The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min f...The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min following the pretreatment with one of the following combinations: atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.m.); atropine and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.); diazepam and pralidoxime; atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime. Lung exposed to sarin aerosols revealed an increased cellular proliferation with progressive diffused interstitial thickening on the 4th day following exposure. On the 16th day, loss of alveolar space and consolidation of large areas of all lobes were observed. Sarin also caused damage to the respiratory bronchioles. All the therapy regime blocked the development of lung lesions in the descending orders: atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime, atropine and diazepam > diazepam and pralidoxime > atropine and pralidoxime. The result suggests that diazepam in combination with atropine and pralidoxime could be an effective drug combination regime for the lung lesions.展开更多
The highly specific ligand of the N-acetylcholine receptor（N-AChR）,alpha-bungarotoxin,was used to determine the effect of soman,sarin and VX onN-AChR of the diaphragm and extensor digitorum Iongus muscle of mice and...The highly specific ligand of the N-acetylcholine receptor（N-AChR）,alpha-bungarotoxin,was used to determine the effect of soman,sarin and VX onN-AChR of the diaphragm and extensor digitorum Iongus muscle of mice andrats.The effects of the three anti-cholinesterase agents on N-AChR weredifferent.Sarin did not act directly on N-AChR and cause a change in the numberof N-AChR.VX decreased the binding sites of the receptor by binding with N-AChRdirectly.The LD<sub>50</sub>was 0.054mg/kg in mousse.Soman increased the binding sites,e.g.1～1.5 LD<sub>50</sub>soman increased the number of N-AChR of mouse diaphragm by 25%.The peak increaseof N-AChR was reached 0.5 h after poisoning and could last 96h.The receptornumber was still 22% higher than that of the control on the fourth day aftersoman poisoning in rats.Soman mainly increased the number of extrasynapticN-AChR,leading to the enhancement of sensitivity of cholinergic effectors toacetylcholine（ACh）,which is similar to the hypersensitiveness resulting fromdenervation.These findings are of significance in probing the receptor mecha-nisms and treatment of soman poisoning.展开更多
To realize highly sensitive and specific sensing toward sarin,an Eu(III)based metal-organic framework(Eu-CTTB-MOF),encompassing aπ-conjugated organic ligand H4 CTTB(4,4',4'',4'''-(9H-carbazole...To realize highly sensitive and specific sensing toward sarin,an Eu(III)based metal-organic framework(Eu-CTTB-MOF),encompassing aπ-conjugated organic ligand H4 CTTB(4,4',4'',4'''-(9H-carbazole-1,3,6,8-tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid)was explored for ratiometric fluorescent sensing.An unprecedented specific recognition of nerve-agent sarin mimic diethyl chlorophosphate(DCP)in the presence of HCl interferent and a low limit of detection(LOD,20.97 nM)were achieved.This excellent detection performance is driven by the dual hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction between the CTTB organic ligand and DCP,which would cause a dramatic change in the molecular configuration of the CTTB ligand.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further verify the recognition of DCP by Eu-CTTB-MOF could suppress the rotations of the aromatic rings in CTTB ligand,significantly reducing the nonradiative decay pathways and subsequently enhancing the fluorescent intensity of the CTTB ligand.Especially,the Eu-CTTB-MOF enables the immediate response to DCP vapor and excellent specificity towards DCP even in the presence of 18 types of interferents,including HCl vapor,structural analogs,and volatile organic solvent,and a gas detector with accurate detection of DCP in simulated scenarios,positioning the designed MOF as a promising sensing material for practical scenarios.We expect that the present sensing strategy will shine a light on the development of brand-new sensing materials for on-site detection applications.展开更多
This study presents a novel boron-difluoride complex-based fluorescent nanofilm sensor capable of detecting sarin vapors in the environment by reporting an output fluorescence signal.The sensor’s evaluation demonstra...This study presents a novel boron-difluoride complex-based fluorescent nanofilm sensor capable of detecting sarin vapors in the environment by reporting an output fluorescence signal.The sensor’s evaluation demonstrated an exceptionally low detection limit for sarin vapor,even in the presence of various interfering gases,with theoretical and practical limits of detection of 0.7 and 1 ppb,respectively.The sensor featured a rapid response time(less than 2 s),a broad linear detection range(1 ppb–1000 ppm),and superior selectivity for sarin vapor over a group of interfering analytes,outperforming existing sarin sensors.Mechanistic study indicates that the sensor’s heightened sensitivity to sarin vapor is due to the robust affinity of nitrogen atoms within the core BODIQ unit for sarin.Additionally,the tetraphenylethylene structure with steric hindrance effectively inhibits the tight packing of BODIQ derivatives,and forms numerous microporous structures in the self-assembled nanofilm,which are beneficial for the mass transfer,enhancing the sensor efficiency in detecting vapors.Furthermore,we have achieved the differentiation of sarin,diethyl chlorophosphate,and HCl vapor through the analysis of sensing kinetic.This fluorescent sensor opens new avenues for sustainable,low-cost,and environment-friendly portable devices,as well as for environmental monitoring and tracking applications.展开更多
As social media becomes increasingly ubiquitous,many events are recorded and released on social media platforms,including chemical weapon attacks.We develop an objective tool in order to evaluate brief and unstructure...As social media becomes increasingly ubiquitous,many events are recorded and released on social media platforms,including chemical weapon attacks.We develop an objective tool in order to evaluate brief and unstructured social media videos for analysing sarin exposure from a civilian medical pathology perspective.We developed and validated this new questionnaire using a standardized procedure that includes content domain specification,item pool generation,content validity evaluation,a pilot study,and assessment of reliability and validity.In total,51 sarin attacks and 48 matched videos were analysed.Cronbach’s a for all 20 items was 0.75,which indicates adequate internal reliability.The test–retest reliability was 0.96,which indicates good internal reliability.The inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97.After verifying sampling adequacy with the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure and the factorability of the items with Barlett’s test of sphericity,a factor analysis was performed.According to the principal axis factoring,a six-factor solution explained 51.86%of the total variance.The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the Video Score Questionnaire has a sensitivity of 0.817,a specificity of 0.478,and an efficiency of 65.3.Therefore,the Video Score Questionnaire is reliable and valid for evaluating sarin attacks from brief and unstructured social media videos.展开更多
Variceal bleed represents an important complication of cirrhosis,with its presence reflecting the severity of liver disease.Gastric varices,though less frequently seen than esophageal varices,present a distinct clinic...Variceal bleed represents an important complication of cirrhosis,with its presence reflecting the severity of liver disease.Gastric varices,though less frequently seen than esophageal varices,present a distinct clinical challenge due to its higher intensity of bleeding and associated mortality.Based upon the Sarin classification,GOV1 is the most common subtype of gastric varices seen in clinical practice.展开更多
远离星下点的lead(浮冰间的开阔水域)对回波波形有重要影响,使计算得到的瞬时海面高存在较大偏差。精确地区分出回波波形中的lead波形,能有效提高瞬时海面高(SSH)的测量精度。目前常用Laxon13算法(PP和SSD)来识别回波中的lead波形,进而...远离星下点的lead(浮冰间的开阔水域)对回波波形有重要影响,使计算得到的瞬时海面高存在较大偏差。精确地区分出回波波形中的lead波形,能有效提高瞬时海面高(SSH)的测量精度。目前常用Laxon13算法(PP和SSD)来识别回波中的lead波形,进而计算海冰的出水高度。本文针对Cryosat-2高度计的SARIn模式数据,在Laxon13算法的基础上进行改进,新增了8参数,采用了一种更为精确的lead识别算法,即计算回波能量值在各参数下的统计量,设定分界值(阈值)以识别出lead。该方法采用MAX、PP、PPL、PPR、SSD、LEW、TEW、SLEW、KURT、SKEW共10种参数对lead进行识别,绘制了实验区域基于各个参数的分类图示并识别出lead波形,与Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute(AARI)提供的实际冰况图进行对比分析,确定lead有效识别的5参数。展开更多
文摘The effects of atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime were studied for their ability to block the pathological lesions induced by sarin. Rats were exposed to an aerosol of sarin at a concentration of 51.2mg-m for 15 min following the pretreatment with one of the following combinations: atropine (10 mg/kg, i.m.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.m.); atropine and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, i.m.); diazepam and pralidoxime; atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime. Lung exposed to sarin aerosols revealed an increased cellular proliferation with progressive diffused interstitial thickening on the 4th day following exposure. On the 16th day, loss of alveolar space and consolidation of large areas of all lobes were observed. Sarin also caused damage to the respiratory bronchioles. All the therapy regime blocked the development of lung lesions in the descending orders: atropine, diazepam and pralidoxime, atropine and diazepam > diazepam and pralidoxime > atropine and pralidoxime. The result suggests that diazepam in combination with atropine and pralidoxime could be an effective drug combination regime for the lung lesions.
文摘The highly specific ligand of the N-acetylcholine receptor（N-AChR）,alpha-bungarotoxin,was used to determine the effect of soman,sarin and VX onN-AChR of the diaphragm and extensor digitorum Iongus muscle of mice andrats.The effects of the three anti-cholinesterase agents on N-AChR weredifferent.Sarin did not act directly on N-AChR and cause a change in the numberof N-AChR.VX decreased the binding sites of the receptor by binding with N-AChRdirectly.The LD<sub>50</sub>was 0.054mg/kg in mousse.Soman increased the binding sites,e.g.1～1.5 LD<sub>50</sub>soman increased the number of N-AChR of mouse diaphragm by 25%.The peak increaseof N-AChR was reached 0.5 h after poisoning and could last 96h.The receptornumber was still 22% higher than that of the control on the fourth day aftersoman poisoning in rats.Soman mainly increased the number of extrasynapticN-AChR,leading to the enhancement of sensitivity of cholinergic effectors toacetylcholine（ACh）,which is similar to the hypersensitiveness resulting fromdenervation.These findings are of significance in probing the receptor mecha-nisms and treatment of soman poisoning.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFA1205500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22374161)+1 种基金Tianshan Innovation Team Plan(2022TSYCTD0020)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(Y2022106).
文摘To realize highly sensitive and specific sensing toward sarin,an Eu(III)based metal-organic framework(Eu-CTTB-MOF),encompassing aπ-conjugated organic ligand H4 CTTB(4,4',4'',4'''-(9H-carbazole-1,3,6,8-tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid)was explored for ratiometric fluorescent sensing.An unprecedented specific recognition of nerve-agent sarin mimic diethyl chlorophosphate(DCP)in the presence of HCl interferent and a low limit of detection(LOD,20.97 nM)were achieved.This excellent detection performance is driven by the dual hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction between the CTTB organic ligand and DCP,which would cause a dramatic change in the molecular configuration of the CTTB ligand.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations further verify the recognition of DCP by Eu-CTTB-MOF could suppress the rotations of the aromatic rings in CTTB ligand,significantly reducing the nonradiative decay pathways and subsequently enhancing the fluorescent intensity of the CTTB ligand.Especially,the Eu-CTTB-MOF enables the immediate response to DCP vapor and excellent specificity towards DCP even in the presence of 18 types of interferents,including HCl vapor,structural analogs,and volatile organic solvent,and a gas detector with accurate detection of DCP in simulated scenarios,positioning the designed MOF as a promising sensing material for practical scenarios.We expect that the present sensing strategy will shine a light on the development of brand-new sensing materials for on-site detection applications.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2022YFA12055001National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22202128,21972084,21820102005+4 种基金Scientific Research Plan of Shaanxi Province of China,Grant/Award Number:2021TD-18Innovative Research Team in University,Grant/Award Number:IRT-14R33Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities,Grant/Award Number:B14041Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Chemistry and Biology,Grant/Award Number:23JHQ074Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Numbers:GK202003040,GK202205016。
文摘This study presents a novel boron-difluoride complex-based fluorescent nanofilm sensor capable of detecting sarin vapors in the environment by reporting an output fluorescence signal.The sensor’s evaluation demonstrated an exceptionally low detection limit for sarin vapor,even in the presence of various interfering gases,with theoretical and practical limits of detection of 0.7 and 1 ppb,respectively.The sensor featured a rapid response time(less than 2 s),a broad linear detection range(1 ppb–1000 ppm),and superior selectivity for sarin vapor over a group of interfering analytes,outperforming existing sarin sensors.Mechanistic study indicates that the sensor’s heightened sensitivity to sarin vapor is due to the robust affinity of nitrogen atoms within the core BODIQ unit for sarin.Additionally,the tetraphenylethylene structure with steric hindrance effectively inhibits the tight packing of BODIQ derivatives,and forms numerous microporous structures in the self-assembled nanofilm,which are beneficial for the mass transfer,enhancing the sensor efficiency in detecting vapors.Furthermore,we have achieved the differentiation of sarin,diethyl chlorophosphate,and HCl vapor through the analysis of sensing kinetic.This fluorescent sensor opens new avenues for sustainable,low-cost,and environment-friendly portable devices,as well as for environmental monitoring and tracking applications.
基金This work was supported by the Spiez Laboratory(Federal Office for Civil Protection),Switzerland[grant number 354012624].
文摘As social media becomes increasingly ubiquitous,many events are recorded and released on social media platforms,including chemical weapon attacks.We develop an objective tool in order to evaluate brief and unstructured social media videos for analysing sarin exposure from a civilian medical pathology perspective.We developed and validated this new questionnaire using a standardized procedure that includes content domain specification,item pool generation,content validity evaluation,a pilot study,and assessment of reliability and validity.In total,51 sarin attacks and 48 matched videos were analysed.Cronbach’s a for all 20 items was 0.75,which indicates adequate internal reliability.The test–retest reliability was 0.96,which indicates good internal reliability.The inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97.After verifying sampling adequacy with the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure and the factorability of the items with Barlett’s test of sphericity,a factor analysis was performed.According to the principal axis factoring,a six-factor solution explained 51.86%of the total variance.The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the Video Score Questionnaire has a sensitivity of 0.817,a specificity of 0.478,and an efficiency of 65.3.Therefore,the Video Score Questionnaire is reliable and valid for evaluating sarin attacks from brief and unstructured social media videos.
文摘Variceal bleed represents an important complication of cirrhosis,with its presence reflecting the severity of liver disease.Gastric varices,though less frequently seen than esophageal varices,present a distinct clinical challenge due to its higher intensity of bleeding and associated mortality.Based upon the Sarin classification,GOV1 is the most common subtype of gastric varices seen in clinical practice.
文摘远离星下点的lead(浮冰间的开阔水域)对回波波形有重要影响,使计算得到的瞬时海面高存在较大偏差。精确地区分出回波波形中的lead波形,能有效提高瞬时海面高(SSH)的测量精度。目前常用Laxon13算法(PP和SSD)来识别回波中的lead波形,进而计算海冰的出水高度。本文针对Cryosat-2高度计的SARIn模式数据,在Laxon13算法的基础上进行改进,新增了8参数,采用了一种更为精确的lead识别算法,即计算回波能量值在各参数下的统计量,设定分界值(阈值)以识别出lead。该方法采用MAX、PP、PPL、PPR、SSD、LEW、TEW、SLEW、KURT、SKEW共10种参数对lead进行识别,绘制了实验区域基于各个参数的分类图示并识别出lead波形,与Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute(AARI)提供的实际冰况图进行对比分析,确定lead有效识别的5参数。
