Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleif...Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.展开更多
Semen Platycladi(SP)is the dried ripe kernel of Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco,has been used for insomnia treatment for bimillennium in China,which mechanism is not fully understood.The aim of this study was to expl...Semen Platycladi(SP)is the dried ripe kernel of Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco,has been used for insomnia treatment for bimillennium in China,which mechanism is not fully understood.The aim of this study was to explore the sleep-promoting mechanism of essential oil and saponins from SP.As 2 main bioactive constituents of SP,essential oil(SPO)and saponin(SPS)were extracted,then was given to p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)-induced insomnia mice by intragastric administration.Then,the behavioral tests,neurotransmitter receptors,cytokines and hormone in brain were investigated.Behavior test showed that SPO and SPS exhibited sleep-enhancing effect through suppressing depression,shortening the onset time while prolonging the sleep duration in insomnia mice.Also SPO and SPS up-regulated serotonin(5-HT)receptors in serotonergic neurons,increased glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)content in GABAergic neurons,and stimulatedγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)receptors expression to enhance the synaptic inhibition.Moreover,they could down-regulated the cytokines and rebalanced hormone expressions.Although both SPO and SPS exerted sleep-promoting,they had different focusing targets.SPS had stronger effect on neurotransmitter receptors regulation while SPO had better hormone rebalanced ability.Briefly,SPO and SPS exerted sedative-hypnotic effect in insomnia mice through modulating multi-targets in serotonergic and GABAergic system.展开更多
Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and an...Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and antiplatelet aggregation properties,as well as the enhancement of microcirculation.The extensive research on the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine has garnered significant attention regarding the application of PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Research has demonstrated that PNS interventions significantly improve the pathological progression of cardiovascular disease through synergistic effects involving multiple targets and pathways.This paper summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms,clinical research advancements,safety,and potential adverse reactions associated with PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,in order to provide theoretical references for future research and practical applications in this field.展开更多
Some research have shown that the combination of plant extracts and probiotics may be a better way to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)than a single intervention.However,there are still relatively few relevant repo...Some research have shown that the combination of plant extracts and probiotics may be a better way to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)than a single intervention.However,there are still relatively few relevant reports in this aspect.Therefore,this study aims to investigate whether the treatment of Polygonatum sibiricum saponin(PSS)and lactic acid bacteria(LAB)combination can better manage T2DM.And the anti-diabetes mechanism of the combination was studied from the perspectives of glucose metabolism,microbiome and metabolome.The results showed that PSS+LAB could better improve fasting blood glucose level,insulin sensitivity,lipid metabolism disorder,and liver function.Protein analysis showed that PSS+LAB treatment significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(p-PI3K)/PI3K,phosphorylated-protein kinase B(p-AKT)/AKT,glucose transporter 2(GLUT2),insulin receptor substrate 2(IRS2),and glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β)in the liver of T2DM mice,while inhibiting the expression of forkhead box protein O1(FoxO1).This combination positively regulated the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota.Metabolomic analysis showed that the combination treatment exhibited more changes in gut microbiota metabolites compared to PSS treatment alone.The alteration of gut microbiota by LAB+PSS led to significant changes in alanine,aspartate and glucose metabolism pathways.This study may provide a theoretical basis for the combined application of plant extracts and probiotics for the management of T2DM.展开更多
Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological prop...Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.展开更多
Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinf...Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation,remains unclear.This study evaluated the effects of SLSP on suppressing microglia-driven neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,including the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPTP)-induced mouse model and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia.Our findings revealed that SLSP mitigated behavioral impairments and excessive microglial activation in models of PD,including MPTP-treated mice.Additionally,SLSP inhibited the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)and attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K,protein kinase B(AKT),nuclear factor-κB(NFκB),and inhibitor of NFκB proteinα(IκBα)both in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,SLSP suppressed the production of inflammatory markers such as interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in LPS-stimulated BV-2cells.Notably,the P2Y2R agonist partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SLSP in LPStreated BV-2 cells.These results suggest that SLSP inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,likely through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway.These novel findings indicate that SLSP may offer therapeutic potential for PD by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins,flavones, and alkaloids on experimental animals with autoimmune diseases(AIDs).METHODS: The protocol for this syst...OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins,flavones, and alkaloids on experimental animals with autoimmune diseases(AIDs).METHODS: The protocol for this systematic review and Meta-analysis was prospectively registered with PROSPERO(CRD42023395741). Searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Chinese Science and Technology Journals, China Biomedical, Pub Med,Cochrane Library, and Embase databases to screen for animal studies investigating the therapeutic effects of saponins, flavones, or alkaloids on autoimmune diseases;consequently, corresponding data extraction tables were prepared. Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation was used to assess the risk of methodological bias in the included literature. RevMan 5.4 was used for the Meta-analysis on the 8 serum cytokines.RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included, all of which were randomized controlled studies. Meta-analysis indicated that substances rich in saponins, flavones, and alkaloids reduced serum levels of interleukin(IL)-1β[standardized mean difference(SMD) =-1.94, 95%confidence interval(CI)(-2.99,-0.90), P = 0.0003], IL-6 [SMD =-1.65, 95% CI(-2.33,-0.97,) P < 0.000 01],IL-17 [SMD =-2.41, 95% CI(-3.61,-1.20), P <0.0001], tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α [SMD =-1.84, 95%CI(-2.61,-1.06), P < 0.0001], and interferon(IFN)-γ[SMD =-1.54, 95% CI(-2.43,-0.65), P = 0.0007], but increased serum levels of IL-4 [SMD = 1.30, 95% CI(0.15,2.44), P = 0.03) and IL-10 [SMD = 2.05, 95% CI(1.39,2.70), P < 0.000 01) in animal models. However, no significant regulatory effect of these three active components was observed on serum levels of IL-2 [SMD =-0.63, 95% CI(-1.82, 0.57), P = 0.30].CONCLUTIONS: Substances containing saponins,flavones, and alkaloids regulated the changes of immunerelated cytokines, it may be a novel dietary substance to relieve and control autoimmune diseases in the future.展开更多
Due to the multitudinous structural types of glycosylated components,accurate identification of glycosylation modifications and secondary metabolite structures in herbs remains a challenge for natural drug analysis an...Due to the multitudinous structural types of glycosylated components,accurate identification of glycosylation modifications and secondary metabolite structures in herbs remains a challenge for natural drug analysis and new drug discovery[1].To solve this problem,we developed an auxiliary spectral analysis strategy based on Glyco-GNN machine learning techniques(Fig.1).It is named as“Glycomol”,an auxiliary tool for the identification of glycoside molecules.In Glycomol,the structure of glycosylated components was analyzed in terms of parent nucleus,glycan modification sites,and glycan types.Saponins were taken as representative glycosylated components due to their high structural complexity.To estimate the likelihood of results from this modularization strategy,first we extracted the liquid phase and mass spectrum information of 96 structure-known saponins from multi-stage mass spectrometry data.Then,24 standard saponins were applied for analysis and a 95.8%hit rate was achieved.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To examine the influence of SaponinⅠfrom Shuitianqi(Rhizoma Schizocapasae Plantagineae)(SSPHⅠ)on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)metastasis,and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:The intrahepatic m...OBJECTIVE:To examine the influence of SaponinⅠfrom Shuitianqi(Rhizoma Schizocapasae Plantagineae)(SSPHⅠ)on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)metastasis,and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:The intrahepatic metastasis Bagg's Albino/c(BALB/c)mouse model was established with human hepatocellular carcinomas(HepG2)cells,then treated with normal saline(once per day),cisplatin(2 mg/kg,once every 2 d),and SSPHⅠ(25,50,and 75 mg/kg,once per day).Then,we assessed alterations in the hepatic pathology and target protein expressions in the intrahepatic metastasis BALB/c mouse model using a series of molecular biology techniques.RESULTS:Based on our analysis,SSPHⅠsignificantly alleviated hepatocyte necrosis and tumor cells infiltration.Moreover,SSPHⅠsuppressed extracellular matrix(ECM)degradation and angiogenesis via a decrease in matrix etalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),MMP-9,CD31,CD34,and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)levels.Furthermore,SSPHⅠrepressed invasion and metastasis by suppressing the transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/Smad7 axis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),as evidenced by the scarce TGF-β1,Ncadherin,and Vimentin expressions,and elevated Smad7 and E-cadherin expressions.CONCLUSION:The SSPHⅠ-mediated negative regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad7 axis and EMT are critical for the inhibition of HCC invasion and metastasis.展开更多
Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are the main active components of Panax notoginseng.But after oral administration,they need to be converted into rare ginsenosides by human gut microbiota and gastric juice before they c...Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are the main active components of Panax notoginseng.But after oral administration,they need to be converted into rare ginsenosides by human gut microbiota and gastric juice before they can be readily absorbed into the bloodstream and exert their effects.The sources of rare ginsenosides are extremely limited in P.notoginseng and other medical plants,which hinders their application in functional foods and drugs.Therefore,the production of rare ginsenosides by the transformation of PNS using Aspergillus fumigatus was studied in this research.During 50 days at 25℃and 150 rpm,A.fumigatus transformed PNS to 14 products(1-14).They were iso-lated by varied chromatographic methods,such as silica gel column chromatography,Rp-C18 reversed phase column chromatography,semi-preparative HPLC,Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography,and elucidated on the basis of their 1H-NMR,13C-NMR and ESIMS spectroscopic data.Then,the transformed products(1-14)were isolated and identified as Rk3,Rh4,20(R)-Rh1,20(S)-Protopanaxatriol,C-K,20(R)-Rg3,20(S)-Rg3,20(S)-Rg2,20(R)-R2,Rk1,Rg5,20(S)-R2,20(R)-Rg2,and 20(S)-I,respectively.In addition,all transformed products(1-14)were tested for their antimicrobial activity.Among them,compounds 5(C-K)and 7[20(S)-Rg3]showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with MIC values of 6.25,1.25μg/mL and 1.25,25μg/mL,respectively.This study lays the foundation for production of rare ginsenosides.展开更多
Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut mic...Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut microbiota,and thus affect the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological effects.To date,studies concering gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of PNS have not been reviewed systematically.Herein,we outline the metabolic profiles of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota,as well as its role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the basis of reported data.The metabolic pathways of primary saponins are proposed,and step-by-step deglycosylation is found to be the primary degradation pathways of PNS mediated by gut microbiota.Specific microorganisms and enzymes involved in the metabolic processes were summarized.Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the metabolism of PNS,affects the pharmacokinetic profiles,and produces a series of active metabolites.These metabolites were documented to play an essential role in the efficacy of the parent compounds.Future studies should focus on strengthening the real-world evidence,defining the interaction between gut microbiota and PNS,and developing the strategy for modulating gut microbiota to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of PNS.These information would be useful for further research and clinical application of PNS.展开更多
Two new saponins 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl sarsasapogenin, named timosaponin A IV(1) and (5β, 25S)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-furost-20(22)-en-3,26-diol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4) gluco...Two new saponins 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl sarsasapogenin, named timosaponin A IV(1) and (5β, 25S)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-furost-20(22)-en-3,26-diol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4) glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-galacopyranoside, named timosaponin B IV(2), were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Their structures were elucidated by chemical characters and spectroscopic analysis.展开更多
Two new steroidal saponins,named timosaponin P(1) and timosaponin Q(2),were isolated from the rhizome parts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge using various chromatographic methods.Their structures and absolute config...Two new steroidal saponins,named timosaponin P(1) and timosaponin Q(2),were isolated from the rhizome parts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge using various chromatographic methods.Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric data,including 1D,2D NMR,HR-ESI-MS and ECD calculations,and this is the first time the absolute configuration of C-23 of steroidal saponin was confirmed by ECD calculations.展开更多
A new triterpenoid saponin （compound 1）, together with a known one （compound 2） was isolated from the roots of Silene rubicunda Franch. The isolation and purification were performed by a series of chromatographic ...A new triterpenoid saponin （compound 1）, together with a known one （compound 2） was isolated from the roots of Silene rubicunda Franch. The isolation and purification were performed by a series of chromatographic techniques including silica gel, sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of combination of mass spectrometry and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the new compound was identified as 3-O-{β-D-galactopyranosyl-（1→2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl- （ 1→3 ）]-β-D-glucuronopyrannosyl } -28-O- { β-D-xylopyranosyl-（ 1 →3 ）-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（ 1 α4）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→2）- [β-D-quinovopyranosyl-（1α4）]-β-D-fucopyranosyl} quillaic acid.展开更多
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, name...A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, namely tortoside A, （＋）-syringaresinol, ilexsaponin B3, ilexsaponin A1, ilexsaponin B1, ilexgenin A. The RP-HPLC assay was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with a gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% （v/v） phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. The six marker constituents were separated well with good linearity （r2〉0.9996）, precision, stability and repeatability. The overall recoveries were in the range of 99.00%-104.52%. Cluster analysis was employed to analyze 15 batches of samples. The result indicated this method provide an efficient way to perform quality control as well as a scientific rationale for the Geo-authentication of I. pubescens.展开更多
This paper studied the effects of liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of tea saponin from the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds by using single factor experiment with the cake of Ca...This paper studied the effects of liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of tea saponin from the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds by using single factor experiment with the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds as the raw materials, and water as the extraction solvent, and orthogonal test was used to determine the optimal extraction process conditions. The results showed that the extraction ratio of tea saponin could reach up to 95.50% when the liquidsolid ratio was 11：1, extracting temperature of 80 ℃, extraction time of 6 h, and pH value of 9.展开更多
The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroid...The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroidal saponins （timosaponin N, timosaponin El, timosaponin BII, timosaponin B, anemarrhenasaponin I, anemarrhenasaponin A2, and timosaponin AIII） in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. The complete separation of these seven steroidal saponins was achieved within 18 min with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column using an acetonitrile-water （contain 0.1% formic acid） gradient system. The limits of quantitation （LOQ）, 0.18-0.75 ng/pL for seven steroidal saponins, were determined experimentally. The limits of detection （LOD） were found to be 0.05-0.22 ng/μL for these saponins. The correlation coefficients （r2） for calibration curves varied from 0.9902 to 0.9979. This method showed good repeatability for the quantification of these saponins in rhizomes ofA. asphodeloides, with intra-day and inter-day variations of less than 5.0% for seven steroidal saponins. The recoveries of seven steroidal saponins were from 97.13% to 101.98%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantifying seven steroidal saponins in various sources ofA. asphodeloides （different collecting places or processing methods） and Zhimu concentrate-granules （ZMCG）.展开更多
Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Pa...Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Paris and discussed their relations. Methods We detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in Paris samples with a Kromasel C18 （ 150 mm× 4.6 mm ID, 5μm） column which was subjected to gradient elution with acetonitrile-water （30：70- 60：40, V/V） at a flow rate of 1 mL· min^-1 by HPLC-ELSD and established chemical cluster tree using SPSS 11 software. Results All the samples could be separated and calibration curves of 11 saponins were prepared. We successfully detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in 14 Paris spp. in 30 min. The recovery for the assay of saponins was between 95 % and 97 %. The RSD of precision of 11 saponins and stability of samples were below 3 %. Chemical phylogenetic tree based on saponin contents indicated that 17 samples of Paris spp. clustered separately. Conclusion The established method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of these 11 steroidal saponins in Paris spp.. The chemical phylogenetic tree is in accordance with Takhtajian classical taxonomy.展开更多
Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structur...Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structures were elucidated to be 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (1) and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (2).展开更多
文摘Sodium cocoyl glycinate(SCG),an environmentally friendly anionic amino acid surfactant,is widely used in daily chemical products as an upgraded alternative to traditional surfactants.In this study,crude Camellia oleifera saponin(COS)was purified using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin,and its composition and structure were analyzed.The effects of different mole fractions of COS(αCOS)on surface tension(γ),oil-water interfacial tension(IFT),emulsification,and foam properties of COS-SCG binary mixed systems were investigated in mixtures of SCG with purified COS.The stability ofγand foamability under diverse environmental conditions were also discussed.The results indicated that the COS-SCG system exhibited remarkable surface-active synergism.The minimum critical micelle concentration(cmc)of the mixed system was lower than that of SCG,and adding a small mole fraction of COS(1%-2%)induced a synergistic reduction ofγ.Specifically,the cmc andγwere 2.50×10-4 mol/L and 23.1 mN/m forαCOS=1%,respectively.The system exhibited exceptional IFT reduction capacity,achieving a minimum value of 1.42 mN/m atαCOS=10%.The mixed system reached a foaming volume(atαCOS=50%)and foam stability(atαCOS=75%)were 51.0 mL and 97.37%,respectively.Microscopic analysis further confirmed these outstanding foam properties.Moreover,the COS-SCG system displayed reducedγwith enhanced foaming volume under elevated temperatures(35-75℃)and salinity(0-20 g/L).However,acidic conditions and hard water compromised bothγstability and foamability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871778,31801468,and 32072201)Foshan Social Field Technology R&D Special Program(2120001008478)+1 种基金Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(202201011762)State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine(SZ2024KF05)。
文摘Semen Platycladi(SP)is the dried ripe kernel of Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco,has been used for insomnia treatment for bimillennium in China,which mechanism is not fully understood.The aim of this study was to explore the sleep-promoting mechanism of essential oil and saponins from SP.As 2 main bioactive constituents of SP,essential oil(SPO)and saponin(SPS)were extracted,then was given to p-chlorophenylalanine(PCPA)-induced insomnia mice by intragastric administration.Then,the behavioral tests,neurotransmitter receptors,cytokines and hormone in brain were investigated.Behavior test showed that SPO and SPS exhibited sleep-enhancing effect through suppressing depression,shortening the onset time while prolonging the sleep duration in insomnia mice.Also SPO and SPS up-regulated serotonin(5-HT)receptors in serotonergic neurons,increased glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)content in GABAergic neurons,and stimulatedγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)receptors expression to enhance the synaptic inhibition.Moreover,they could down-regulated the cytokines and rebalanced hormone expressions.Although both SPO and SPS exerted sleep-promoting,they had different focusing targets.SPS had stronger effect on neurotransmitter receptors regulation while SPO had better hormone rebalanced ability.Briefly,SPO and SPS exerted sedative-hypnotic effect in insomnia mice through modulating multi-targets in serotonergic and GABAergic system.
文摘Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)is the primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicine P.notoginseng.This compound exhibits a range of pharmacological effects,including anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,and antiplatelet aggregation properties,as well as the enhancement of microcirculation.The extensive research on the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine has garnered significant attention regarding the application of PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.Research has demonstrated that PNS interventions significantly improve the pathological progression of cardiovascular disease through synergistic effects involving multiple targets and pathways.This paper summarizes the pharmacological mechanisms,clinical research advancements,safety,and potential adverse reactions associated with PNS in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases,in order to provide theoretical references for future research and practical applications in this field.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32000252)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(YQ2020C014,ZD2019C002)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC1601901)。
文摘Some research have shown that the combination of plant extracts and probiotics may be a better way to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)than a single intervention.However,there are still relatively few relevant reports in this aspect.Therefore,this study aims to investigate whether the treatment of Polygonatum sibiricum saponin(PSS)and lactic acid bacteria(LAB)combination can better manage T2DM.And the anti-diabetes mechanism of the combination was studied from the perspectives of glucose metabolism,microbiome and metabolome.The results showed that PSS+LAB could better improve fasting blood glucose level,insulin sensitivity,lipid metabolism disorder,and liver function.Protein analysis showed that PSS+LAB treatment significantly increased the expression of phosphorylated-phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase(p-PI3K)/PI3K,phosphorylated-protein kinase B(p-AKT)/AKT,glucose transporter 2(GLUT2),insulin receptor substrate 2(IRS2),and glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK-3β)in the liver of T2DM mice,while inhibiting the expression of forkhead box protein O1(FoxO1).This combination positively regulated the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota.Metabolomic analysis showed that the combination treatment exhibited more changes in gut microbiota metabolites compared to PSS treatment alone.The alteration of gut microbiota by LAB+PSS led to significant changes in alanine,aspartate and glucose metabolism pathways.This study may provide a theoretical basis for the combined application of plant extracts and probiotics for the management of T2DM.
基金supported by the ROP ERDF 2014-2020 Lombardy-Innovation and Competitiveness.
文摘Saponins can be potential candidates for the development of safe biopesticides,due to their widely acknowledged insecticidal,fungicidal and nematicidal activity,but information on their effects on soil biological properties is still limited.This study aimed to investigate the short-term fate of saponins from Medicago sativa in soil and their dose-effect relationship with microbial biomass and selected enzyme activities in soils with different origin,physical and chemical properties.Microbial degradation of total saponins ranged from 46%to 91%,according to soil characteristics,within 28 days from their incorporation into the soil.Both saponin glycosidic chains and triterpenic aglycones were also microbially degraded,though by dynamics changing among the different soils.In all soils,M.sativa saponins significantly reduced microbial biomass at rates of 10 and 20 mg saponin mixture per g of soil.Microbial enzymatic activities were less affected as indicating an adaptive response of soil microbial communities to the presence of saponins.
基金supported by the Educational Commission of Shanghai in China(No.2021LK114)the Organizational Key Research and Development Program of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.2023YZZ02)the Xinglin Young Talent Program at Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.A1-U17205010430)。
文摘Stem-leaf saponins from Panax notoginseng(SLSP)comprise numerous PPD-type saponins with diverse pharmacological properties;however,their role in Parkinson's disease(PD),characterized by microglia-mediated neuroinflammation,remains unclear.This study evaluated the effects of SLSP on suppressing microglia-driven neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,including the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium(MPTP)-induced mouse model and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia.Our findings revealed that SLSP mitigated behavioral impairments and excessive microglial activation in models of PD,including MPTP-treated mice.Additionally,SLSP inhibited the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)and attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K,protein kinase B(AKT),nuclear factor-κB(NFκB),and inhibitor of NFκB proteinα(IκBα)both in vivo and in vitro.Moreover,SLSP suppressed the production of inflammatory markers such as interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)in LPS-stimulated BV-2cells.Notably,the P2Y2R agonist partially reversed the inhibitory effects of SLSP in LPStreated BV-2 cells.These results suggest that SLSP inhibit microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in experimental PD models,likely through the P2Y2R/PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling pathway.These novel findings indicate that SLSP may offer therapeutic potential for PD by attenuating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
基金Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province:to Explore the Material Basis and Mechanism of Codonopsis Pilosula for Preventing and Treating Immune Thrombocytopenia based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking (202203021221251)the Doctor Starting Foundation of First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University:Material Basis and Mechanism of Codonopsis Pilosula for Preventing and Treating Immune Thrombocytopenia (YB2203)。
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of substances containing 3 types of active ingredients-saponins,flavones, and alkaloids on experimental animals with autoimmune diseases(AIDs).METHODS: The protocol for this systematic review and Meta-analysis was prospectively registered with PROSPERO(CRD42023395741). Searches were conducted in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Chinese Science and Technology Journals, China Biomedical, Pub Med,Cochrane Library, and Embase databases to screen for animal studies investigating the therapeutic effects of saponins, flavones, or alkaloids on autoimmune diseases;consequently, corresponding data extraction tables were prepared. Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation was used to assess the risk of methodological bias in the included literature. RevMan 5.4 was used for the Meta-analysis on the 8 serum cytokines.RESULTS: A total of 31 studies were included, all of which were randomized controlled studies. Meta-analysis indicated that substances rich in saponins, flavones, and alkaloids reduced serum levels of interleukin(IL)-1β[standardized mean difference(SMD) =-1.94, 95%confidence interval(CI)(-2.99,-0.90), P = 0.0003], IL-6 [SMD =-1.65, 95% CI(-2.33,-0.97,) P < 0.000 01],IL-17 [SMD =-2.41, 95% CI(-3.61,-1.20), P <0.0001], tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α [SMD =-1.84, 95%CI(-2.61,-1.06), P < 0.0001], and interferon(IFN)-γ[SMD =-1.54, 95% CI(-2.43,-0.65), P = 0.0007], but increased serum levels of IL-4 [SMD = 1.30, 95% CI(0.15,2.44), P = 0.03) and IL-10 [SMD = 2.05, 95% CI(1.39,2.70), P < 0.000 01) in animal models. However, no significant regulatory effect of these three active components was observed on serum levels of IL-2 [SMD =-0.63, 95% CI(-1.82, 0.57), P = 0.30].CONCLUTIONS: Substances containing saponins,flavones, and alkaloids regulated the changes of immunerelated cytokines, it may be a novel dietary substance to relieve and control autoimmune diseases in the future.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.:82374076,and 82174354)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.:2023YFC3504100)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(Grant No.:7244493)NSFC Cultivating Project of Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(Grant No.:ZXKT23003)Young Elite Cultivating Project of Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(Grant No.:ZZ17-YQ-023)Start-up Fund for New Scientific Researchers of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(Grant No.:ZZ16-XRZ071).
文摘Due to the multitudinous structural types of glycosylated components,accurate identification of glycosylation modifications and secondary metabolite structures in herbs remains a challenge for natural drug analysis and new drug discovery[1].To solve this problem,we developed an auxiliary spectral analysis strategy based on Glyco-GNN machine learning techniques(Fig.1).It is named as“Glycomol”,an auxiliary tool for the identification of glycoside molecules.In Glycomol,the structure of glycosylated components was analyzed in terms of parent nucleus,glycan modification sites,and glycan types.Saponins were taken as representative glycosylated components due to their high structural complexity.To estimate the likelihood of results from this modularization strategy,first we extracted the liquid phase and mass spectrum information of 96 structure-known saponins from multi-stage mass spectrometry data.Then,24 standard saponins were applied for analysis and a 95.8%hit rate was achieved.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,a New Anti-cancer Plant drug,SaponinⅠfrom Shuitianqi(Rhizoma Schizocapasae Plantagineae),against Invasion and Metastasis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Reversing Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Resistance basing on Human Growth Factor/c-Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition Factor Pathway and its Molecular Mechanism of Regulating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition(No.8164062)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province,Study on the Antihepatic Fibrosis Mechanism of Saponins from Shuitianqi(Rhizoma Schizocapasae Plantagineae)based on Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad Signaling Pathway(No.2019GXNSFAA245075)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To examine the influence of SaponinⅠfrom Shuitianqi(Rhizoma Schizocapasae Plantagineae)(SSPHⅠ)on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)metastasis,and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.METHODS:The intrahepatic metastasis Bagg's Albino/c(BALB/c)mouse model was established with human hepatocellular carcinomas(HepG2)cells,then treated with normal saline(once per day),cisplatin(2 mg/kg,once every 2 d),and SSPHⅠ(25,50,and 75 mg/kg,once per day).Then,we assessed alterations in the hepatic pathology and target protein expressions in the intrahepatic metastasis BALB/c mouse model using a series of molecular biology techniques.RESULTS:Based on our analysis,SSPHⅠsignificantly alleviated hepatocyte necrosis and tumor cells infiltration.Moreover,SSPHⅠsuppressed extracellular matrix(ECM)degradation and angiogenesis via a decrease in matrix etalloproteinase-2(MMP-2),MMP-9,CD31,CD34,and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)levels.Furthermore,SSPHⅠrepressed invasion and metastasis by suppressing the transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/Smad7 axis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),as evidenced by the scarce TGF-β1,Ncadherin,and Vimentin expressions,and elevated Smad7 and E-cadherin expressions.CONCLUSION:The SSPHⅠ-mediated negative regulation of the TGF-β1/Smad7 axis and EMT are critical for the inhibition of HCC invasion and metastasis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number:32060104).
文摘Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are the main active components of Panax notoginseng.But after oral administration,they need to be converted into rare ginsenosides by human gut microbiota and gastric juice before they can be readily absorbed into the bloodstream and exert their effects.The sources of rare ginsenosides are extremely limited in P.notoginseng and other medical plants,which hinders their application in functional foods and drugs.Therefore,the production of rare ginsenosides by the transformation of PNS using Aspergillus fumigatus was studied in this research.During 50 days at 25℃and 150 rpm,A.fumigatus transformed PNS to 14 products(1-14).They were iso-lated by varied chromatographic methods,such as silica gel column chromatography,Rp-C18 reversed phase column chromatography,semi-preparative HPLC,Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography,and elucidated on the basis of their 1H-NMR,13C-NMR and ESIMS spectroscopic data.Then,the transformed products(1-14)were isolated and identified as Rk3,Rh4,20(R)-Rh1,20(S)-Protopanaxatriol,C-K,20(R)-Rg3,20(S)-Rg3,20(S)-Rg2,20(R)-R2,Rk1,Rg5,20(S)-R2,20(R)-Rg2,and 20(S)-I,respectively.In addition,all transformed products(1-14)were tested for their antimicrobial activity.Among them,compounds 5(C-K)and 7[20(S)-Rg3]showed moderate antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans with MIC values of 6.25,1.25μg/mL and 1.25,25μg/mL,respectively.This study lays the foundation for production of rare ginsenosides.
基金supported by Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515012039)Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2024A03J0360).
文摘Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)are a class of effective ingredients in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma,a well-known herbal medicine called San-Qi in Chinese.After oral administration,PNS inevitably interacts with gut microbiota,and thus affect the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological effects.To date,studies concering gut microbiota-mediated metabolism of PNS have not been reviewed systematically.Herein,we outline the metabolic profiles of Panax notoginseng saponins mediated by gut microbiota,as well as its role in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics on the basis of reported data.The metabolic pathways of primary saponins are proposed,and step-by-step deglycosylation is found to be the primary degradation pathways of PNS mediated by gut microbiota.Specific microorganisms and enzymes involved in the metabolic processes were summarized.Gut microbiota is deeply involved in the metabolism of PNS,affects the pharmacokinetic profiles,and produces a series of active metabolites.These metabolites were documented to play an essential role in the efficacy of the parent compounds.Future studies should focus on strengthening the real-world evidence,defining the interaction between gut microbiota and PNS,and developing the strategy for modulating gut microbiota to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of PNS.These information would be useful for further research and clinical application of PNS.
文摘Two new saponins 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl sarsasapogenin, named timosaponin A IV(1) and (5β, 25S)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-furost-20(22)-en-3,26-diol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4) glucopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-d-galacopyranoside, named timosaponin B IV(2), were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Their structures were elucidated by chemical characters and spectroscopic analysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81573560)the National Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates(No.G12123)
文摘Two new steroidal saponins,named timosaponin P(1) and timosaponin Q(2),were isolated from the rhizome parts of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge using various chromatographic methods.Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric data,including 1D,2D NMR,HR-ESI-MS and ECD calculations,and this is the first time the absolute configuration of C-23 of steroidal saponin was confirmed by ECD calculations.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81172943)
文摘A new triterpenoid saponin （compound 1）, together with a known one （compound 2） was isolated from the roots of Silene rubicunda Franch. The isolation and purification were performed by a series of chromatographic techniques including silica gel, sephadex LH-20, and reversed-phase HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of combination of mass spectrometry and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy, and the new compound was identified as 3-O-{β-D-galactopyranosyl-（1→2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl- （ 1→3 ）]-β-D-glucuronopyrannosyl } -28-O- { β-D-xylopyranosyl-（ 1 →3 ）-β-D-xylopyranosyl-（ 1 α4）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1→2）- [β-D-quinovopyranosyl-（1α4）]-β-D-fucopyranosyl} quillaic acid.
基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20110001130003)the National Key Technology R&D Program "New Drug Innovation"of China(Grant No.2012ZX09301002-002-002 and 2012ZX09304-005)
文摘A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with diode array detector （DAD） has been established to simultaneously determine six bioactive compounds in the roots ofllex pubescens, namely tortoside A, （＋）-syringaresinol, ilexsaponin B3, ilexsaponin A1, ilexsaponin B1, ilexgenin A. The RP-HPLC assay was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with a gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% （v/v） phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm. The six marker constituents were separated well with good linearity （r2〉0.9996）, precision, stability and repeatability. The overall recoveries were in the range of 99.00%-104.52%. Cluster analysis was employed to analyze 15 batches of samples. The result indicated this method provide an efficient way to perform quality control as well as a scientific rationale for the Geo-authentication of I. pubescens.
文摘This paper studied the effects of liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of tea saponin from the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds by using single factor experiment with the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds as the raw materials, and water as the extraction solvent, and orthogonal test was used to determine the optimal extraction process conditions. The results showed that the extraction ratio of tea saponin could reach up to 95.50% when the liquidsolid ratio was 11：1, extracting temperature of 80 ℃, extraction time of 6 h, and pH value of 9.
基金Major National Science and Technology Projects (Grant No. 2009ZX09102-106, 2011ZX09102-002-09)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81274053)
文摘The objective of the research is to develop a quantitative method by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/ quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UHPLC/Q-TOF MS） for the analysis of seven major steroidal saponins （timosaponin N, timosaponin El, timosaponin BII, timosaponin B, anemarrhenasaponin I, anemarrhenasaponin A2, and timosaponin AIII） in Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. The complete separation of these seven steroidal saponins was achieved within 18 min with an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column using an acetonitrile-water （contain 0.1% formic acid） gradient system. The limits of quantitation （LOQ）, 0.18-0.75 ng/pL for seven steroidal saponins, were determined experimentally. The limits of detection （LOD） were found to be 0.05-0.22 ng/μL for these saponins. The correlation coefficients （r2） for calibration curves varied from 0.9902 to 0.9979. This method showed good repeatability for the quantification of these saponins in rhizomes ofA. asphodeloides, with intra-day and inter-day variations of less than 5.0% for seven steroidal saponins. The recoveries of seven steroidal saponins were from 97.13% to 101.98%. The validated method was successfully applied to quantifying seven steroidal saponins in various sources ofA. asphodeloides （different collecting places or processing methods） and Zhimu concentrate-granules （ZMCG）.
文摘Aim The several species of the genus Paris called ＂Chonglou＂ are famous traditional Chinese herbal medicines. We established the quantitative analysis method of the steroidal saponins in some species of the genus Paris and discussed their relations. Methods We detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in Paris samples with a Kromasel C18 （ 150 mm× 4.6 mm ID, 5μm） column which was subjected to gradient elution with acetonitrile-water （30：70- 60：40, V/V） at a flow rate of 1 mL· min^-1 by HPLC-ELSD and established chemical cluster tree using SPSS 11 software. Results All the samples could be separated and calibration curves of 11 saponins were prepared. We successfully detected the contents of 11 steroidal saponins in 14 Paris spp. in 30 min. The recovery for the assay of saponins was between 95 % and 97 %. The RSD of precision of 11 saponins and stability of samples were below 3 %. Chemical phylogenetic tree based on saponin contents indicated that 17 samples of Paris spp. clustered separately. Conclusion The established method is accurate and convenient, and suitable for the quantitative analysis of these 11 steroidal saponins in Paris spp.. The chemical phylogenetic tree is in accordance with Takhtajian classical taxonomy.
文摘Two new tirucallane-type triterpenoid saponins, Sapimukoside A (1) and Sapimukoside B (2), were isolated from the roots of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. On the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, their structures were elucidated to be 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (1) and 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-21, 23R-epoxyl tirucall-7, 24R-diene-3beta, 21-diol (2).
