接触器动作状态进行实时监测,当二者动作状态不同时发出故障告警提示。该排水系统实现了电缆沟内抽排积水自动化、运行状态远程监控和故障告警,降低了汛期人力和物力运维成本,为变电所的安全运行提供了保障。展开更多
基金financially supported by the Ongoing Research Funding Program(ORF-2025-846),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Protecting Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition-Industrial Internet of Things(SCADA-IIoT)systems against intruders has become essential since industrial control systems now oversee critical infrastructure,and cyber attackers more frequently target these systems.Due to their connection of physical assets with digital networks,SCADA-IIoT systems face substantial risks from multiple attack types,including Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS),spoofing,and more advanced intrusion methods.Previous research in this field faces challenges due to insufficient solutions,as current intrusion detection systems lack the necessary accuracy,scalability,and adaptability needed for IIoT environments.This paper introduces CyberFortis,a novel cybersecurity framework aimed at detecting and preventing cyber threats in SCADA-IIoT systems.CyberFortis presents two key innovations:Firstly,Siamese Double Deep Q-Network with Autoencoders(Siamdqn-AE)FusionNet,which enhances intrusion detection by combining deep Q-Networks with autoencoders for improved attack detection and feature extraction;and secondly,the PopHydra Optimiser,an innovative solution to compute reinforcement learning discount factors for better model performance and convergence.This method combines Siamese deep Q-Networks with autoencoders to create a system that can detect different types of attacks more effectively and adapt to new challenges.CyberFortis is better than current top attack detection systems,showing higher scores in important areas like accuracy,precision,recall,and F1-score,based on data from CICIoT 2023,UNSW-NB 15,and WUSTL-IIoT datasets.Results from the proposed framework show a 97.5%accuracy rate,indicating its potential as an effective solution for SCADA-IIoT cybersecurity against emerging threats.The research confirms that the proposed security and resilience methods are successful in protecting vital industrial control systems within their operational environments.
基金Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2025R343),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabiathe Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number NBU-FFR-2025-1092-10.
文摘As quantum computing continues to advance,traditional cryptographic methods are increasingly challenged,particularly when it comes to securing critical systems like Supervisory Control andData Acquisition(SCADA)systems.These systems are essential for monitoring and controlling industrial operations,making their security paramount.A key threat arises from Shor’s algorithm,a powerful quantum computing tool that can compromise current hash functions,leading to significant concerns about data integrity and confidentiality.To tackle these issues,this article introduces a novel Quantum-Resistant Hash Algorithm(QRHA)known as the Modular Hash Learning Algorithm(MHLA).This algorithm is meticulously crafted to withstand potential quantum attacks by incorporating advanced mathematical and algorithmic techniques,enhancing its overall security framework.Our research delves into the effectiveness ofMHLA in defending against both traditional and quantum-based threats,with a particular emphasis on its resilience to Shor’s algorithm.The findings from our study demonstrate that MHLA significantly enhances the security of SCADA systems in the context of quantum technology.By ensuring that sensitive data remains protected and confidential,MHLA not only fortifies individual systems but also contributes to the broader efforts of safeguarding industrial and infrastructure control systems against future quantumthreats.Our evaluation demonstrates that MHLA improves security by 38%against quantumattack simulations compared to traditional hash functionswhilemaintaining a computational efficiency ofO(m⋅n⋅k+v+n).The algorithm achieved a 98%success rate in detecting data tampering during integrity testing.These findings underline MHLA’s effectiveness in enhancing SCADA system security amidst evolving quantum technologies.This research represents a crucial step toward developing more secure cryptographic systems that can adapt to the rapidly changing technological landscape,ultimately ensuring the reliability and integrity of critical infrastructure in an era where quantum computing poses a growing risk.
文摘The grinding process in concentration plants of the metallurgical industry is of great importantce.. A mineral feed- ing SCADA system in the grinding process was designed with the idea of integrating management and control functions. A detailed design and realization method of control and supervisory control levels in the system was introduced. At the control level, with an algorithm of a separate integrated PID, four mineral feeding machines are run in turn. The supervisory control level can generate process flow graphs, statistical report forms, historical trends and at the same time, it has the functions of alarm, system administration, user login, etc. After the mineral SCADA system has been started, the mineral feeding is very stable, the workstation completely supervises and controls the entire process of mineral feeding, and at the same time histori- cal data is shown and questions can be answered conveniently. The system runs well in the MeiShan Concentration Plant of the Shanghai Bao Shan Steel Group.
文摘Queuing models are used to assess the functionality and aesthetics of SCADA systems for supervisory control and data collection.Here,the main emphasis is on how the queuing theory can be used in the system’s design and analysis.The analysis’s findings indicate that by using queuing models,cost-performance ratios close to the ideal might be attained.This article discusses a novel methodology for evaluating the service-oriented survivability of SCADA systems.In order to evaluate the state of service performance and the system’s overall resilience,the framework applies queuing theory to an analytical model.As a result,the SCADA process is translated using the M^(X)/G/1 queuing model,and the queueing theory is used to evaluate this design’s strategy.The supplemental variable technique solves the queuing problem that comes with the subsequent results.The queue size,server idle time,utilization,and probabilistic generating factors of the distinct operating strategies are estimated.Notable examples were examined via numerical analysis using mathematical software.Because it is used frequently and uses a statistical demarcation method,this tactic is completely acceptable.The graphical representation of this perspective offers a thorough analysis of the alleged limits.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The microgrid has become significant and commonly used;it has localized electricity sources and loads connected to a centralized electrical power network</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> system when the need arises</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and disconnects to island mode.</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A microgrid can effectively be integrated with various distribution generators, which can improve the voltage level on the transmission line by reducing the real power</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> losses. In this work, new technologies will permit power grids to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">be better prepared for future requirements. The numbers and diversity of such decentralized power plants require a new type of management in the operation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of power grids and intelligent networks or “smart grid.” A </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">SCADA system will improve coordination between power demand and generation and use of modern information technology such as the internet, sensors, controllers, and wireless transmission equipment and use smart metering. The Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization technique will be used to select the optimum location of a wind turbine to install in the power grid considering minimum power losses with optimal operation consideration of the number of iterations, the execution time of the program, and the memory capacity. The analysis and the study are carried out in MATLAB and the SCADA system.</span></span>
文摘This paper presents the design of hierarchical communication network for traction power supply supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Some key points, such as data transmission synchronization, database distribution, data transformation, and the network communication optimization at the supervisory level of the communication network are discussed. At the control level, based on the specificity of communication lines for electrified railway, a structure of two layer ring telecommunication network and the efficient bi directional polling scheme in software design are utilized. Then, an analysis for the scheme under normal and disturbance conditions is given. By means of the scheme, software switching over at a fault point of a channel is realized automatically.
文摘With the development of smart grid, the electric power supervisory control and data acquisition （SCADA） system is limited by the traditional IT infrastructure, leading to low resource utilization and poor scalability. Information islands are formed due to poor system interoperability. The development of innovative applications is limited, and the launching period of new businesses is long. Management costs and risks increase, and equipment utilization declines. To address these issues, a professional private cloud solution is introduced to integrate the electric power SCADA system, and conduct experimental study of its applicability, reliability, security, and real time. The experimental results show that the professional private cloud solution is technical and commercial feasible, meeting the requirements of the electric power SCADA system.
文摘SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is concerned with gathering process information from industrial control processes found in utilities such as power grids, water networks, transportation, manufacturing, etc., to provide the human operators with the required real-time access to industrial processes to be monitored and controlled either locally (on-site)or remotely (i.e., through Internet). Conventional solutions such as custom SCADA packages, custom communication protocols, and centralized architectures are no longer appropriate for engineering this type of systems because of their highly distribution and their uncertain continuously changing working environments. Multi-agent systems (MAS) appeared as a new architectural style for engineering complex and highly dynamic applications such as SCADA systems. In this paper, we propose an approach for simply developing flexible and interoperable SCADA systems based on the integration of MAS and OPC process protocol. The proposed SCADA system has the following advantages: 1) simple (easier to be implemented);2) flexible (able to adapt to its environment dynamic changes);and 3) interoperable (relative to the underlying control systems, which belongs to diverse of vendors). The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated by a real case study example carried out in a paper mill.
文摘Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are attractive targets for attackers, as they offer an avenue to attack critical infrastructure (CI) systems controlled by SCADA systems. Ultimately, an attack on any system exploits some undesired (malicious or accidental) functionality in the components of the system. Unfortunately, it is far from practical to eliminate undesired functionality in every component of a system. The contribution of this paper is a novel architecture for securing SCADA systems that guarantee that “any malicious modification of the deployment configuration or the design configuration of the SCADA system will be detected”—even if undesired functionality may exist in SCADA system components.
文摘电缆沟作为变电所建设的重要组成部分,其工况直接关系整个变电所的正常运行。文章以某有轨电车半地下变电所电缆沟的应用实践为例,对电缆沟积水产生的原因进行了详细分析,并基于电力数据采集与监视控制系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)对排水系统中的液位继电器和排水泵接触器动作状态进行实时监测,当二者动作状态不同时发出故障告警提示。该排水系统实现了电缆沟内抽排积水自动化、运行状态远程监控和故障告警,降低了汛期人力和物力运维成本,为变电所的安全运行提供了保障。
